Fluid Mechanics YouTube

Theodore Ong

March 7, 2021

Part I
Navier Stokes Equations
Compressible N-S equations
∂ 1
(ρ~u) + ∇ • (ρ~u ⊗ ~u) = −∇p + µ∇2 ~u + µ∇(∇ • ~u) + ρ~g
∂t 3
tensor or outer product:

~u ⊗ ~v = ~u~v T

   
u1 v1
~u = u2  and ~v = v2 
u3 v3
     
u1 v1 u1

u2  ⊗ v2  = u2  v1 v2 v3
u3 v3 u3
 
u1 v1 u1 v2 u1 v3
= u2 v1 u2 v2 u2 v3 
u3 v1 u3 v2 u3 v3
Inner product

~u • ~v = (~uT ~v )T
     
u1 v1
v1
u2  • v2  = u1 u2 u3 v2 
u3 v3 v3

1
 = u1 v1 + u2 v2 + u3 v3
Assume incompressible flow:

ρ = constant
continuity equation
∇ • ~u = 0
Incompressible N-S equations

∂ P
~u + (~u • ∇)~u − ν∇2 ~u = −∇ + ~g
∂t ρ0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations

Matrices in LaTeX
https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Matrices

Tensors in LaTeX

Navier Stokes Equations

https://www.comsol.com/multiphysics/navier-stokes-equations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations

Github
https://github.com/theodoreOnzGit/heatTransferTheory_YouTube

First let’s deal with:

(~u • ∇)~u

∂    ∂
∂x u1 ∂x
∂ ∂ 


∂y ⊗ u2  =  ∂y u1 u2 u3 (1)
∂ u3 ∂
∂z ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∂x u1 ∂x u2 ∂x u3
∂ ∂ ∂
=  ∂y u1 ∂y u2 ∂y u3

∂ ∂ ∂
∂z u1 ∂z u2 ∂z u3
Then we do inner product

2
   ∂ ∂ ∂ 
u1 ∂x u1 ∂x u2 ∂x u3
u2  •  ∂ u1 ∂ ∂
∂y u2 ∂y u3

∂y
u3 ∂ ∂ ∂
∂z u1 ∂z u2 ∂z u3
∂ ∂ ∂ 
∂x u1 ∂x u2 ∂x u3

∂ ∂ ∂
u1 u2 u3  ∂y u1 ∂y u2 ∂y u3

∂ ∂ ∂
∂z u1 ∂z u2 ∂z u3
 ∂ ∂ ∂

u1 ∂x u1 + u2 ∂y u1 + u3 ∂z u1
 ∂ ∂ ∂
= u1 ∂x u2 + u2 ∂y u2 + u3 ∂z u2 

∂ ∂ ∂
u1 ∂x u3 + u2 ∂y u3 + u3 ∂z u3
Let’s deal with the momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) term:

∇2 = (∇ • ∇)

∂   ∂ ∂ ∂ 
∂x ∂x u1 ∂x u2 ∂x u3
∂ •  ∂ u1 ∂ ∂
∂y u2 ∂y u3

∂y ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂z ∂z u1 ∂z u2 ∂z u3
 ∂ ∂ ∂ 
  ∂x u1 ∂x u2 ∂x u3
∂ ∂ ∂  ∂ u1 ∂ ∂
∂y u2 ∂y u3

∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y
∂ ∂ ∂
∂z u1 ∂z u2 ∂z u3
 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

∂x ∂x u1 + ∂y ∂y u1 + ∂z ∂z u1
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
=  ∂x ∂x u2 + ∂y u2 + ∂z u2 

∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂x u3 + ∂y ∂y u3 + ∂z ∂z u3

Part II
Boundary Layer Equations
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
u + u u + v u + w u − ν( 2 u + 2 u + 2 u) = − + gx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ0 ∂x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
v + u v + v v + w v − ν( 2 v + 2 v + 2 v) = − + gy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ0 ∂y

3
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
w + u w + v w + w w − ν( 2 w + 2 w + 2 w) = − + gz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ0 ∂z
Now for 2D what do we do? w=0 everywhere and at all times, gz = 0
We eliminate z terms from the x and y momentum balance

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
u + u u + v u − ν( 2 u + 2 u + 2 u) = − + gx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ0 ∂x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
v + u v + v v − ν( 2 v + 2 v + 2 v) = − + gy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ0 ∂y
There is no spatial variation in u and v w.r.t z We have 2D Navier stokes:

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
u + u u + v u − ν( 2 u + 2 u) = − + gx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
v + u v + v v − ν( 2 v + 2 v) = − + gy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂y
continuity equation

∂ ∂ ∂
u+ v+ w=0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂
u+ v=0
∂x ∂y

1 nondimensionalisation
Order of magnitude
O
Scaling for order magnitude comparison

u∗ , y ∗ = O(1)
we define:
u
u∗ =
u∞
u = u∞ u∗

4
 x
x∗ =
L
y
y∗ =
δp
We scale our continutity equation:

∂ ∂
∗
u∗ u∞ + ∗ v = 0
∂x L ∂y δp
∂ ∂
∗
u∗ u∞ + ∗ v = 0
∂x L ∂y δp
u∞ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂
∗
u + v=0
L ∂x δp ∂y ∗
∂ ∗ L ∂
∗
u + v=0
∂x δp u∞ ∂y ∗
vL
v∗ = = O(1)
δp u∞
v
v∗ = u∞ δp
L

∂ ∗ ∂
∗
u + ∗ v∗ = 0
∂x ∂y
Now we move on to the NS equations
so we need to scale time:
x lengthscale = L
x velocityscale = u∞
timescale = uL∞
t
t∗ = L
u∞

Let’s scale the momentum NS equations

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
u + u u + v u − ν( 2 u + 2 u) = − + gx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
v + u v + v v − ν( 2 v + 2 v) = − + gy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂y

5
 Let’s do x momentum equations

∂ ∗ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
u u∞ +u∗ u∞ ∗ u∗ u∞ +v u∗ u∞ −ν( 2 u∗ u∞ + 2 u∗ u∞ ) = − +gx
∂t ∂x L ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂x

∂ ∗ ∗ u∞ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 1 ∂2 1 1 ∂P
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u −ν( 2 ∗
u∗ + 2 u∗ ) = (− +gx )
∂t L ∂x δp ∂y L ∂(x ) 2 δp ∂(y ∗ )2 u∞ Lρ0 ∂x∗

u∞ ∂ ∗ ∗ u∞ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2 1 1 ∂P
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u −ν( ∗
u + ∗
u∗ ) = (− +gx )
L ∂t L ∂x δp ∂y 2
L ∂(x ) 2 2
δp ∂(y ) 2 u∞ Lρ0 ∂x∗

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ν ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 L 1 ∂P
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ( ∗
u + ∗
u∗ ) = 2 (− +gx )
∂t ∂x ∂y u∞ L ∂(x )2 2
δp ∂(y )2 u∞ Lρ0 ∂x∗

Reynold’s number
u∞ L
ReL =
ν

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 L 1 ∂P
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ( ∗
u + ∗
u∗ ) = 2 (− +gx )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) 2 2
δp ∂(y ) 2 u∞ Lρ0 ∂x∗

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 1 L ∂P L
u +u u +v u − ( u + u∗ ) = (− + gx )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 Lρ0 u2∞ ∂x∗ u2∞

Let’s scale gravity

gx
gx∗ = = cos θx = O(1)
|g|

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 1 ∂P L|g| ∗
u +u u +v u − ( u + u∗ ) = (− + g )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ∗
ReL ∂(x ) 2 2 ∗
δp ∂(y ) 2 ρ0 u2∞ ∂x∗ u2∞ x

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 1 ∂P 1 ∗
u +u u +v u − ( u + u∗ ) = (− + g )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 ρ0 u2∞ ∂x∗ F r2 x

6
 P
P∗ =
ρ0 u2∞
After nondimensionalisation, our x momentum equation becomes:

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ( ∗ 2
u + 2 ∗ 2
u ) = (− ∗
+ 2 gx∗ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) δp ∂(y ) ∂x Fr

we dimensionalise y momentum eqns

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
v + u v + v v − ν( 2 v + 2 v) = − + gy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂y
First the x and time terms:
u∞ ∂ ∗ u∞ ∂ ∂ 1 ∂2 ∂2 1 ∂P
∗
v + u ∗
v + v v − ν( 2 ∗ 2
v + 2
v) = − + gy
L ∂t L ∂x ∂y L ∂(x ) ∂y ρ0 ∂y
Second y coordinate terms:
u∞ ∂ ∗ u∞ ∂ 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 1 ∂2 1 1 ∂P
v+u v+v v−ν( v+ v) = − +g ∗ |g|
L ∂t∗ L ∂x∗ δp ∂y ∗ 2 ∗
L ∂(x ) 2 2 ∗
δp ∂(y ) 2 ρ0 δp ∂y ∗ y
u2∞
divide by L2

L ∂ ∗ L ∂ L2 ∂ L2 1 ∂ 2 1 ∂2 L2 1 1 ∂P
v+u v+v v−ν ( v+ v) = (− +g ∗ |g|)
u∞ ∂t∗ u∞ ∂x∗ u2∞ δp ∂y ∗ u2∞ L2 ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 u2∞ ρ0 δp ∂y ∗ y

divide by δp

L ∂ ∗ L ∂ L2 ∂ L2 1 ∂2 1 ∂2 L2 1 1 ∂P
v+u v+v v−ν ( v+ v) = (− +g ∗ |g|)
u∞ δp ∂t∗ u∞ δp ∂x ∗ 2 2
u∞ δp ∂y ∗ 2 2 ∗
u∞ δp L ∂(x )2 2 ∗
δp ∂(y )2 u∞ δp ρ0 δp ∂y ∗ y
2

Combining some terms

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ L 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L2 1 1 ∂P
v +u v +v v −ν ( v + v ) = (− +g ∗ |g|)
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ 2 ∗
u∞ L ∂(x )2 2 ∗
δp ∂(y )2 u∞ δp ρ0 δp ∂y ∗ y
2

Rearranging

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ν ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ 1 L2 1 ∂P ∗ L2
v +u v +v v − ( v + v ) = (− +g |g| )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ u∞ L ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 ρ0 u2∞ δp δp ∂y ∗ y u2∞ δp

7
 nondimensionalisng pressure and including the Fr

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ν ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
v +u v +v v − ( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ u∞ L ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

Include Re

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
v +u v +v v − ( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

Review: NS nondimensionalised

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ( ∗ 2
u + 2 ∗ 2
u ) = (− ∗
+ 2 gx∗ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) δp ∂(y ) ∂x Fr

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
v +u v +v v − ( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

∂ ∗ ∂
u + ∗ v∗ = 0
∂x∗ ∂y

2 How to drop terms?

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1 ∗
u +u u +v u − ( u + u ) = (− + g )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 ∂x∗ F r2 x

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
v +u v +v v − ( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 δp2 ∂(y ∗ )2 δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

∂ ∗ ∂
∗
u + ∗ v∗ = 0
∂x ∂y
When we want to determine which terms to cancel, we need to know
2
how ReL compares with Lδ2
p
Assumption:
Creeping flow in y direction

vc δp
Reδ = = O(1)
ν

8
 How does Reδ compare to ReL

δp
vc = u∞
L
δ
u∞ Lp δp
Reδ = = O(1)
ν

u∞ L δp2
Reδ = = O(1)
ν L2

δp2
Reδ = ReL = O(1)
L2

2.0.1 x direction momentum eqn

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L
2 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ( ∗ 2
u + 2 ∗ 2
u ) = (− ∗
+ 2 gx∗ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) δp ∂(y ) ∂x Fr

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 L2 ∂ 2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ∗ 2
u + 2 ∗ 2
u = (− ∗
+ 2 gx∗ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) ReL δp ∂(y ) ∂x Fr

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗ 1
∗
u +u ∗
u +v ∗
u − ∗ 2
u + ∗ 2
u = (− ∗
+ 2 gx∗ )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) O(1) ∂(y ) ∂x Fr

How big is ReL ?

L2
ReL = O( )
δp2
We assume Fr is big

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗
u + u u + v u − + u = (− )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ O(1) ∂(y ∗ )2 ∂x∗

9
2.0.2 y direction momentum equation
∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 L2 ∂ 2 L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
∗
v +u ∗
v +v ∗
v − ( ∗
v∗+ 2 ∗
v ∗ ) = (− 2 +gy 2 )
∂t ∂x ∂y ReL ∂(x ) 2 δp ∂(y )2 δp ∂y ∗ F r δp

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
v +u v +v v −( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL ∂(x∗ )2 O(1) ∂(y ∗ )2 δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 L2 ∂P ∗ ∗ 1 L
[ v +u v +v v ] −( v + v ) = (− +gy 2 )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL Re2L ∂(x∗ )2 O(1)ReL ∂(y ∗ )2 ReL δp2 ∂y ∗ F r δp

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2
[ v + u v + v v ] − ( v + v∗)
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL Re2L ∂(x∗ )2 O(1)ReL ∂(y ∗ )2

L2 1 ∂P ∗ 1 L 1
= (− 2 ∗
+ gy∗ 2 )
δp ReL ∂y F r δp ReL
Cancelling out...

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2
[ v + u v + v v ] − ( v + v∗)
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL Re2L ∂(x∗ )2 O(1)ReL ∂(y ∗ )2

1 ∂P ∗ 1 L2 1 δp
= (− ∗
+ gy∗ 2 2 )
O(1) ∂y F r δp ReL L
Simplifying

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 1 ∂2 ∗ 1 ∂2
[ v + u v + v v ] − ( v + v∗)
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ReL Re2L ∂(x∗ )2 O(1)ReL ∂(y ∗ )2

1 ∂P ∗ 1 δp
= (− ∗ + gy∗ 2 )
O(1) ∂y Fr L
For large ReL

∂P ∗ 1 δp
0 = (− ∗
+ gy∗ 2 )
∂y Fr L
1 δp ∂P ∗
gy∗ =
F r2 L ∂y ∗

10
 Only if g=0,

∂P ∗
0=−
∂y ∗
Now we have our BL equations:
∂P ∗
0=−
∂y ∗

∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ ∗ ∂ ∗ 1 ∂2 ∗ ∂P ∗
u + u u + v u − u = (− )
∂t∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ O(1) ∂(y ∗ )2 ∂x∗
redimensionalise to obtain the laminar BL equations:
∂P
0=−
∂y

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂P
u+u u+v u−ν 2
u = (− )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂(y) ∂x
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y

3 Solutions to the BL equations laminar

How to solve?

• 1st Similarity solution

• 2nd Von Karman Solution (Integral solution - approximate)

• 3rd numerical (CFD)

3.1 similarity solution (Blasius solution)

∂P
0=−
∂y

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂2 ∂P
u+u u+v u−ν u = (− )
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂(y)2 ∂x
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y

11
 Similarity solution → combine variables to convert PDE to ODE
Making 2 assumptions before we continue:
1) steady state 2) no pressure gradient

∂ ∂ ∂2
u u+v u−ν 2 u=0
∂x ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
How to combine variables to make life easier for us to solve?
introduce the streamfunction (ψ):

∂ψ
u=
∂y
∂ψ
v=−
∂x
Note: streamfunction only works for 2D fluid flow
Substitute into 2D continuity equation,

∂ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ
− =0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Substitute into the 2D x momentum equation

∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ∂ψ
( ) ( ) + (− ) ( ) − ν 2 ( ) = 0
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂y

∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂3
( ) ( ) − ( )( 2 ) − ν 3 ψ = 0
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y
We need to compress the number of variables further to 1 indep variable
(η) and 1 dependent variable (f(η))

η = η(x, y)

f = f (η)
Before we continue, BCs first!
1 BC in x dir for u

x = 0, y 6= 0, u = u∞
2 BCs in y dir for u

12
 no slip
u = 0 at y = 0
y → ∞; u → u∞
1 BC in y direction for v
no slip
v = 0 at y = 0

3.1.1 similarity transform

How do we start to get these ”combo parameters” aka similarity variables?

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20050028493

Based on Blasius’s paper (translated by NACA) it’s good to nondimne-

sionalise to find these similarity variables

ψ
ψ∗ =
ψ0
Let’s nondimensionalise the momentum equations:

∂ψ ∂ ∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂3
( ) ( ) − ( )( 2 ) − ν 3 ψ = 0
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂y

ψ02 ∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ψ02 ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ νψ0 ∂ 3

( ) ( ) − ( )( ) − ψ∗ = 0
δp2 L ∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ Lδp2 ∂x∗ ∂(y ∗ )2 δp3 ∂(y ∗ )3

∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ νψ0 δp2 L ∂ 3
( ) ( ) − ( )( ) − ψ∗ = 0
∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂(y ∗ )2 δp3 ψ02 ∂(y ∗ )3

∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ ν L ∂3
( ) ( ) − ( )( ) − ψ∗ = 0
∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂(y ∗ )2 δp ψ0 ∂(y ∗ )3
dimensionless group:

νL
= O(1)
δp ψ0
We want the equations to be nondimensionalised exactly.
If we want the equations looks like:

∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ ∂3
( ) ( ) − ( )( ) − ψ∗ = 0
∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂(y ∗ )2 ∂(y ∗ )3

13
 νL
=1
δp ψ0
νL
ψ0 =
δp
Otherwise:

νL
ψ0 = O(1)
δp
How do we get rid of dependent variables δp ?

vc δp
Reδ = = O(1)
ν

u∞ L δp2
Reδ = = O(1)
ν L2
From continutity equation

u∞ δp
vc =
L
(not too helpful)
What’s helpful is to use the physics of the BL ie creeping flow in BL
The other assumption:

Reδ = 1

u∞ 2
Reδ = δ
νL p
r
p νL
δp = Reδ
u∞
Substitute back:

νL νL
ψ0 = =√ q
δp Reδ uνL
∞

νL 1
ψ0 = q √
νL Reδ
u∞

14
 p 1
ψ0 = u∞ Lν √
Reδ
Let’s see our nondimensionalised streamfunction:

ψ ψ
ψ∗ =
p
= Reδ √
ψ0 u∞ Lν
If Reδ = 1

ψ ψ
ψ∗ = =√
ψ0 u∞ Lν
What about our independent variable? We need to combine the x and
y coordinate variables
we’ll use
u∞ 2
Reδ = δ
νL p
r
p νL
δp = Reδ
u∞
If we want x and y explicitly,

x = x∗ L

y = y ∗ δp

s
y p ν xx∗
∗
= Reδ
y u∞

y∗
r
p νx
y = Reδ √
x ∗ u ∞

y∗
r
p νx
y = Reδ √
x ∗ u∞

y∗
r
u∞ p
y = Reδ √ = O(1)
νx x∗
And we have dimensionless stream function

15
 ψ ψ
ψ∗ = =√
ψ0 u∞ Lν
ψ
ψ∗ = p
u∞ xx∗ ν
√ ψ
ψ∗ = x∗ √
u∞ xν
If Reδ 6= 1

ψ ψ
ψ∗ =
p
= Reδ √
ψ0 u∞ Lν
ψ ψ
ψ∗ =
p
= Reδ x∗ √
ψ0 u∞ xν
from Blasius’s paper:

y∗
r
1p 1 u∞
η= Reδ √ = y
2 x∗ 2 νx

ψ∗ ψ
f (η) = √ ∗
=√
x Reδ u∞ xν
We start transforming variables

∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 2 ψ ∗ ∂3
( ) ( ) − ( )( ) − ψ∗ = 0
∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂y ∗ ∂x∗ ∂(y ∗ )2 ∂(y ∗ )3
Use chain rule

∂ψ ∗ ∂f ∂ψ ∗ ∂η
=
∂y ∗ ∂η ∂f ∂y ∗
∂f (η) 1 ∂ ∗ 1
∗
=√ ∗ ∗
ψ =√ ∗
∂ψ x Reδ ∂ψ x Reδ
[CORRECTION:]
√ p
ψ ∗ = f (η) x∗ Reδ
So that:

∂ψ ∗ ∂ √ p
= f (η) x∗ Reδ
∂y ∗ ∂y ∗

16
 Assume Reδ is constant with respect to both x and y,
∂ψ ∗ √ ∗ p ∂
∗
= x Reδ ∗ f (η)
∂y ∂y

∂ψ ∗ √ ∗ p ∂η ∂ √ p ∂η
∗
= x Reδ ∗
f (η) = x∗ Reδ ∗ f 0
∂y ∂y ∂η ∂y
[END OF CORRECTION]

∂ ∂ 1p y∗ η
η = Reδ √ = ∗
∂y ∗ ∂y ∗ 2 x ∗ y

∂ψ ∗ ∂f p ∗ η 0
p η
∗
= x Reδ ∗
= f x∗ Reδ ∗
∂y ∂η y y
substitute:
1p y∗
η= Reδ √
2 x∗

∂ψ ∗ ∂f p ∗ η 0 1 1p y∗ Reδ
= f0
p
= x Re = f x ∗ Re Re √
δ δ δ
∂y ∗ ∂η y∗ y∗ 2 x ∗ 2

So this becomes:

Reδ ∂ Reδ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ 0 Reδ ∂2 Reδ

(f 0 ) ∗ (f 0 ) − ( ∗ )( ∗
f ) − ∗ 2
f0 =0
2 ∂x 2 ∂x ∂(y ) 2 ∂(y ) 2

Reδ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂2
(f 0 ) ∗ (f 0 ) − ( ∗ )( f 0
) − f0 = 0
2 ∂x ∂x ∂(y ∗ ) ∂(y ∗ )2
Now for higher order derivatives, note that:
∂η ∂y∗
∂ η y ∗ ∂y ∗ − η ∂y ∗
( )=
∂y ∗ y ∗ (y ∗ )2
note that
∂ η
∗
η= ∗
∂y y

∂ η y ∗ yη∗ − η
( )= =0
∂y ∗ y ∗ (y ∗ )2
What does this tell us?

17
 η
y∗
is constant with respect to y ∗

∂ 0 ∂η η
∗
f = ∗ f 00 = ∗ f 00
∂y ∂y y
Then we have

∂2 ∂ ∂η ∂ 0 ∂ ∂η 00
f0 = ( f )= ( f )
∂(y ∗ )2 ∂(y ∗ ) ∂y ∗ ∂η ∂(y ∗ ) ∂y ∗

η 2 ∂ 00 η 2 000
= f = f
(y ∗ )2 ∂η (y ∗ )2
We can substitute our expressions back:

Reδ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ ∂ ∂2
(f 0 ) ∗ (f 0 ) − ( ∗ )( f 0
) − f0 = 0
2 ∂x ∂x ∂(y ∗ ) ∂(y ∗ )2

Reδ ∂ ∂ψ ∗ η η2
(f 0 ) ∗ (f 0 ) − ( ∗ ) ∗ f 00 − ∗ 2 f 000 = 0
2 ∂x ∂x y (y )
Now let’s deal with the x∗ terms

∂ ∂η ∂
∗
=
∂x ∂x∗ ∂η
1p y∗
η= Reδ √
2 x∗
∂ ∂ 1p y∗
η = Reδ √
∂x∗ ∂x∗ 2 x∗
1p y ∗ −1 η
= Reδ √ ∗
=
2 ∗
x 2x −2x∗

Reδ η ∂ψ ∗ η 00 η 2 000
(f 0 ) (f 00
) − ( ) f − f =0
2 −2x∗ ∂x∗ y ∗ (y ∗ )2
Now for the derivative:
√ p
ψ ∗ = f (η) x∗ Reδ

18
 ∂ψ ∗ ∂ √ p
= f (η) x∗ Reδ
∂x∗ ∂x∗
∂ψ ∗ p √ ∂ ∂ √ ∗
= Re [ x ∗ f (η) + f (η) x ]
δ
∂x∗ ∂x∗ ∂x∗
∂ψ ∗ p √ −η 0 1
= Reδ [ x∗ ∗ f + f (η) √ ]
∂x∗ 2x 2 x∗

Reδ η √ −η 0 1 η 00 η 2 000
(f 0 00
p
) (f ) − ( Re [ x ∗ f + f (η) √ ]) f − f =0
δ
2 −2x∗ 2x∗ 2 x∗ y ∗ (y ∗ )2
Let’s substitute
√
η 1 Reδ
= √
y∗ 2 x∗

√ √
Reδ η √ −η 0 1 1 Reδ 00 1 Reδ 2 000
(f 0 00
p
) (f )−( Re [ x ∗ f +f (η) √ ]) √ f −( √ ) f =0
δ
2 −2x∗ 2x∗ 2 x∗ 2 x∗ 2 x∗

√
0 Reδ η √ −η 0 1 1 Reδ 1 Reδ 000
(f )−( Reδ [ x∗ ∗ f +f (η) √ ]) √ f 00 −(
00
p
(f ) )f = 0
2 −2x∗ 2x 2 x ∗ 2 x∗ 4 x∗

Reδ η −η 1 1 1 Reδ 000

(f 0 ) ∗
(f 00 ) − (Reδ [ ∗ f 0 + f (η) ∗ ]) f 00 − ( )f = 0
2 −2x 2x 2x 2 4 x∗

Reδ η Reδ 00 −η 0 1 1 1 Reδ 000

−(f 0 ) (f 00 ) − [ f f + Reδ f 00 f (η) ∗ ] − ( )f = 0
2 2x∗ 2 2x∗ 2 2x 4 x∗

1 1 1 Reδ 000
−[Reδ f 00 f (η) ∗ ] − ( )f = 0
2 2x 4 x∗

f 00 f + f 000 = 0
And we’re done!
Now to transform the BCs:

u = 0 at y = 0

19
 v = 0 at y = 0
u → u∞ at y → ∞

y∗
r
1p 1 u∞
η= Reδ √ = y
2 x ∗ 2 νx
ψ∗ ψ
f (η) = √ ∗
=√
x Reδ u∞ xν

u = 0 at η = 0
v = 0 at η = 0
u → u∞ at η → ∞

∂ψ ∂ √
u= = f (η) u∞ xν
∂y ∂y
r
√ ∂η ∂ √ 1 u∞ 0
u= u∞ xν f (η) = u∞ xν f
∂y ∂η 2 νx
u∞ 0
u= f
2

u = u∞ → f 0 = 2

∂ψ
v=−
∂x
∂ √
v=− f (η) u∞ xν
∂x
∂ √ √ ∂
v = −[f (η) u∞ xν + u∞ xν f (η)]
∂x ∂x
∂ √ √ ∂η ∂
v = −[f (η) u∞ xν + u∞ xν f (η)]
∂x ∂x ∂η
some steps later...
r
1 νu∞
v= (ηf 0 − f )
2 x

f 0 = 0 at η = 0

20
 f = 0 at η = 0
f 0 = 2 at η → ∞
f 00 f + f 000 = 0

3.1.2 how to solve Blasius’s equation

f 0 = 0 at η = 0
f = 0 at η = 0
f 0 = 2 at η → ∞
f 00 f + f 000 = 0

Series solution (aka Frobenius method)

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/FrobeniusMethod.html
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1950/naca-tm-1256.pdf

Assumes:
∞
X
f= an η n
n=0
∞
X
f0 = an+1 (n + 1)η n
n=0
∞
X
f 00 = an+2 (n + 1)(n + 2)η n
n=0
∞
X
f 000 = an+3 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)η n
n=0

Runge Kutta Methods numerical methods...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runge%E2%80%93Kutta_methods
https://projects.exeter.ac.uk/fluidflow/Courses/FluidDynamics3211-2/BoundaryLayers/rk

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259772650_Numerical_Approximations_of_Blasiu

21
3.2 Integral Solution by Theodore Von Karman
We are interested in τx which is wall shear stress for x direction
we perform force balance on the BL in x dir. We look at the diagram
and see the trapezium

Figure 1: vonkarman BL

X
Fx = top + bottom + lef t + right
In equilibrium
X
Fx = net outf low of momentum in CV + accumulation term

accumulation term = 0

bottom = −τx lz ∆x

lef t = (P δp lz )|x

right = −(P δp lz )|x+∆x

22
 P |x + P |x+∆x
top = (δx+∆x − δx )lz
2
let’s take a look at net outflow of momentum:
left side outflows:
Z Z δp
2
− ρu dA|x = −lz ρu2 dy|x
0
right side outflow:
Z Z δp
2
ρu dA|x+∆x = lz ρu2 dy|x+∆x
0
Top side outflow:

−ṁtop u∞
Now we need an expression for ṁtop

ṁtop = ṁright − ṁlef t

Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
ṁtop = lz ρu|x+∆x dy − lz ρu|x dy
0 0
total momentum outlflow

Z δp Z δp
net outf low of momentum = −lz ρu2 dy|x +lz ρu2 dy|x+∆x −ṁtop u∞
0 0

Z δp Z δp
net outf low of momentum = −lz ρu2 dy|x + lz ρu2 dy|x+∆x
0 0

Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
−(lz ρu|x+∆x dy − lz ρu|x dy)u∞
0 0
Sum of forces:

X P |x + P |x+∆x
Fx = −τx lz ∆x + (P δp lz )|x − (P δp lz )|x+∆x + (δx+∆x − δx )
2
Equating both:

23
 P |x + P |x+∆x
−τx lz ∆x + (P δp lz )|x − (P δp lz )|x+∆x + (δx+∆x − δx )lz =
2
Z δp Z δp
= −lz ρu2 dy|x + lz ρu2 dy|x+∆x
0 0
Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
−(lz ρu|x+∆x dy − lz ρu|x dy)u∞
0 0
Cancel out lz

P |x + P |x+∆x
−τx ∆x + (P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x + (δx+∆x − δx ) =
2
Z δp Z δp
2
=− ρu dy|x + ρu2 dy|x+∆x
0 0
Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
−( ρu|x+∆x dy − ρu|x dy)u∞
0 0
Divide by ∆x limit ∆x → 0

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

−τx + + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x ) =
∆x 2 ∆x
R δp Rδ
− ρu2 dy|x + 0 p ρu2 dy|x+∆x
0
=
∆x
Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
1
− ( ρu|x+∆x dy − ρu|x dy)u∞
∆x 0 0
Take limits first:

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

lim [−τx + + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )] =
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x
R δp Rδ
− 0 ρu2 dy|x + 0 p ρu2 dy|x+∆x
= lim [
x→0 ∆x

24
 Z δp |x+∆x Z δ p |x
1
− ( ρu|x+∆x dy − ρu|x dy)u∞ ]
∆x 0 0

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

lim [−τx + + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )] =
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x
Z δp Z δp
∂ 2 ∂
= ρu dy − (u∞ ρudy)
∂x 0 ∂x 0
[careless mistake here! last term on the right hand side (RHS)]

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

lim [−τx + + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )] =
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x
Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂
= ρu2 dy − u∞ ( ρudy)
∂x 0 ∂x 0
Left hand side...

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

−τx + lim [ + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )] =
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x
Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂
= ρu2 dy − u∞ ( ρudy)
∂x 0 ∂x 0
look in the terms inside the limit:

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x + P |x+∆x

lim [ + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )]
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 2P |x + P |x+∆x − P |x

= lim [ + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )]
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x

(P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x+∆x − P |x 1

= lim [ + (δp |x+∆x −δp |x )+P |x (δp |x+∆x −δp |x )]
∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x ∆x

∂δp (P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x+∆x − P |x

=P + lim [ + (δp |x+∆x − δp |x )]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x

25
 ∂δp (P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 P |x+∆x − P |x 1 P |x+∆x − P |x
=P + lim [ + (δp |x+∆x )− δp |x ]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp (P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x+∆x − δp |x+∆x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x − δp |x P |x

=P + lim [ + − ]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp (P δp )|x − (P δp )|x+∆x 1 (δp P )x+∆x − δp |x+∆x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x − (δp P )|x

=P + lim [ + − ]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp (1.5P δp )|x − 0.5(P δp )|x+∆x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x

=P + lim [ − − ]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp (P δp )|x + (0.5P δp )|x − 0.5(P δp )|x+∆x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x

=P + lim [ − − ]
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp ∂P δp (P δp )|x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x

=P − 0.5 + lim [ − − ]
∂x ∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp ∂P δp (P δp )|x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x − δp |x P |x + δp |x Px 1 δp |x P |x+∆x

=P −0.5 + lim [ − − ]
∂x ∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp ∂P δp 0.5(P δp )|x 1 δp |x+∆x P |x − δp |x P |x 1 δp |x P |x+∆x

=P −0.5 + lim [ − − ]
∂x ∂x ∆x→0 ∆x 2 ∆x 2 ∆x

∂δp ∂P δp ∂δp 1 δp |x P |x+∆x − δp |x P |x

=P − 0.5 − 0.5P + lim [− ]
∂x ∂x ∂x ∆x→0 2 ∆x

∂δp ∂P δp ∂δp ∂P
=P − 0.5 − 0.5P − 0.5δp
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x
∂δp ∂δp ∂P ∂δp ∂P
=P − 0.5P − 0.5δp − 0.5P − 0.5δp
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

26
 ∂P ∂P
= −0.5δp − 0.5δp
∂x ∂x
∂P
= −δp
∂x
Substitute back in...
Z δp Z δp
∂P ∂ 2∂
−τx − δp = ρu dy − u∞ ( ρudy)
∂x ∂x 0 ∂x 0
Z δp Z δp
∂P ∂ ∂
−δp = τx + ρu2 dy − u∞ ( ρudy)
∂x ∂x 0 ∂x 0
Only assumption is that

u∞ = constant w.r.t y
Bernoulli’s equation
[careless mistake here...]
I wrote
∂P ∂u∞
= ρu∞
∂x ∂x
When it’s actually
∂P ∂u∞
−= ρu∞
∂x ∂x
we can assume this holds with or without flat plate...
Substitute back in:
Z δp Z δp
∂u∞ ∂ ∂
δp ρu∞ = τx + ρu2 dy − u∞ ( ρudy)
∂x ∂x 0 ∂x 0
constant density fluid:
Z δp Z δp
∂u∞ τx ∂ ∂
δp u∞ = + u2 dy − u∞ ( udy)
∂x ρ ∂x 0 ∂x 0
We’ll need to tidy all this up:
2 tricks to use to tidy up equation

∂ 2 ∂u∞ ∂δp u∞
u∞ δp = δp u∞ + u∞
∂x ∂x ∂x
Z δp Z δp
δp = 1dy = dy
0 0

27
 δp δp
R δp
∂ dyu∞
Z Z
∂ 2 ∂u∞ 0
u dy = dyu∞ + u∞
∂x ∞ 0 0 ∂x ∂x
∂u∞ ∂ 2 ∂δp u∞
δp u∞ = u∞ δp − u∞
∂x ∂x ∂x
substitute back in:

Z δp Z δp
∂ 2 ∂δp u∞ τx ∂ 2 ∂
u∞ δp − u∞ = + u dy − u∞ ( udy)
∂x ∂x ρ ∂x 0 ∂x 0

[continue from here... note careless mistake]

1. Partial derivative wrong for mass balance 2. I think i said you can
swap derivatives and integrals freely, do not do that. Leibniz’s rule ap-
plied rather carelessly (don’t carelessly swap integrals, leave it as δp first) 3.
Bernoulli’s equation sign is wrong

Z δp Z δp
∂ 2 ∂δp u∞ τx ∂ 2 ∂
u∞ δp − u∞ = + u dy − u∞ ( udy)
∂x ∂x ρ ∂x 0 ∂x 0

Combine terms:
Z δp Z δp
∂ 2 2 ∂ τx
[u δp − u dy] + u∞ [ udy − δp u∞ ] =
∂x ∞ 0 ∂x 0 ρ
Replace δp with:
Z δp Z δp
δp = 1dy = dy
0 0
Assume

∂
U∞ = 0
∂y

Z δp Z δp Z δp Z δp
∂ 2 2 ∂ τx
[ u∞ dy − u dy] + u∞ [− u∞ dy + udy] =
∂x 0 0 ∂x 0 0 ρ
Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ τx
(u2∞ 2
− u )dy + u∞ (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ρ
get a a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b) expansion

28
 Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ τx
(u∞ − u)(u + u∞ )dy + u∞ (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ρ
separate out first integral

Z δp Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ ∂ τx
(u∞ − u)udy + (u∞ − u)u∞ dy + u∞ (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x 0 ρ
Notice the last integral, it is the odd one out in terms of derivatives, let’s
change it using product rule
Z δp
∂
u∞ (u − u∞ )dy
∂x 0
Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂u∞
= [u∞ (u − u∞ )dy] − ( ) (u − u∞ )dy
∂x 0 ∂x 0
We can substitute this back in:

Z δp Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ ∂
(u∞ − u)udy + (u∞ − u)u∞ dy + [u∞ (u − u∞ )dy]]
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x 0

Z δp
∂u∞ τx
−( ) (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ρ
Now we can bring the u∞ into the dy integral

Z δp Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ ∂
(u∞ − u)udy + (u∞ − u)u∞ dy + [ u∞ (u − u∞ )dy]]
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x 0

Z δp
∂u∞ τx
−( ) (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ρ
Terms inside cancel each other out...

Z δp Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂ ∂
(u∞ − u)udy + (u∞ − u)u∞ dy − [ u∞ (u∞ − u)dy]]
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ∂x 0

Z δp
∂u∞ τx
−( ) (u − u∞ )dy =
∂x 0 ρ

29
 bring minus sign in,
Z δp Z δp
∂ ∂u∞ τx
(u∞ − u)udy + ( ) (u∞ − u)dy =
∂x 0 ∂x 0 ρ
Final form of Von Karman equation:
Z δp Z δp
τx ∂u∞ ∂
=( ) (u∞ − u) dy + u(u∞ − u) dy
ρ ∂x 0 ∂x 0

4 Solutions to BL for Von Karman

Pohlhausen solution:

u = a + by + cy 2 + dy 3
Consider boundary conditions
no slip:

u = 0 at y = 0
This implies a=0

u = by + cy 2 + dy 3

y → ∞ u = u∞

y → δp u → u∞
approximation:
y = δp u = u∞

u∞ = bδp + cδp2 + dδp3 (2)

exact:
y = δp u = 0.99u∞
inviscid flow near δp and shear stress is 0 there

∂u
= 0 at y = δp
∂y

30
 ∂u
= b + 2cy + 3dy 2
∂y
0 = b + 2cδp + 3dδp2 (3)
Last BC:

∂2u
= 0 at y = 0
∂y 2
in other words

∂τx
=0
∂y

∂2u
= 2c + 6dy
∂y 2

0 = 2c

c=0
2 equations left:

0 = b + 3dδp2
u∞ = bδp + dδp3

b = −3dδp2

u∞ = −3dδp3 + dδp3

u∞ = −2dδp3

u∞
d=− (4)
2δp3
u∞
b = −3δp2 (− )
2δp3
3
b= u∞ (5)
2δp

31
 Pohlhausen velocity profile
3 u∞
u= u∞ y − 3 y 3
2δp 2δp
if we wanted to include the 0.99 u∞
3 u∞
u = 0.99( u∞ y − 3 y 3 )
2δp 2δp
substitute back in von karman equation
Z δp Z δp
τx ∂u∞ ∂
=( ) (u∞ − u) dy + u(u∞ − u) dy
ρ ∂x 0 ∂x 0
under constant freestream velocity:
Z δp
τx ∂
= u(u∞ − u) dy
ρ ∂x 0

Z δp
τx ∂ 3 u∞ 3 u∞
= ( u∞ y − 3 y 3 )(u∞ − ( u∞ y − 3 y 3 )) dy
ρ ∂x 0 2δp 2δp 2δp 2δp

note that δp only changes with x, not y

τx ∂ 3 δp2 u∞ δp4 3 δp2 u∞ δp4

= ( u∞ − 3 )(u∞ δp − ( u∞ − 3 ))
ρ ∂x 2δp 2 2δp 4 2δp 2 2δp 4

τx ∂ 3 δp2 u∞ δp4 3 δp2 u∞ δp4

= ( u∞ − 3 )(u∞ δp − u∞ + 3 )
ρ ∂x 2δp 2 2δp 4 2δp 2 2δp 4

τx ∂ 3 δp2 u∞ δp4 3 δp2 3 δp2 u∞ δp4 u∞ δp4 3 δp2 u∞ δp4

= (u∞ δp ( u∞ − 3 )− u∞ ( u∞ − 3 )+ 3 ( u∞ − 3 ))
ρ ∂x 2δp 2 2δp 4 2δp 2 2δp 2 2δp 4 2δp 4 2δp 2 2δp 4

τx ∂ 3 2 δp3 u2∞ δp5

= (( u − 3 )
ρ ∂x 2δp ∞ 2 2δp 4

3 δp2 3 δp2 u∞ δp4 u∞ δp4 3 δp2 u∞ δp4

− u∞ ( u∞ − 3 ) + 3 ( u∞ − 3 ))
2δp 2 2δp 2 2δp 4 2δp 4 2δp 2 2δp 4

(not very efficient...)

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The more efficient method:

Z δp
τx ∂ 3 y u∞ y 3 3 y u∞ y 3
= ( u∞ − ( ) )(u∞ − ( u∞ ( ) − ( ) )) dy
ρ ∂x 0 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp
Z δp
τx ∂ 3y 1 y 3 y 1 y
= u2∞ ( − ( )3 )(1 − ( ( ) − ( )3 )) dy
ρ ∂x 0 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp
Use chain rule:

dy dy du
=
dx du dx
dy
dy = du
du
y
u=
δp
1
du = dy
δp

δp du = dy
Change integration variable:
y
u=
δp
Z 1
τx ∂ 3y 1 y 3 y 1 y y
= u2∞ δp − ( )3 )(1 − ( ( ) − ( )3 )) d
(
ρ ∂x 0 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp 2 δp δp
Z 1
τx ∂ 3 1 3 1
= u2∞ δp ( u − (u)3 )(1 − ( u) + (u)3 ) du
ρ ∂x 0 2 2 2 2
τx ∂
|wall = 0.139286u2∞ δp
ρ ∂x
From textbook:

τx 39 2 ∂
|wall = u δp
ρ 280 ∞ ∂x
Substitute in shear stress

33
 ∂u
τx |wall = ρν |y=0
∂y
shear stress

∂u 3 u∞
= u∞ + 3(− 3 )y 2
∂y 2δp 2δp
at y=0 we find τx |y=0

∂u 3
= u∞
∂y 2δp
τx |wall ∂u 3
= ν |y=0 = ν u∞
ρ ∂y 2δp
Substitute back:
3 39 2 ∂
ν u∞ = u δp
2δp 280 ∞ ∂x
1 13 ∂
ν = u∞ δp
δp 140 ∂x
1 13 d
ν = u∞ δp
δp 140 dx
140
νdx = u∞ δp dδp
13

140 x
Z Z δp (x)
ν dx = u∞ δp dδp
13 0 0
In proper math notation, we have to use dummy variables
Z x Z δp (x)
140
ν dx0 = u∞ δp0 dδp0
13 0 0
Integrating:

140 δp (x)2
ν x = u∞
13 2
280
ν x = u∞ δp (x)2
13
r
280 νx
δp (x) =
13 u∞

34
 r
280 ν 2
δp (x) = x
13 u∞ x
r
1 280 ν
δp (x) =
x 13 u∞ x
r
δp (x) 280 1
=
x 13 Rex
r
δp (x) 1
= 4.64095
x Rex
Where Rex = u∞ ν
x

To get shear stress

τx |wall 3
=ν u∞
ρ 2δp
τx |wall 3
=ν q u∞
ρ 2 ∗ 4.64095 Re1 x x

Skin coefficient of friction (local)

τx |wall
Cf x ≡ 1 2
2 ρu∞

2 3
Cf x ≡ 2
ν q u∞
u∞ 2 ∗ 4.64095 1
Rex x

0.6464 1
Cf x ≡ νq
u∞ 1
Rex x

0.6464 1
Cf x ≡ q
1 1
Rex Rex

0.6464
Cf x ≡ √
Rex
Average skin friction coefficient:
Z L
1
Cf L ≡ Cf x dx
L 0

35
 Z L
1 0.6464
Cf L ≡ √ dx
L 0 Rex
√
1 L 0.6464 ν
Z
Cf L ≡ √ dx
L 0 u∞ x
√ Z
0.6464 ν L 1
Cf L ≡ √ √ dx
u∞ L 0 x
√ Z
0.6464 ν L 1
Cf L ≡ √ √ dx
u∞ L 0 x
√
0.6464 ν √
Cf L ≡ √ 2 L
u∞ L
√
0.6464 ν √
Cf L ≡ √ 2 L
u∞ L
√
1.2928 ν
Cf L ≡ √
u∞ L
1.2928
Cf L ≡ √
ReL

4.0.1 Solution Comparison to Similarity Solution

Von Karman Results (approximate solution)

δp (x) 4.64095
= √
x Rex

0.6464
Cf x ≡ √
Rex
1.2928
Cf L ≡ √
ReL

36
Blasius Results (Exact solution)

δp (x) 5
=√
x Rex

0.664
Cf x ≡ √
Rex
1.328
Cf L ≡ √
ReL
7.2% off for BL thickness, and 3% off for skin friction coeff. Pretty good!
This shows that Von Karman method is pretty good, if you can’t use
Blasius results

Welty, J., Rorrer, G. L., & Foster, D. G. (2014).

Fundamentals of momentum, heat, and mass transfer. John Wiley & Sons.

5 Resources Online
http://web.mit.edu/fluids-modules/www/highspeed_flows/ver2/bl_Chap2.pdf
https://community.dur.ac.uk/suzanne.fielding/teaching/BLT/sec3.pdf

for Von Karman

https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/112104118/lecture-29/29-3_momentum.htm

Part III
Github Repo
https://github.com/theodoreOnzGit/heatTransferTheory_YouTube

Look under convection heat transfer...

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