The lungs are one of the most vital parts of the human body.

It is responsible for exchanging

gases in and out of the body. In some circumstances, some people can acquire obstructive lung
disorders because of various reasons. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Emphysema,
Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, and Asthma are the disorders that one can acquire. The
number one factor that is inflicting these disorders is cigarette smoking. Naturally, viral causes,
bacteria, and infections will be always on the list. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is
when the airflow in the lungs are having limitations that are not fully reversible. In emphysema,
the elastic fibers in the alveoli decrease causing the surface area of the alveoli to decrease as
well. It is resulting in the alveoli collapsing, and air trapping occurs. Furthermore, emphysema is
the most common COPD and can be acquired through genes. Chronic Bronchitis is when there’s
a problem in bronchioles, resulting in hypertrophy of smooth muscle. It usually occurs three
months every two consecutive years. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood,
it is an airway inflammation that is persistent and causes mucosal edema, hyperresponsiveness,
and mucus production. Bronchiectasis is when there is an impaired part of the bronchial wall.
Resulting in a saccular dilatation, that collects purulent materials that bring more infection,
structural damage, and dilatation. It is important to be aware of these diseases, and have a
common understanding of their causes so preventive measures can be taken.

1. It promotes oxygenation before controlled coughing.

2. This move air down to the bottom areas of the lungs, and open up the air passage— moving
the mucus out; making coughing easier.
3. This incentive spirometer is hand-held breathing exercise device to help the patient to breathe
deeply.
4. Adequate fluid intake enhances dissolving of pulmonary secretions, and facilitates
expectoration of mucus.
5. Provides a basis for evaluating adequacy of ventilation.
6. Presence of nasal erupting, and utilization of embellishment muscles of breaths may happen
in light of incapable ventilation.
7. It is important to distinguish normal respiratory sounds for abnormal ones. For example,
crackles, wheezes, and plural rub in order to make appropriate diagnosis.
8. Assists in evaluating prescribed treatments and client outcomes.
9. Respiratory tract infections alter the amount, and character of secretions. An ineffective cough
compromises airway clearance and prevents mucus from being expelled.
10. These clinical manifestions would be early indicators of hypoxia.
INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
 
 
1. Encourage the client to take several deep breaths.
1. It promotes oxygenation before controlled
coughing.
 
   

2. Encourage the client to take a deep breath, hold 2. This moves air down to the bottom areas of the
for 2 seconds, and cough two or three times in lungs, and opens up the air passage— moving the
succession. mucus out; making coughing easier.

   
 

3. Encourage use of incentive spirometry, as  

appropriate.
3. This incentive spirometer is a hand-held breathing
  exercise device to help the patient to breathe deeply.

 
   

4. Promote systemic fluid hydration, as appropriate. 4.  Adequate fluid intake enhances pulmonary
secretions' dissolving and facilitates mucus
  expectoration.

5. Monitor rate, rhythm, depth, and effort of
respirations.
6. Note chest movement, watching for symmetry,
use of accessory muscles, and supraclavicular and
intercostal muscle retractions.
5. Provides a basis for evaluating the adequacy of
ventilation.
6. Presence of nasal erupting, and utilization of
embellishment muscles of breaths may happen in
light of incapable ventilation.

7. Auscultate lung sounds after treatments to note 7. It is important to distinguish normal respiratory
 sounds for abnormal ones—for example, crackles,
results. wheezes, and plural rub in order to make an
appropriate diagnosis.
 
 
 
 
8. Assists in evaluating prescribed treatments and
8. Monitor client’s respiratory secretions.
client outcomes.
 
 
 

9. Respiratory tract infections alter the amount, and

 
character of secretions. An ineffective cough
compromises airway clearance and prevents mucus
9. Monitor client’s ability to cough effectively.
from being expelled.

 
 
 
10. These clinical manifestations would be early
10. Monitor for increased restlessness, anxiety, and indicators of hypoxia.
air hunger.