Lời nói trực và gián tiếp

Dicrect and indirect speeches

1. câu phát biểu

ví dụ: he said : “ i have lost my pen this morning.”  he said that he had lost his pen that morning.
- she said to him: “i will go with you tomorrow.”  she told him that she would go with him the next day.
Cách chuyển từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp trong câu phát biểu
 động từ dùng để tường thuật: dung say hoặc tell
 thay đổi đại từ
Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu ngôi thư nhất và thứ hai số ít và số nhiều khi chuyển từ lời nói
trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau:
trực tiếp --> gián tiếp

đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ (chỉ mang tính chất đại từ sở hữu
tương đối) mine his, her
i  he, she ours theirs
we they yours theirs, his, her
you they, he, she tính từ sở hữu
tân ngữ my his, her
me him, her our their
us them your their, his, her
you them, him, her
 các thay đổi ở trạng từ không gian và thời gian:
trực tiếp gián tiếp

this -> that the day after tomorrow -> in two day’s time /
that -> that two days after
these -> those yesterday -> the day before / the previous day
here -> there the day before yesterday -> two day before
now -> then next week -> the following week
today -> that day last week -> the previous week / the week
ago -> before before
tomorrow -> the next day / the following day last year ->the previous year / the year before
 Đổi thì của động từ theo các qui tắc sau
a. Câu trực tiếp với động từ ở phần giới thiệu là thì hiện tại đơn thì khi chuyển sang gián tiếp không đổi thì của
động từ
ex: my teacher of geography says, “ the sun rises in the east.”
--> my teacher of geography says ( that ) the sun rises in the east.
- The doctor says to her : “You will have to stay here until tomorrow.”
 The doctor tells her that she will have to stay here until tomorrow.
S1 + says (that) + S2 + V + O(đổi theo qui tắc)
Lan says, “My sister seldom rides a bike to school.”
Lan says that her sister seldom rides a bike to school
“I’ve always wanted to become a doctor,” Helen says.
Helen says that she has always wanted to become a doctor
b. Câu trực tiếp với động từ ở phần giới thiệu là thì quá khứ đơn:
Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now. --> Nam said (that) he was doing his homework then.
S + said (that) + S2 + V(đổi thì theo qui tắc) + O (đổi theo qui tắc)
Chú ý: Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ 1 thì:
thì trong lời nói trực tiếp thì trong lời nói gián tiếp

Direct Speech Reported Speech Past simple Past perfect

Present simple Past simple Future simple (will) Would
Present progressive Past progressive Past progresive Past perfect
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 progressive / past Past perfect Past perfect
progresive can/may/must do could/might/had to do
Present perfect Past perfect is/am/are going to do was/were going to do
Directed speech Reported speech
Present perfect Past perfect progressive
progressive
- Present simple -> past simple
He said : "I want to go to see An tomorrow" => he said that he wanted to go to see An the next day
1. “Students at secondary school and high school rarely sing English songs” She said.
......……………………………………………......................................................................................…………...

- Present continuous -> past continuous

Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now.” --> Nam said (that) he was doing his homework then.
2. “They are building a new hospital in the village,” said the Mayor
......……………………………………………......................................................................................…………...

- Present perfect -> past perfect

She said : "I have worked here for one year" => She said ( that ) she had worked there for one year
3. “I haven’t been there for years,” she said......
…………………………………......................................................
- Past simple: có 2 cách: giứ nguyên không đổi hoặc đổi sang quá khứ hoàn thành
Tom said: 'I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed'  -> Tom said (that) he woke up feeling ill and so he
stayed in bed.
4. “I saw her on my way to school yesterday,” he said..
......…………………………………………….........................................................................................................
- Future simple -> will would
An said to me : " I will buy a car" => An told me that he would buy a new car
5. “My uncle will not plant the vegetables tomorrow afternoon”, she said.
......…………………………………………….........................................................................................................
- is/am/are going to do -> was/were going to do
She said “I’m going away for a few days" --> She said that she was going away for a few days
5. She said, “ I am going to have a party next week”......
……………………………………………........................

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