POSTGRADUTED DIPLOMA IN PROJECT

MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE

------ CLASS TASK 4

YU LICHEN
19/05/2021
a) In project management theory and practice (CMT), list and explain 3 type of
Management Approaches.

In recent years, major developments in management theory and techniques have

enabled three types of management approaches, Management process approach,
Management science and decision support approach, and Behavioral science
approach for human resource development to be developed.

Management process approach

ISO 9001 defined the management process approach was a system of organization’s
processes which estimated the result of related activities and checks. And the
approach in ISO 9001:2015 included below 12 steps:

• Define the context of the organization.

• Define the scope, objectives and policies of the organization.
• Determine the processes in the organization.
• Determine the sequence of the processes.
• Define people or remits who take process ownership and accountability.
• Define the need for documented information.
• Define the interfaces, risks and activities within the process.
• Define the monitoring and measurement requirements.
• Implement.
• Define the resources needed.
• Verify the process against its planned objectives.
• Improvement.

The destination was “enhancing an organization’s effectiveness and efficiency in

achieving its defined objectives” and the assessment of how effective and efficient the
process was always depended on internal or external review processes (Satyendra,
2013).

Management science and decision support approach

Imhanzenobe (2021) stated management science approach contributed to a body of
quantitative methods designed to aid managers in making complex decisions related
to operations and production. In management science, a great deal of attention is
given to defining objectives and constraints, and to constructing mathematical
analysis models in solving complex problems of inventory, materials and production
control, among others.

Behavioral science approach for human resource development

Behavioral science approach, known as “human resource approach”, was focused on

the psychological and sociological processes (attitude, motivations, and group
dynamics) that influence employee performance (Jackson, 1997). While the classic
approach was focused on the work done by employees, it focused on the employees
themselves. For example, behavioral science can “help policy-makers, leaders and
the public better understand how to manage threats, employ effective leadership and
provide social and emotional support” under COVID-19 (Bavel, et al, 2020).
b) Define Motivation and neatly sketch the A.H Maslow Hierarchy of Needs.

Peterson (2017) claimed “Motivation” could mobilize enthusiasm of people, even

project team, and make inspiration to achieve great success. It also created an
environment to improve collective initiatives and teamwork to reach common
objectives. The level of motivation a person or a team applied to project efforts could
affect all aspects of project results.

A.H Maslow Hierarchy of Needs (McLeod, 2020):

Self-actualization needs
achieving one’s full potential,
including creative activities

Esteem needs
prestige and feeling of accomplishment

Love and belongingness needs

intimate relationships, friends

Safety needs
security, safety

Physiological needs
food, water, rest and warmth
c) What is TQM? List any 3 common definitions of "Quality" with Real-time
examples from your past project experience.

Barone (2021) claimed total quality management (TQM) was the customer-focused
process of minimizing the defect and waste in the project, tackling and handling the
source and improving personal performance to meet the customer or client
satisfaction. At the same time, TQM was also a framework which effectively involving
all level of Management workforce on long term success to improve the quality of
product or services tendered by the company (Prat, 2019).

Customer
first

Constant Employee
improvement ownership

Process
Data-driven
-based

Communication System
integration

Diagram from ‘What Is TQM? Total Quality Management Explained’ by Stephen Watts (2020)
Quality with Real-time examples:

1) Delivering on time and in full: “Toyota implemented Kanban System to make its
assembly line more efficient. The company decided to keep just enough inventories
to fulfill customer orders as they were generated.” (ReQtest, 2019)

2) Improving personal performance: “To tackle gaps in staff communication, which will
cause longer patient waiting times and more complaints, AtlantiCare managers
explored a sideways method of internal communications. Instead of information
trickling down from top-to-bottom, all of the company’s employees were given freedom
to provide vital feedback at each level.” (European CEO, 2014)

3) Never having to apologize: “Each bench is manned by a senior craftsman, and no

guitar leaves that builder’s station until he is 100 percent happy with its quality. This
product quality is akin to a traditional assembly line; however, unlike a traditional, top-
to-bottom factory, Roberts, the owner of Santa Cruz Guitar Co, is intimately involved
in all phases of instrument construction.” (European CEO, 2014)
Reference

1. Satyendra. (2013). ‘Process Approach to Management’. ISPATGURU [online].

Available at: https://www.ispatguru.com/process-approach-to-
management/#:~:text=Process%20approach%20is%20the%20application,in%20ach
ieving%20its%20defined%20objectives (Accessed: 20/05/2021).

2. International Organization for Standardization. (2013). THE PROCESS

APPROACH IN ISO 9001:2015 [online]. Available at:
https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso9001-2015-process-
appr.pdf (Accessed: 20/05/2021).

3. Imhanzenobe, J. (2021) ‘A review of the Management Science theory and its

application in contemporary businesses’. African Journal of Business Management,
15(4), p. 133-138 [online]. Available at:
https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJBM/article-full-text-pdf/BB99F2566574
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4. Jackson, C. (1997). ‘Behavioral science theory and principles for practice in health
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u0lhp37BPXequBJoCTcvBJba8WVzVZQZka5tv69yLFigNN6J2KnC6rwpCLFGMVi9
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5. Bavel, J.J.V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P.S. et al. (2020). ‘Using social and behavioural
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6. Peterson, T. M. (2007). ‘Motivation: how to increase project team performance’.

PMI® Global Congress 2007 [online]. Available at:
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0or%20work%20toward%20expectations (Accessed: 19/05/2021).

7. McLeod, S. A. (2020). Maslow's hierarchy of needs [online]. Available at:

https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html (Accessed: 19/05/2021).

8. Prat, M. K. (2019). ‘Total Quality Management (TQM)’. SearchCIO TechTarget

[online]. Available at: https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Total-Quality-
Management (Accessed: 20/05/2021).

9. Barone, A. (2021). ‘Total Quality Management (TQM)’. Investopedia [online].

Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/total-quality-management-
tqm.asp (Accessed: 20/05/2021).

10. Watts, S. (2020). ‘What Is TQM? Total Quality Management Explained’. Bmcblogs
[online]. Available at: https://www.bmc.com/blogs/tqm-total-quality-management/
(Accessed: 20/05/2021).

11. ReQtest. (2019). Total Quality Management – Why Test Management Is Not Good
Enough? [online]. Available at: https://reqtest.com/testing-blog/total-quality-
management/#:~:text=TQM%20Example%3A%20One%20of%20the,orders%20as%
20they%20were%20generated (Accessed: 20/05/2021).
12. European CEO. (2014). Total quality management: three case studies from
around the world [online]. Available at: https://www.europeanceo.com/business-and-
management/total-quality-management-three-case-studies-from-around-the-world/
(Accessed: 20/05/2021).