BITS F110

Engineering Graphics

BITS Pilani Mukund Lahoti, Ph.D.

Mukund.lahoti@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

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Course Organization

 Lectures (1 Lecture/week) ─ Concepts

 Labs (Practical) (2 labs/week – 2 x 2 = 4 hrs) ─

Working with AutoCAD, Practice Session,
Clarification of doubts, and Evaluation

 Examination – Mid Semester Test and

Comprehensive Examination

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BITS F110 Engineering Graphics
Textbook and Evaluation Scheme

Textbook
D.M. Kulkarni, A.P. Rastogi and A. K. Sarkar.,
Engineering Graphics with AutoCAD, PHI Learning
Private Limited, New Delhi.

Evaluation Scheme
1. Lab Assignments - 35% - Best 3 out of n
2. Mid-Semester Examination - 25%
3. Comprehensive Examination - 40%

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Need of Engineering Graphics

Engineering Graphics is the language of Engineers.

Like any other language, one should be able to Read,
Write & Express oneself.

The knowledge of Engineering Graphics is useful to

both scientists as well as Engineers.

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Course Objectives

1. To learn the AutoCAD as a tool

2. To learn theory of projections

3. To learn descriptive geometry

Development of 3-D imagination skill & knowledge

of basic drawing rules
It would also help to read and comprehend drawing
made by others 5
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Drawing Scales
Actual size
Size in drawing

• Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of an object

shown in the drawing to the real linear dimension of the same element
of the object
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 BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

Theory of Projections

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Projection is the representation of an object
on the viewing plane as it would look from a
particular direction

This is NOT an Orthographic projection

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics
Perspective Orthographic

All Lines of Sight are parallel

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Elements of projection

Plane is in between observer Object is in between observer

and object and plane

Object, Plane of Projection and Observer are

the three elements of projection
BITS F110 Engineering Graphics
Systems of Projection

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Multi-View Projection

2-dimensional views of a 3-D object with Glass Box Approach

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

 Glass Box Approach

• Place the object in a glass

box

• Freeze the view from each

direction (each of the six
sides of the box) and
unfold the box

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Glass Box Approach

 Project all key

points to get front
view

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Glass Box Approach

 Project all key

points to get top
view

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Glass Box Approach

 Project all key

points to get right
side view

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Glass Box Approach

 Now unfold the

glass box

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Glass Box Approach

X X

 Object in a glass box  Unfolded glass box

BITS F110 Engineering Graphics

Principal Planes of Projection
 There are three principal planes:
HP, VP and PP

 There are four quadrants:

I, II, III and IV

 Object can be placed in any

quadrant
 I and III quadrants are preferred
to avoid overlap

 Front view on VP; Top view

on HP; Side view on PP (Hinged with VP) 19
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BITS F110 - Engineering Graphics
Quadrants for Placing an Object

I Quadrant: II Quadrant:
Above HP and Above HP and
in front of VP behind VP

Front view on VP; Top view on HP

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Quadrants for Placing an Object

III Quadrant: IV Quadrant:

Below HP and Below HP and
behind VP in front of VP

Front view on VP; Top view on HP

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Quadrants for Placing an Object

Which colored quadrant represents the III quadrant wrt the observer?
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Planes of projection (Principal planes)
Observer for T.V. Y

2nd Quadrant
Observer for
LHV 1st Quadrant

Observer
for FV Observer X
for RHV Ground
Z level

4th 3rd
Quadrant Quadrant

Observer positions are always

fixed w.r.t. the 1st Quadrant.
Overview of working
with AutoCAD
(greater details in lab sessions)
Use of Mouse for AutoCAD software

(a) Left button

(i) To select object
(ii) To select location
(iii) To create a window to cover an object or number of
objects
(b) Right button
(i) Instead of Enter Key this is used, wherever [Enter]
instruction is given.
(ii) To cancel current command
(iii) To carry forward just previous command used instead
of typing the same.
(c) Mouse is dragged to create a window or to displace an
object from one location to another location.
Command Categories

•Initial setup commands Grid, Snap, Limits

•Utility commands Save, Help, Quit
•Drawing Aids Ortho / Snap On-Off
•Entity DRAW commands Line, Circle, Polygon
•Display commands Zoom, Redraw
•Edit commands Oops, Erase, Copy
 Initial Setup Commands

LIMITS
ON/OFF/<Lower Left Corner>

GRID
Grid spacing (X) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect <current>

SNAP
Snap spacing (X) or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style
<1.0000>

AXIS
Tick spacing (X) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect <0.0000>
 Utility Commands

Most Utility command will take us outside the drawing window,

press function key F1 to return to drawing window.

Help ****

Quit

SAVE ****
 Drawing Aids

Drawing aids are control modes and act as toggle key.

F1 Flip between graphic & text screen

F6 Coordinate ON/OFF

F7 Grid ON/OFF

F8 Ortho ON/OFF

F9 Snap ON/OFF
 Entity Draw Commands

POINT
PDMODE, PDSIZE

LINE
From point:
To point:

CIRCLE
3P/2P/TTR/<Center Point>:

ARC
<Start Point>/Center:

ELLIPSE
<Axis end point 1>/Center:
 Entity Draw Commands

POLYGON
Number of sides:
PLINE
From point:
Arc/Close/Half width/Length/Undo/Width/<Endpoint
of line>
HATCH
Enter pattern name [?/Solid/User defined] <U>:

DTEXT
Justify/Style/<Starting point>:
 Display Commands

REDRAW

ZOOM
All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Left/Previous/Window/
<Scale(x)>:
 EditCommands

ERASE
Select objects:

OOPS

MOVE
Select objects:

COPY
Select objects:
<Base point of displacement>/Multiple:

Rotate
Select objects:
 EditCommands

MIRROR
Select objects:

CHANGE
Select objects:

ARRAY
Select objects:
Rectangular or Polar (R/<P>):

TRIM
Select cutting edge(s):
<Base point of displacement>/Multiple:
 EditCommands

BREAK
Select objects:

EXTEND
Select boundary edges:

FILLET
Polyline/Radius/trim/<select first object>:

OFFSET
Offset distance or through <Through>
 EditCommands

DIVIDE
Select object to divide:

MEASURE
Select object to measure:

EXPLODE
Select objects>:

PEDIT
Select polyline:
Close/Join/Width/Edit
vertex/Fit/Spline/Decurve/Ltype gen/Undo/eXit/<X>
 Edit Commands
DIST
First point:

LIST
Select object:

Use Command Transparently

Some commands can be run while other commands are still
active, like zoom. Example:

Command: line
From point: zoom
>All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale(X)/Window/- - - - - -
>>Press Esc or Enter to exit,
Resuming LINE command.
From point:
To point:
 Use Command Transparently (after some main
commands)
Some commands are only used transparently. Example: “Mid”,
“Tan”, “Int”, “end” etc.

Command: line
From point: Int
> Curser point terns to a target box ‘□’, click near a intersection point,
encompassing the intersection point within the box
>>line starts from that point
>>>LINE command resumes
To point: end
> Curser point terns to a target box ‘□’, click near the end point of a
line or arc where you want the line to be drawn,
>>line is drawn to that point
>>>LINE command resumes
To point:
While drawing make the Adaptive grid off

Tools->Drafting Settings-> Snap and Grid

 Important Info on Lab Classes
 Download and Install AutoCAD LT 2022 or older version
 Must have received emails from Autodesk
 Follow steps mentioned in step-by-step installation video

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 BITS Pilani
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad

THANK YOU
Questions
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