THERMO

DYNAMICS
TEMPERATURE SCALE
• Explain the connection between the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, temperature,
thermal equilibrium and temperature scales,
• Convert temperatures and temperature differences in the following scales: Fahrenheit,
Celsius, and Kelvin,
• Define the coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of volume expansion,
• Calculate volume and length changes of solids due to changes in temperature, and
• Solve problems involving temperature, thermal expansion, heat capacity, heat transfer,
and thermal equilibrium contexts such as, but not limited to, design of bridges and train
rails using steel, and thermal insulation.
TEMPERATURE SCALE
• Thermometer is a device used
to measure temperature of a
system. The three common
scales that is used for
measuring temperature are
the Fahrenheit, Celsius and
Kelvin Scales
TEMPERATURE SCALE

•Celsius or Centigrade temperature scale – it is the common

scale that is usually used to measure temperature. In Celsius
the 0º Celsius is the freezing point and 100ºC is the boiling
point.
 TEMPERATURE SCALE
2. Fahrenheit Scale - This is one of the oldest scales, and is
based on the coldest temperature that could be achieved with a
mix of ice and alcohol. This scale sets the temperature of the
ice point at 32°F and the temperature of the steam point at
212°F.

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 TEMPERATURE SCALE
3. Kelvin Scale – 0 K is the lowest possible temperature,
where the internal energy of a system is at its absolute
minimum. The degree size is the same as that of the
Centigrade or Celsius scale. This makes the freezing point of
water at atmospheric pressure 273 K, the boiling point at 373
K.

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Tel. No.: (049) 530 – 2916
TEMPERATURE SCALE
During winter the temperature drops to -4°F, what is this
temperature in oC and K?
QUICK TEST:
• On what numerical temperature is the temperature scale
of Celsius and Fahrenheit are equal?
 LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

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THERMODYNAMICS
• The field of science concerned with
describing heat and its relationship
with energy is called
thermodynamics.
• therme, meaning “heat” and
dynamicos meaning “movement”.
• The father of Thermodynamics is
Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot.
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (Equivalence Theorem)
“If two thermodynamic systems are separately in thermal equilibrium
with a third, they are also thermal equilibrium to each other.”
When two objects at different initial temperature reaches the same
temperature at some point they are now in thermal equilibrium.
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy)
It states that the internal energy of a system has to be equal to the work that is
being done on the system, plus or minus the heat that flows in or out of the
system and any other work that is done on the system.
LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Second Law of Thermodynamics (State of Entropy)
It states that heat flows from hot to cold. It also states that
entropy tends to increase over time.

Third Law of Thermodynamics (Absolute Zero)

It states that entropy of all systems of all states is zero at
absolute zero.