BASIC LAWS – OHM’S LAW

AND KIRCHHOFF’S LAW

SEEE1013 – ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
SECTION 9

ASSOCIATE PROF. DR ASRUL IZAM AZMI

Science is about knowing,

engineering is about doing

UTM KUALA LUMPUR

Basic Laws

• Ohm’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s Law
• Series resistors & Parallel resistors
• Voltage & current division
• Y -  transformation
• Source Transformation

2
Resistance

Property of a material to resist a flow of current known as resistance

L
Mathematically, R= - measured in ohms ()
A
 - Resistivity of the material ( .m)

L - length of the material (m)

A - Cross section area of the material (m2)

+ V −

3
Resistor
Fixed resistors

Wirewound type

Carbon type

4
Resistor
Variable resistors

potentiometer rheostat
5
Material Resistivity

Material Resistivity (Ω-m) Categories

Copper 1.72 X 10-8 Conductor

Gold 2.45 X 10-8 Conductor
Carbon 4 X 10-5 Semiconductor
Silicon 6.4 X 102 Semiconductor
Mica 5 X 1011 Insulator
Glass 1 X 1012 Insulator

6
Ohm’s Law
Ohms’s Law: A voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing
through a resistor

+ V −

i
vi

Constant of proportionality between v and i is the resistance, R ()

v= iR

Must comply with passive sign convention

7
 Ohm’s Law

Examples:
1. An electric bulb uses 0.5 A of current with voltage generated
being 120 V. Determine the value of resistance.

2. If a current of 0.5 A flows through resistor of 15 Ω, calculate the

voltage drop across the resistor.

8
Ohm’s Law

Two extreme values of resistance:

v 0
Short circuit R= = =0
i i

Open circuit
v v
R= = =
i o

9
Conductance

Conductance: reciprocal of resistance

1 i
G= = - measured in siemens (S)
R v

Conductance: ability of an element to conduct current

10
Ohm’s Law

Power in a Resistor

+ V −

v v2
p = vi p = (iR)i = i R
2
p = v( ) =
R R

Always positive

Always absorbs power

11
Basic Laws

• Ohm’s Law
• Kirchhoff’s Law
• Series resistors & Parallel resistors
• Voltage & current division
• Y -  transformation
• Source Transformation

12
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

13
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

14
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

15
 Kirchhoff’s Law
Network topology

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches or elements.

node

node

Even the circuit is redrawn to appear to have more than one node, it is
actually a similar node.

16
 Kirchhoff’s Law

Example: Determine number of branch, node and loop for circuit below:

17
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
N

i =0
• The sum of current entering a
point is equal to the sum of
n
current leaving the point
(node). n =1
• Algebraic sum of current
entering or leaving any point OR
is equal to zero.
• In is the current entering (+ve)
ientering = ileaving
or leaving (-ve) any point

18
Kirchhoff’s Current Law

I1
I2
I6 I1 - I2 - I3 + I4 - I5 + I6 = 0

I1 + I4 + I6 = I2 + I3 + I5
I3
I5
I4

19
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Examples: Find iR and vR

iR iR
+ 5A 1A +
2A 4A
R vR R vR
33Ω – 10Ω –

iR
3A 2iR +
R vR
15Ω –
20
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Examples;
1. For the network junction shown, calculate the
I1 I2
current I3 given that I1 = 3A, I2 = -4A and I4 = 2A

I4
I3

2. Determine the relationship between the

currents I1, I2, I4 and I5.

21
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
N

 n =
• Sum of voltage applied is
equal to the sum of V 0
voltage loss n =1
• Algebraic sum of voltage
OR
in a loop is equal to zero.

• Vn is the voltage drop (or Vsupply = Vdrop

supply) in a loop

22
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

+ E2 -

+
+ V1 -
− E1 + V1 + E2 + V2 + V3 + V4 = 0.
V2
+ -
+
E1
V3 E1 − E2 = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
-
-

- V4 +

23
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

• On the other hand, it also can be concluded that “sum of voltage

rises is equal to the sum of voltage drops”
• Obtain the voltage representation using KVL if the analysis is
moved in Counter Clockwise around the loop.
• Compare the equation with the Clockwise.

24
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Example: Find i1, i2, v1 and v2

+ v1 –

2 Ω i1 +
6V 4Ω v2
–
i2

25
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Example: Find vac, vbe, vad, vcf and vda using KVL

a b c
+ 4V –
7V +
3V
–

2.5V

f + 2.5V – e d

26
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Example: Find voltages across each resistor, the power consumed

by each resistor and the currents flow through each branch.

4Ω
i1 9Ω i2
+ va – + vb –

15V + 5V
3Ω vb
–
i3

27
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Example: Find vo and i.

i 2Ω 3v0

9V 5V
8Ω

v0

28