RAYNAUDS PHENOMENON

Raynaud’s phenomenon is episodic

AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS
Autoimmune conditions known to be
RAYNAUD'S
SYNDROME
vasospasm of the peripheral vessels. associated with secondary Raynaud’s
include:
It presents as episodic colour changes of the
digits (sometimes accompanied by pain and Scleroderma – a condition that causes
paraesthesia), usually in response to cold hardening and thickening of the skin
exposure or stress.
Rheumatoid arthritis – which causes joint
The classic change is white (ischaemia), then
blue (de-oxygenation),
(reperfusion).
then red
pain and swelling

Sjogren's syndrome – where the immune

GROUP 5
system attacks the body’s sweat and tear
CAUSES glands NUR ZURIA NISA BINTI MARUNDA
190110316
Lupus – which causes tiredness, joint pain

Primary (Raynaud's disease) and skin rashes MARIAM HUSSAIN ALHAJEE

It can resolve on its own. 190110230
Around 1 in 10 people with primary

Secondary (Raynaud's phenomenon) Raynaud’s go on to develop an autoimmune NUR AFRINA AFIQAH BINTI HAMIM
It can progress to ulceration of the condition. 190110160
fingers and toes. This review deals with

secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon. NURUL RAIHANAH BINTI ISMAIL

190110168
RISK FACTORS

MAHMOUD SHAABAN MAHMOUD

Associated diseases: These include ALASKALANY
conditions such as scleroderma and 190110243
lupus.

Certain occupations: These include

jobs that cause repetitive trauma,
such as operating tools that vibrate.

Exposure to certain substances:

This includes smoking, taking
medications that affect the blood
vessels and being exposed to certain
chemicals, such as vinyl chloride.
2RY CAUSES
Connective tissue diseases:
hardening and scarring of the skin
(scleroderma).
increase the risk of Raynaud's
include lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis and Sjogren's syndrome.
Diseases of the arteries:
Buildup of plaques in blood
vessels that feed the heart
Blood vessels of the hands and
feet become inflamed
High blood pressure that affects
the arteries of the lungs.
Carpal tunnel syndrome:
This condition involves pressure
on a major nerve to the hand,
producing numbness and pain
that can make the it more
susceptible to cold temperatures.
Repetitive action or vibration:
Typing, playing piano or doing
similar movements for long
periods and operating vibrating
tools, such as jackhammers, can
lead to overuse injuries.
Smoking:
Constricts blood vessels.
Injuries to the hands or feet:
Examples include a wrist fracture,
surgery or frostbite.
TREATMENT
Treatment goals include:
Prevent Raynaud’s attacks.
Help reduce the severity of
attacks. • Improve your quality of
life.
Treat the underlying disease or
condition (if you have secondary
Raynaud’s).
Prevent skin ulcers and tissue
damage. For many people,
lifestyle changes are enough to
manage their condition.
PROGNOSIS
These include:
Avoid cold spaces
Manage stress and strong
emotions that could trigger an
attack
Wear warm clothes during cold
weather.
Medications:
Calcium-channel blockers:
These drugs help your smallest
blood vessels relax and open up.
As a result, you have fewer
attacks, and those you do have
are less severe. Calcium-channel
blockers also can help heal skin
ulcers on your fingers or toes.
DIAGNOSE
Alpha-blockers:
constricts your blood vessels
Nitroglycerin skin ointment:
This is a cream that you apply to
your fingers to help heal skin
ulcers.
Sympathectomy.
In severe cases and don’t respond
to treatment sympathectomy
temporarily blocks or cuts tiny
nerves near your affected blood
vessels. The procedure should
relieve your symptoms for one or
two years, but you may need it
again in the future.
Secondary Raynaud’s
phenomenon can be severe, and
may progress to ulceration,
scarring, and sometimes
gangrene necessitating
amputation.
Depends, at least to some extent,
on the underlying cause of
Raynaud’s phenomenon.
Prognosis has been studied most
successfully in people with
systemic sclerosis who developed
underlying structural vascular
abnormalities affecting both the
microcirculation and the digital
arteries.
ANA
CBC
ESR
Urinanalysis
Pulse volume recording
RF test