Roselyn T.

Igarta
BSBA HRDM 3F

Assignment task 3
Intellectual
Revolution
science, technology and society
Intellectual Revolution
North America
The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment
in the thirteen American colonies in the 18th to 19th century, which
led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the United
States of America.

Asia
The Philippine Revolution of 1896-1905, which began against Spain
and continued against the United States, took place in the context
of imperial subjugation and local resistance across Southeast Asia.
Middle East
The series of protests and demonstrations across the Middle East
and North Africa that commenced in 2010 became known as the
"Arab Spring", and sometimes as the "Arab Spring and Winter",
"Arab Awakening", or "Arab Uprisings", even though not all the
participants in the protests were Arab.

Africa
The African intellectual revolution is known as the first societal
intellectual revolution. African development has vastly contributed
to the early knowledge used by humankind. The early use of
chemistry dates back to the ancient civilization of Egypt.
 Key Figures
North America
The leading political thinkers were John Adams, James Madison,
Thomas Paine, George Mason, James Wilson, Ethan Allen, and
Alexander Hamilton, and polymaths Benjamin Franklin and Thomas
Jefferson.
Asia
Mao Zedong of China, Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam, Gandhi of India, Sukarno of
Indonesia, Nasser of Egypt, Ataturk of Turkey, and Khomeini of Iran are featured.
To compare the strategies and ideologies that guided these revolutions.
Middle East
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Iranian Shiite leader who led the overthrow of the Shah of Iran in
1979 and became Iran's supreme Islamic leader.

Africa
Amilcar Cabral was one such intellectual; so was Chris Hani, John
Garang, Félix Moumié, Walter Rodney, to name a few. All of them
were assassinated at strategic moments in the respective struggles
they were involved in.
North America Intellectual Revolution
In science, leading scientists like Benjamin Franklin
contributed to the advancement of science through paving
the way on electricity. William Smith made his contribution
through his organization and observations of the Transit of
Venus. Jared Eliot was credited for his work om metallurgy
and agriculture. David Rittenhouse who was an astronomer
back then made his contributions in astronomy, math, and
instruments. Benjamin Rush helped in the advancement of
medical science. Cadwallader Colden contributed
through his works in botany and town sanitation, while
his daughter Jane Colden was considered as the first
female botanist in America. Count Rumford was also one
of the leading scientists during this period specializing in
the field of heat.
Controversies
The controversies that existed during the
American Enlightenment were the right to
representation, political independence,
separation of church and state, nationalism,
slavery, the closure of the Western frontier,
increased taxation, commercial restrictions, use
of the military in civil unrest, individual
freedoms, and judicial review. All of these
occurred because Americans during that
revolution would openly and sometimes violently
oppose Great Britain’s new assertions of control
Asia Intellectual revolution
In China’s case, revolution
completely overhauled the society,
and made building the new with
advanced modern science and
scientific thinking possible!
Comparing China and India, you’ll
see the startling differences of the
societies with and without
revolution
Controversies
What this makes this time seem like to me, is many
people all attempting various experiments and
testing various theories and trying to push them as
a new scientific discovery despite the results of
said testing. The product of this is in turn many
people actually making many incredible
discoveries sometimes even by accident. Which in
my opinion would make this whole concept of this
time period being The Scientific Revolution
unreasonable based solely on the fact that the
people weren’t attempting make these scientific
discoveries based in logic and fact.
Middle East Intellectual Revolution

Muslim rulers promoted the

translation of Greek philosophy
and science texts, and then
encouraged further scientific
exploration in numerous fields,
among them mathematics,
astronomy, medicine,
pharmacology, optics, chemistry,
botany, philosophy, and physics.
Controversies
The Middle East uprisings in general and the
revolution in Egypt in particular stemmed from the
anger of ordinary people. The January 25
Revolution in Egypt was initiated by well-
educated youth, and not, as might have been
expected, by the poor or by the masses of
unemployed. Yet, although youth were the
vanguard of the uprising in Egypt, the
overwhelming majority of the population
supported their demands. Moreover, contrary to
predictions, political rather than economic
grievances were at the forefront of the protesters’
demands.
African Intellectual revolution
African leaders have pledged to devote more
resources to the development of science and
technology, an area deemed vital for economic
development, yet long neglected and poorly funded in
many countries. At a January 2007 summit of the
continent’s political body, the African Union, heads of
state “strongly urged” all AU countries to allocate at
least 1 per cent of their gross domestic product to
research and development by 2020. They also
pledged to revitalize African universities — many of
which have declined due to dwindling support over the
last few decades — and to promote the study of
science and technology by young people.
Controversies
However, most African countries have yet to
transform their political pledges into feasible
programmes for science-led development. Sub-
Saharan Africa contributes about 2.3 per cent of
world gross domestic product but is responsible
for only 0.4 per cent of global expenditure in
research and development (R&D). With 13.4 per
cent of the world’s population, the continent is
home to only 1.1 per cent of the world’s scientific
researchers. It has about one scientist or engineer
per 10,000 people, compared with 20–50 in
industrial nations.
Thank You