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§ Cognition
§ mental activities associated with thinking,
knowing, remembering, and
communicating
§ Cognitive Psychologists
§ study these mental activities
Chapters 9 § concept formation
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence § problem solving
Sources: https://jacksonlibertypsych.weebly.com/power-points.html and
§ decision making
https://www.youtube.com/c/MelissaSchaeferpsych4life/videos
§ judgment formation

§ Heuristic
§ Algorithm
§ Step by step procedures that guarantee a § simple thinking strategy that often
solution allows us to make judgments and
§ methodical, logical rule or procedure that solve problems efficiently
guarantees solving a particular problem § usually speedier than algorithms
§ contrasts with the usually speedier–but § more error-prone than algorithms
also more error-prone--use of heuristics

Heuristic searching To search for

hot cocoa mix, you could search § Insight
e v e r y s u p e r m a r ke t a i s l e ( a n § sudden and often
algorithm), or you could check the novel realization of
breakfast, beverage, and baking the solution to a
supplies sections (heuristics). The problem
heuristics approach is often § contrasts with
s p e e d i e r, b u t a n a l g o r i t h m i c strategy-based
solutions
search guarantees you will find it
eventually. § Creativity
§ the ability to The Aha! moment
insight solutions to
produce novel and problems
valuable ideas

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1. Expertise
2. Imaginative thinking skills
3. A venturesome personality
4. Intrinsic Motivation
5. A creative environment

§ Functional Fixedness
§ Confirmation Bias § tendency to think of things only
§ tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
in terms of their usual functions
§ Fixation
§ inability to see a problem from a new perspective § impediment to problem solving
§ impediment to problem solving

§ Overconfidence
§ tendency to be more confident than • Intuition- an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling
correct or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious
§ tendency to overestimate the
accuracy of one’s beliefs and
reasoning
judgments • Faced with complex decisions involving many factors,
the best advice may indeed be to take our time—to
§ How can overconfidence lead to "sleep on it"—and to await the intuitive result of our
cramming?
unconscious processing.

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§ Babbling Stage
§ beginning at 3 to 4 months
§ the stage of speech development in which
the infant spontaneously utters various
sounds at first unrelated to the household
language
§ One-Word Stage
§ from about age 1 to 2
§ the stage in speech development during
which a child speaks mostly in single words

Language
Summary of Language Development
§ Two-Word Stage
§ beginning about age 2 Month
(approximate)
Stage

§ the stage in speech development 4 Babbles many speech sounds.

during which a child speaks in mostly Babbling reveals households
10
two-word statements language.
§ Telegraphic Speech 12 One-word stage.

§ early speech stage in which the child 24 Two-world, telegraphic speech.

speaks like a telegram-–“go car”-- 24+ Language develops rapidly into

complete sentences.
using mostly nouns and verbs and
omitting “auxiliary” words

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General Intelligence
British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described the
concept of general intelligence, or the "g factor." After using factor
analysis to examine mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that
scores on these tests were remarkably similar.

People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform

well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test
tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a
general cognitive ability that researchers can measure and express
numerically.

Spearman concluded that

there is a single g-factor
which represents an
individual's general
intelligence across
multiple abilities, and that
a second factor, s, refers to
an individual's specific
ability in one particular
area (Spearman, as cited
in Thomson, 1947).

Among more recent ideas about intelligence is The ability to control body
movements and handle objects skillfully
Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. The capacity to detect and
He proposed that traditional IQ testing does not respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and
fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. He desires of others
proposed different intelligences based on skills and The capacity to be self-aware
and in tune with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and thinking
abilities that are valued in various cultures: processes
The ability to think
conceptually and abstractly, and to discern logical or
numerical patterns

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The ability to produce and

appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre
The ability to recognize and
categorize animals, plants, and other objects in nature
Verbal-linguistic intelligence: Well-developed verbal
skills and sensitivity to the sounds, meanings, and
rhythms of words
Visual-spatial intelligence: The capacity to think in
images and visualize accurately and abstractly

WHAT IS EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE?

Emotional intelligence is defined as the
ability to understand and manage your own
emotions, as well as recognize and influence
the emotions of those around you. The term
was first coined in 1990 by researchers John
Mayer and Peter Salovey, but was later
popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman.

Emotional intelligence is commonly defined by four attributes:

Measuring Intelligence: Standardization and the
Self-management – You're able to control impulsive feelings and behaviors, manage your
emotions in healthy ways, take initiative, follow through on commitments, and adapt to
Intelligence Quotient
changing circumstances.

Self-awareness – You recognize your own emotions and how they affect your thoughts and
behavior. You know your strengths and weaknesses, and have self-confidence.
Social awareness – You have empathy. You can understand the emotions, needs, and
concerns of other people, pick up on emotional cues, feel comfortable socially, and
recognize the power dynamics in a group or organization.
Relationship management – You know how to develop and maintain good relationships,
communicate clearly, inspire and influence others, work well in a team, and manage conflict.
The goal of most intelligence tests is to measure g, the
general intelligence factor. Good intelligence tests are
reliable, meaning that they are consistent over time,
and also demonstrate validity . Validity refers to how
accurately a method measures what it is intended to
measure.

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Why is standardization important in testing?

Standardization helps you assess your applicants

more fairly if you can ensure that they have all
undergone the same process and tests, which
ultimately helps you make a more informed decision
that is more predictive of performance in the long run.

What are the Extremes of Intelligence?

The extremes of intelligence are intellectual
disability and giftedness. There are specific
characteristics of intellectual disability and
giftedness. Intelligence is defined as “the ability
to solve problems and to adapt and learn from
experiences.”
Intelligence tests have painted a bell curve to graph
the distribution of intelligence across the general
population. Most people fall in the middle of the
graph, and they are considered the average scorers.
But some, or rather, very few people fall on the far
left and then the far right of the curve. These
people are either mentally retarded or "gifted."