Arpl02 Reviewer

ARPL02-PLANNING 02
PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES IN URBAN PLANNING

THE PLANNING OF CITY STRUCTURES SUCH AS
POLICIES, ZONES, NEIGHBORHOODS,
INFRASTRUCTURE, STANDARDS AND BUILDING CODES.
THE ACT OF PLANNING THE STRUCTURES OF A CITY,

INCLUDING ITS POLICIES, INFRASTRUCTURE,
NEIGHBORHOODS, BUILDING CODES, AND
REGULATIONS. URBAN PLANNING, BY DEFINITION, IS
THE “PLANNING OF CITY STRATEGIES, STRUCTURES
AND POLICIES.” THE FOCUS IS MORE TECHNICAL AND
POLITICAL, AND IS ON THE STRATEGY, STRUCTURE,
AND POLICY LEVEL.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 2
AN ART AND SCIENCE OF ORDERING THE USE OF LAND
AND SITING OF BUILDINGS AND COMMUNICATION
ROUTES SO AS TO SECURE THE MAXIMUM
PRACTICABLE DEGREE OF ECONOMY, CONVENIENCE,
AND BEAUTY.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 3
AN ART OF SHAPING AND GUIDING THE

PHYSICAL GROWTH OF THE TOWN CREATING
BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENTS TO MEET THE
VARIOUS NEEDS SUCH AS SOCIAL, CULTURAL,
ECONOMIC AND RECREATIONAL ETC., AND TO
PROVIDE HEALTHY CONDITIONS FOR BOTH RICH
AND POOR TO LIVE, TO WORK, AND TO PLAY OR
RELAX, THUS BRINGING ABOUT THE SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC WELLBEING FOR THE MAJORITY OF
MANKIND.
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Space is the boundless three-

dimensional extent in
which objects and events have
relative position and direction.
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TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF

SPACE EXIST:
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MENTAL SPACE
EXPERIENTIAL
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PHYSICAL SPACE
EXISTENTIAL
The notion of space is said to originate in an

observers mind and is later imposed as a
structure on the physical world. MENTAL
SPACE IS AN IMAGE OF PHYSICAL SPACE.
The concept of space differs from culture to

culture. Different cultures have
characteristic spatial designs as expressed
in their cities, buildings, and art (ref. Dogon
villages; Japanese Mandala etc.)
The term of space is also employed in

landscape, urban planning and design.
Two concepts: positive (solid) volume and

negative (void) volume.
From the view of landscape space

generation, the space can be defined with
the analogy to the building spaces. All
plant materials are positive volumes that
can be likened to architectural elements
such as buildings or wall, while void
spaces are enclosed or semi-enclosed
volumes enclosed or surrounded by plant
materials
In urban planning, public space has

historically been described as “Public
Open Space (POS)”, meaning the STREETS,
PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS, PLAZAS
AND OTHER PUBLICLY OWNED AND MANAGED
OUTDOOR SPACES, as opposed to the
private domain of housing and work.
General assumption, fundamental rules,

paradigms that guide the spirit of planning
policies, proposals, standards and
implementation measures. principles should
be based on community values, generally
accepted good planning practices,
technological level of a community, and
planning objectives.
Serve for the preparation of plans.

Should take contextual situations; but there
are some basic ones that emanate from
higher policy framework such as
constitution, general development plans,
federal urban development policy.
ZONING
GREEN BELT
HOUSING
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
RECREATION CENTRES
ROAD SYSTEMS
TRANSPORT FACILITIES
The town should be divided into suitable

zones such as commercial zone,
industrial zone, residential zone, etc
and suitable rules and regulations
should be formed for the development
of each zone.
R-RESIDENTIAL PRE- PARK STRUCTURES,

GI- GENERAL INSTITUTINAL RECREATION, ENTERTAINMENT
C- COMMERCIAL CUL- CULTURAL
UTS- UTILITIES, TRANSPO, A- AGRICULTURAL
SERV. AI- AGROINDUSTRIAL
SPE- SPECIAL PUD- PLANNED UNIT
I- INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
INDUSTRIAL
ZONING
RESIDENTIALS
Green belt is NON-DEVELOPMENT ZONE ON THE

PERIPHERY OF THE TOWN. It prevents the
haphazard sprawl of the town restricting its
size. In essence, a green belt is an invisible
line designating a border around a certain
area, preventing development of the area
and allowing wildlife to return and be
established.
Housing has to be carefully studied and

designed to suit the local population. Care
should be taken to see that there is no
development of slums since it would be
responsible for degrading the life of the
citizens. There are various types of
housing styles.
It includes everything a community needs

to support its residents, capital buildings,
libraries, museum, parks, parking
structures, conference centers,
courthouses, fire station and police
station, other administrative spaces and
offices.
Public buildings should be well grouped

and distributed throughout the town.
Unnecessary concentration of public
buildings should be avoided. Factors such
as parking facilities, road widths have to
be taken into consideration while
allocating the space for public buildings.
PUBLIC LIBRARY
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
CITY HALL
FIRE STATION
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
POLICE STATION
Recreation centers have to be given

importance while designing a town. They
are necessary for the recreational
activities of the general public. They
include parks for walking and cycling,
amusement parks etc.
AMUSEMENT PARKS
RECREATION CENTERS
PARKS
Road network hierarchy is very

important. The efficiency of any town is
measured by the layout of its roads. A
nicely designed road system puts a great
impression in the minds of people,
especially the visitors to the town. The
provision of a faulty road system in the
initial stages of town formation proves to
be too difficult and costly to repair or to
re-arrange in future.
MAJOR ROADS
ROAD SYSTEMS
EXPRESSWAYS
The town should be provided with suitable

transport facilities so that there is minimum
loss of time from place of work to the place
of residence. Efficiency in transport facilities
includes both public and private networks.
Public transportation network includes
access to buses, trains, trams and
trolleybuses. Efficiency in using the public
transport will determine the success of that
town in terms of design.
TRAIN TERMINAL
TRANSPORT FACILITIES
BUS TERMINALS
ARPL02-PLANNING 02
URBAN DESIGN PROCESS
FOUR BASIC BASIC PHASES OF URBAN DESIGN:
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 2
Includes understanding the structure,

organization, and pattern of urban areas.
Basic information is gathered on such
items as land use, population,
transportation, natural systems, and
topography.
1. GATHERING OF BASIC
INFORMATION
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 3
A standard part of any urban design

study. it is an examination of the form,
appearance, and composition of a city or
neighborhood.
Used as a tool by designers to

2. VISUAL SURVEY communicate their perceptions of the
structure and organization of a city or
neighborhood to one another .
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 4
The definition of hard (e.g. public parks) and

soft areas (e.g. business district) to know what
parts of the city can accommodate growth and
change and what parts are essentially fixed
because they may be occupied
3. IDENTIFICATION OF Such information is of considerable value in

HARD AND SOFT AREAS the latter stages of the urban design process
when proposed plans must be evaluated for
feasibility of implementation.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 5
Examines the relationship of activities

among the various land uses and the way
that relate to circulation systems.
Urban designer carries the study into

three dimensions. (e.g. changing of
4. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS building heights to street width ratio over
time.)
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 6
1. CONCEPTS
Addresses to the problem
The data gathered and the

2. SCHEMATIC DESIGN
analysis of the problem PROPOSAL
must be translated into
proposal for action.
3. PRELIMINARY PLANS
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 7
Occurs at many levels, ranging from

meeting technical demands to the
ability to gain public acceptance.
After the design proposals are complete,

it is essential that they be evaluated in
the light of the original problem or issue
they were intended to address.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 8
TWO BASIC CATEGORIES:
1. How well the solutions fit

One of the more the problem and
complicated tasks
associated with evaluation
is determining what 2. How readily the proposals
criteria should be can be implemented.
employed.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 9
the strategy for actual financing and

construction is formulated. Detailed phasing
studies and tools are considered to realize the
project.
ARPL02-PLANNING 02
URBAN ARMATURE
Taken on its own, the word "armature" can suggest

structural support, e.g. the framework reinforcing a
building. Urban armature is in some ways like this
because it connotes the tying together of a community
or other entity through similar forms and materials. In
Rome, arches like the Arch of Titus were broadly
embraced, just as fountains, forums and columns could
be found in almost every city that fell under Rome's
grasp. Urban armature goes beyond types of
architecture, as well, and can also suggest common
materials used.
Eric Johnson
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 2
URBAN ARMATURE
Armature as a PUBLIC STRUCTURE

Armature in RELATION TO LOCALITY
AND ACTIVITY
Armature as a REINFORCEMENT OF
IMAGE AND IDENTITY
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 3
URBAN ARMATURE
1. MOVEMENT STRUCTURE
-Shape of the movement network influence
configuration of movement
Configured Movement – Movement pattern are

channeled into particular routes (public
transport, railway lines, freeways)
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URBAN ARMATURE
Main Components
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 5
URBAN ARMATURE
KEY PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT – Most basic
PRIVATE AUTOMATED MOVEMENT – Private car
enables natural movement but a speed
PUBLIC TRANSPORT – Configured and highly nodal
in that it forms a network with access at specific
points
RAPID TRANSPORT – Connects one center to
another
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URBAN ARMATURE
2. PUBLIC SPACE
-Places of collective interest or shared activity
Movement Space – Allow access to buildings
Places of Transaction – Active edges (shops,
markets)
Places of Assembly – “Square” place of
congregation
Public & Cultural Buildings – Civic activities
(museums, art galleries, libraries, school, etc.)
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URBAN ARMATURE
3. URBAN STRUCTURE
-Provides a structuring device for the urban
tissue within it is embedded. It will divide the
urban tissue into districts and connective
infrastructure between them.
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URBAN ARMATURE
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URBAN ARMATURE
4. SCALE & ARTICULATION OF PARTS

-The armature is articulated giving meter and
scale to the city. The armature will break the
experience of the city into pieces, or localities,
each of which has its own scale.
Look for areas of consistent morphology;

underlying patterns or repetitions in the street
pattern; generic urban types.
URBAN ARMATURE
5. LOCALITY & IDENTITY

-The armature gives identity to individual
localities within the city. The armature will not be
uniform but will have localized points of intensity
which will provide foci for individual districts.
Look for a pattern of district centers.
URBAN ARMATURE
6. SINGLE-USE OF ACTIVITES
-The armature reconciles differences between
specialized and collective uses.
Look for large single-use activities and their

interface with the local area.
URBAN ARMATURE
7. LEGIBILITY
-The armature includes the artefacts that render
the city legible and imageable. The armature will
not include only the features of utility but also
the unique features that are memorable,
including landmarks and objects of shared
meaning such as monuments.
Look for local landmarks; streets, buildings and

spaces with unique qualities
URBAN ARMATURE
8. HISTORY
-The armature persists over time. All the
elements of the armature will alter over time but
many will persist and form permanent features in
the cultural landscape, linking the city to its
history.
Look for historic buildings; features that have

persisted over time.
URBAN ARMATURE
9. LANDSCAPE & ECOLOGY

-The armature links the city to its landscape and
ecology. The armature can reconcile the city
within its natural landscape by combining key
features of the landscape with the urban image.
Look for natural features which may form

landmarks; water courses and wildlife corridors.
URBAN ARMATURE
URBAN ARMATURE
1. THE ARMATURE ENCOMPASSES THE

MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE
MOVEMENT STRUCTURE
-Aim for a strong hierarchy of movement spaces
-To be effective the movement pattern should be
simple and direct
-Develop a typology of movement spaces, each
associated with particular type of movement
URBAN ARMATURE
2. THE DISTINGUISHES AND

PRIVILEGES THOSE PARTS OF THE
CITY IN COLLECTIVE USE
-Places of transaction such as shopping areas and
places of assembly should be well integrated into the
movement network to form a chain of active spaces.
-Building in collective use should be accessible,
visible and where possible, associated with public
spaces.
URBAN ARMATURE
2. THE DISTINGUISHES AND

PRIVILEGES THOSE PARTS OF THE
CITY IN COLLECTIVE USE
-Active uses should be gathered together to form
intense areas of transaction
URBAN ARMATURE
3. THE ARMATURE IS A STRUCTURING

DEVICE FOR THE URBAN TISSUE
WITHIN WHICH IT IS EMBEDDED
-Ensure that the components of the armature have a
compact and clear structure.
-An understanding of the pattern of urban fabric
within which the armature will become embedded
will enable an effective connection between the two
to be achieved.
URBAN ARMATURE
4. THE ARMATURE IS ARTICULATED

GIVING METRE AND SCALE TO THE
CITY
-Provide a system of nested structures which act
as armatures at differing scales determined by
the mode of movement.
-Ensure the armature is structured so that
experience of it as one moves through the city is
broken into identifiable segments.
URBAN ARMATURE
5. THE ARMATURE GIVES IDENTITY TO

INDIVIDUAL LOCALITIES WITHIN THE
CITY
-Collect elements of the city into a compact core
to reinforce one another.
-Create a clear distinction between differing
districts of a similar scale.
URBAN ARMATURE
6. THE ARMATURE RECONCILES

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SPECIALIZED AND COLLECTIVE
USES
-Treat large specialist elements as districts in
their own right and integrate them at the larger
scale.
URBAN ARMATURE
7. THE ARMATURE INCLUDES THE

ARTEFACT WHICH RENDER THE
CITY LEGIBLE AND IMAGEABLE
-Provide vivid objects and places around which
collective meaning can be built.
-Combine paths, nodes and landmarks to
reinforce other aspects of the armature.
URBAN ARMATURE
8. THE ARMATURE PERSISTS OVER

TIME
-Look for historic monuments and traces of
historic morphology that have persisted over
time.
-Provide new features which can be used flexibly
over time and can contribute to a long-lasting
image.
URBAN ARMATURE
9. THE ARMATURE LINKS THE CITY TO

ITS LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGY
-Identify key features of the natural landscape
which could form a “green armature” and link it
to the built one.
-Where possible, retain features based on natural
systems such as water courses.
ARPL02-PLANNING 02
STUDY AREA APPRAISAL & VISUAL SURVEY
A visual survey is an examination of the form,

appearance, and composition of a city; an
evaluation of its assets (to be protected) and
liabilities (to be corrected)
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 2
AS AN ANALYSIS OF A CITY, ITS

OBJECTIVES ARE TWOFOLD:
• To establish the relationship between spatial
components as well as assessment of their
condition
• To determine where the area investigated
needs improvement /reshaping/remodelling
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 3
A visual survey can be made at different urban

scales: macro to micro
A technique for obtaining public feedback on

physical design alternatives. It is often used
when designing zoning codes, planning
redevelopment, and conducting urban planning
research.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 4
This technique was developed by urban planner

Anton Nelessen in the late 1970s,and it grew in
popularity during the 1990s.
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 5
• One must have a basic idea of urban form

• One must examine the city and describe it in
terms of this vocabulary
• It is necessary to relate the elements to
understand how it works
• It is important to constantly evaluate
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 6
IMAGE OF THE CITY

LANDFORM AND NATURE
LOCAL CLIMATE
SHAPE OF URBAN FORM
SIZE AND DENSITY
PATTERN, GRAIN, AND TEXTURE
URBAN SPACES AND OPEN SPACES
ROUTES OF MOVEMENT
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DISTRICTS/ENCLAVES/SECTORS
ACTIVITY STRUCTURE
ORIENTATION
DETAILS
PEDESTRIAN AREAS
VISTAS AND SKYLINES
NON-PHYSICAL ASPECTS
PROBLEM AREAS
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 8
ARPL02-PLANNING 2 9
• The elements in a built structure of a city

are important in the perception of the city.
• What does the city actually mean to the

people who live there? What can the city
planner do to make the city’s image more
vivid and memorable to the dweller?
• The mental picture people extract from

the physical reality of the city
• A picture of parts of the city in physical
relationship to each other
• Picture of the most salient features of a
city’s form
• Skeletal elements of city form
• Paths are the channels along which the

observer customarily, occasionally, or
potentially moves.
• They may be streets, walkways, transit lines,
canals, railroads.
• Along these paths the other environmental
elements are arranged and related.
• Edges are the linear elements not used or

considered as paths by the observer.
• They are the boundaries between two
phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores,
railroad cuts, edges of development, walls.
• Districts are the medium-to-Iarge sections

of the city, conceived of as having two
dimensional extent, which the observer
mentally enters "inside of," and which are
recognizable as having some common,
identifying character.
• Always identifiable from the inside, they are
also used for exterior reference if visible from
the outside.
• Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city

into which an observer can enter, and which
are the intensive foci to and from which he is
traveling.
• They may be primarily junctions, places of a
break in transportation, a crossing or
convergence of paths, moments of shift from
one structure to another.
• They are usually a rather simply defined

physical object: building, sign, store, or
mountain.
• Their use involves the singling our of one
element from a host of possibilities. Some
landmarks are distant ones, typically seen
from many angles and distances, over the
tops of smaller elements, and used as radial
references.
Clearly demonstrates the specific

characteristics that make for
comprehensible, friendly and controllable
places; 'Responsive Environments' The design
of a place affects the choices people can
make, at many levels:
PERMEABILITY
LEGIBILITY
VARIETY
ROBUSTNESS
VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS
RICHNESS
PERSONALIZATION
• It affects where people can go, and where

they cannot.
• Only places which are accessible to people
can offer them choice.
• The extent to which an environment allows
people a choice of access through it, from
PERMEABILITY place to place, is therefore a key measure of
its responsiveness.
• The decline of public permeability three

current design trends work against
permeable public space:
• Increasing scale of development.

• Use of hierarchical layouts.
• Pedestrian vehicle segregation.
PERMEABILITY
Smaller blocks, give

more physical
permeability for a given
investment in public
space. They also
increase visual
permeability, improving
people’s awareness of
PERMEABILITY the choice available
• Variety of experience implies places with

varied forms, uses and meanings.
VARIETY
• Variety of use unlocks the other levels of

variety:
• A place with varied uses has varied
building types, of varied forms.
• It attracts varied people, at varied times,
for varied reasons.
• Because the different activities, forms
and people provide a rich perceptual mix,
VARIETY different users interpret the place in
different ways: it takes on varied
meanings.
VARIETY
• The quality which makes a place graspable.

• Legibility is important at two levels:
• Physical form.
• Activity patterns.
LEGIBILITY
• Legibility in old days:

• Legibility worked well, Places that
looked important were important, and
places of public relevance could easily
be identified.
• Important building stood out.
• Legibility in modern days:
LEGIBILITY • legible only in the sense that
‘buildings cannot lie.
LEGIBILITY
• Places which can be used for many different

purposes offer their users more choice than
places whose design limits them to a single
fixed use.
ROBUSTNESS
ROBUSTNESS
• Experience suggests that there are three key factors which support long-term
robustness,:
BUILDING DEPTH : The vast majority of building uses require natural light
and ventilation.
ACCESS: All building uses need some links to the outside world.
HEIGHT: The importance of access also affects building height.
• Preferred configuration:
SHALLOW IN PLAN
MANY POINTS OF ACCESS
LIMITED HEIGHT
ROBUSTNESS
• A vocabulary of visual cues must be found to

communicate levels of choice
• Is mostly important in the more public
spaces of the scheme.
VISUAL
APPROPRIATENESS
What makes visual appropriate? The

interpretations people give to a place
can reinforce its responsiveness at
three different levels:
• by supporting its legibility, in terms of
form.
• by supporting its variety.
• by supporting its robustness, at both
large and use small scales.
• Variety of sense experiences that users can

enjoy
• Dealing with the smallest details of the
project. The planner must decide whereabouts
in the scheme to provide richness, both visual
and non-visual, and select appropriate
materials and constructional techniques for
achieving it.
RICHNESS • Visual richness depends on the presence of
visual contrasts in the surfaces concerned.
• Allows and encourages people to achieve an

environment that bears the stamp of their
values and tastes
• The stages of design already covered have
been directed at achieving the qualities which
support the responsiveness of the
environment itself, as distinct from the
political and economic processes by which it
PERSONALIZATION is produced.
USERS PERSONALIZE IN TWO WAYS:

to improve practical facilities.
to change the image of a place.
PERSONALIZATION IS AFFECTED BY THREE MAIN

FACTORS:
Tenure
Building type
PERSONALIZATION Technology
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

PERSONALIZATION : Designing the overall layout of routes and development
blocks.
VARIETY : Locating uses on the site.
LEGIBILITY : Designing the massing of the buildings and the
enclosure of public space.
ROBUSTNESS : Designing the spatial and constructional arrangement
of individual buildings and outdoor spaces.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

VISUAL : Designing the external image.
APPROPRIATENSS
RICHNESS : Developing the design for sensory choice.

PERSONALIZATION : Making the design encourage people to put their own
mark on the places where they live and work.

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ARPL02-PLANNING 02

PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES IN URBAN PLANNING

THE ACT OF PLANNING THE STRUCTURES OF A CITY,

AN ART OF SHAPING AND GUIDING THE

Space is the boundless three-

TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF

The notion of space is said to originate in an

The concept of space differs from culture to

The term of space is also employed in

Two concepts: positive (solid) volume and

From the view of landscape space

In urban planning, public space has

General assumption, fundamental rules,

Serve for the preparation of plans.

The town should be divided into suitable

R-RESIDENTIAL PRE- PARK STRUCTURES,

Green belt is NON-DEVELOPMENT ZONE ON THE

Housing has to be carefully studied and

It includes everything a community needs

Public buildings should be well grouped

Recreation centers have to be given

Road network hierarchy is very

The town should be provided with suitable

FOUR BASIC BASIC PHASES OF URBAN DESIGN:

Includes understanding the structure,

A standard part of any urban design

Used as a tool by designers to

The definition of hard (e.g. public parks) and

3. IDENTIFICATION OF Such information is of considerable value in

Examines the relationship of activities

Urban designer carries the study into

The data gathered and the

Occurs at many levels, ranging from

After the design proposals are complete,

TWO BASIC CATEGORIES:

1. How well the solutions fit

the strategy for actual financing and

Taken on its own, the word "armature" can suggest

Armature as a PUBLIC STRUCTURE

Configured Movement – Movement pattern are

KEY PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

4. SCALE & ARTICULATION OF PARTS

Look for areas of consistent morphology;

5. LOCALITY & IDENTITY

Look for a pattern of district centers.

Look for large single-use activities and their

Look for local landmarks; streets, buildings and

Look for historic buildings; features that have

9. LANDSCAPE & ECOLOGY

Look for natural features which may form

1. THE ARMATURE ENCOMPASSES THE

2. THE DISTINGUISHES AND

2. THE DISTINGUISHES AND

3. THE ARMATURE IS A STRUCTURING

4. THE ARMATURE IS ARTICULATED

5. THE ARMATURE GIVES IDENTITY TO

6. THE ARMATURE RECONCILES

7. THE ARMATURE INCLUDES THE

8. THE ARMATURE PERSISTS OVER

9. THE ARMATURE LINKS THE CITY TO

A visual survey is an examination of the form,

AS AN ANALYSIS OF A CITY, ITS

A visual survey can be made at different urban