CHARACTERISTICS

❖Adult tapeworm is flat and ribbon-like

❖Hermaphrodite
The body consist of the following:
a) Scolex
b) Neck
c) Proglottids
d) Strobila
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SEGMENTS
CESTODES 1. Immature
2. Mature
3. Gravid

LARVAL FORMS STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT

1. SOLID Larvae PATHOLOGY AND MANIFESTATION MAY BE CAUSED BY THE:
a. Procercoid – relatively globular with the scolex invaginated into a solid
body and with cercomere 1. ADULT WORM
b. Plerocercoid – elongated with the scolex free or may be invaginated into - producing passive obstruction, migration to unusual sites and competition with the
the neck
nourishment of the host
2. BLADDER type of larvae
a. Cysticercoid – w/ small anterior body into which the scolex is invaginated and
frequently with a solid and elongated caudal portion 2. LARVAL STAGE
b. Cysticercus – w/ a head invaginated into a proximal portion of the large - more likely serious because larvae may be lodged in critical foci such as the brain,
bladder. Contains single scolex only eyes or elsewhere and may grow to large masses producing pressure defects on
c. Echinococcus – w/ germinal epithelium where smaller cyst originate each of adjacent structures.
which contains small scolices.
d. Coenurus – w/ germinal epithelium from where the protoscolices arise

DIFFERENCES PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN CYCLOPHILLIDEAN

• Diphyllobotrium latum
SCOLEX - Spoon shaped with slit-like - Quadrate, with four cup-like
sucking grooves
- No hooklets
STROBILA - anapolytic
OVA - Oval, operculated immature
LARVAL STAGES - Coracidium, procercoid,
plerocercoid or sparganum
INTERMEDIATE HOST - 2 Intermediate Host
Species which require vertebrae
IH:
• Taenia solium
• Taenia saginata
Species which require
invertebrae IH:
• Dipylidium caninum
Species which may or may not
require IH:
• Hymenolepis nana
suckers
- apolytic
- Spherical, non operculated
embryonated
- Cysticercoid, cysticercus,
hydatid
INTESTINAL CESTODES
- Only one, usually lower forms
of mammal or arthropod
 Taenia spp.
(Egg)

Parameter Description
Size range 280-40 um by 18-30 um
TAENIA SAGINATA Hooklets Three pairs, hexacanth
C OMM ON NA ME : B E E F TA P E WORM
embryo
TAENIA SOLIUM Other Features Radial striations on yellow-
C OM MON NA M E : P OR K TA P E WOR M
brown embryophore

Taenia saginata Taenia solium

(Adult) (Adult)
Characteristics Description Characteristics Description
Scolex 1 – 2 mm Scolex
Number of sucker Four Number of sucker Four

Rostellum Absent Rostellum Present

Hooks Absent Hooks Present (double crown)

Gravid proglottid Gravid proglottid

Appearance, shape Longer than wide Appearance, shape Somewhat square
Average, 17.5 by 5.5 um
Number of lateral 7-15
Number of lateral 15-20 Branches on each
Branches on each Side of uterus
Side of uterus
ADULT:
ADULT: o Measures 2-4m
o Measures 4-10m o May have 800 – 1,000 proglottids
o May have 1,000 - 4,000 proglottids o Gravid proglottid contain 30,000 – 50,000 ova
o Gravid proglottid contain 97,000 – 124,000 ova
(594,000,000 annually) “Measly pork”: meat infected with cysticercus
cellulosae

LIFE CYCLE DIAGNOSIS

o 💩 Stool is the specimen of choice for recovery of egg and gravid proglottids
oIndia ink: counting of lateral branches
o 🔬 Cellophane Tape Preparation
o 🖥 Concentration techniques
oFECT
EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
oT. solium – is found worldwide oAsymptomatic
oT. saginata – found primarily in cosmopolitan areas oTaeniasis
oDiarrhea oDizziness
oAbdominal pain oVomiting
oChange in appetite oNausea
oSlight weight loss oModerate eosinophilia

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

oCysticercosis oPraziquantel (DOC)
oNeurocysticercosis oParamomycin
oCSF findings
oQuinacrine hydrochloride
✓Increased opening pressure
✓Elevated protein
✓Decreased glucose
✓Increase in mononuclear cells
✓CSF eosinophilia without peripheral blood eosinophilia

PREVENTION AND CONTROL TAENIA ASIATICA

o 🚿 Exercising proper sanitation practices
o 🍖 Thorough cooking of beef and pork
o 💊 Promptly treating infected person
💎
Adult “Taiwan” Taenia resembles
adult T. saginata but by the
appearance of the cysticercus it is
close to T. solium
 Hymenolepis diminuta
(Egg)
Parameter Description
Average size 55 by 85 um
Hooklets Three pairs; hexacanth embryo
Polar thickenings Present
Polar filaments Absent
Embryophore Present; colorless

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA
COMMON NAME: RAT TAPEWORM

Hymenolepis diminuta
(Adult)
Parameter Description
Scolex
No. of sucker Four
LIFE CYCLE
Rostellum Present
Hooks Absent
Gravid Proglottid

Size Twice as wide as long

Appearance Saclike uterus filled w/ eggs

DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY
o 💩 Recovery of eggs in the stool oAsymptomatic
oWhole worm is expelled and the morphology of the scolex may be used as an aid in oHymenolepiasis
diagnosis oDiarrhea
oNausea
oAbdominal pains
oAnorexia
TREATMENT PREVENTION AND CONTROL
oPraziquatel o 🐭 Administering effective rodent control
oNiclosamide o 🐭 Protection of foods from rat droppings and from intermediate host insects
o 🍵 Inspection of all potentially contaminated food

Hymenolepis nana
(Egg)
Parameter Description
Average size 45 by 38 um
Hooklets Three pairs; hexacanth embryo
Polar thickenings Present
Polar filaments Present
Embryophore Present; colorless

HYMENOLEPIS NANA
COMMON NAME: DWARF TAPEWORM

Hymenolepis nana
(Adult)
Parameter Description
Scolex
No. of suckers Four
DIAGNOSIS
Rostellum Present; short
Hooks Present; one row o 🔬 Examining stool sample for eggs
Gravid Proglottid
oProglottids are not recovered because they undergo degeneration prior to passage
Size Twice as wide as long
with stool
Appearance Saclike uterus filled with eggs
LIFE CYCLE EPIDEMIOLOGY
o 🗽 Most common tapeworm recovered in the US
o 👶 Found worldwide mainly among children
o 🏜 Tropical and subtropical climates worldwide

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

oAsymptomatic oPraziquantel (DOC)
Hymenolepiasis oNiclosamide
oAbdominal pain
oAnorexia
oDiarrhea
oDizziness
oHeadache

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

o 🚿 Proper personal hygiene and sanitation practice
o ☠ Prevention and control measures aimed at halting the spread of parasite

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM
COMMON NAME: DOUBLE PORED TAPEWORM
 Dipylidium caninum Dipylidium caninum
(Egg) (ADULT)
Parameter Description Parameter Description
Number of eggs in 5-30 Scolex
Enclosed packet Numbers of suckers Four
Diameter range 30-60 um Rostellum Present; club-shaped, with
Per egg one to seven circlets of spines
Ind. Egg features six hooked oncosphere Hooks Absent
Gravid Proglottid
Shape Pumpkin seed

Appearance Full eggs in enclosed

embryonic membrane

DIAGNOSIS LIFE CYCLE

o 🔬 Recovery of the characteristic egg packets or gravid proglottids in stool sample

INTERMEDIATE HOST EPIDEMIOLOGY

oCtenocephalides canis (dog flea) o 🌍 Incidence of D. caninum infection is worldwide
oCtenocephalides felis (cat flea) o 👱 Children appear to be the most at risk for infection transmission
oPulex irritans (human flea)
oTrichodectes canis (dog louse)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
oAsymptomatic oPraziquantel
oDipylidiasis oNiclosamide
oAppetite loss oParomomycin
oDiarrhea
oAbdominal Discomfort
oIndigestion
oAnal pruritis

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

o 😺🐶 Dogs and cats should be examined by a veterinarian on a regular basis
o 🕷 Dogs and cats should be treated and protected against flea infestation
o 👶 Children should be taught not to let dogs or cats lick them in or near their
mouths

DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
COMMON NAME: BROAD FISH TAPEWORM

Diphyllobothrium latum Diphyllobothrium latum

(Egg) (Adult)
Parameter Description Parameter Description
Size range 55-75 um long Scolex
40-55 um wide No. of sucking grooves Two
Shape Somewhat oblong Shape of sucking groove Almond
Embryo Underdeveloped, termed Gravid proglottid
coracidium Shape Wider than long
Shell Smooth; yellow-brown in color Location and appearance Central; rosette
of uterine structure
Other features Operculum on one end;
Terminal knob on opposite
end
LIFE CYCLE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
o 🔬 Examining stool for the presence of egg or proglottids

EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

o 🌍 Found in variety of temperate regions worldwide oAsymptomatic
o 🐡 It is in areas that raw and/or freshwater fish are routinely consumed oDiphyllobothriasis
oOverall weakness
oWeight loss
oAbdominal pain
oVitamin B12 Deficiency

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

o 💩 Proper human fecal disposal
o 🐡 Avoidance of eating raw or undercooked fish
o 🔥 Thorough cooking of all fish before consumption

EXTRAINTESTINAL CESTODE
 Echinococcus granulosus
(Hydatid Cyst –larval stage)
Parameter Description
Protective coverings Cyst wall; multiple
laminated germinal
tissue layer
Basic cyst makeup Fluid-filled bladder

Structure that arise Daughter cysts

From inner germinal Brood capsules

layer
Other possible structures Hydatid sand
present

ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS
ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS
COMMON NAME: DOG TAPEWORM, HYDATID WORM

ADULT:
o3 – 6 mm in length
oPyriform scolex LIFE CYCLE
o3 proglottids: 1immature, 1 mature, 1
gravid
oScolex: 4 acetabula, 30 -36 hooks

EGGS:
oeggs of Echinococcus granulosus are
identical to, and thus indistinguishable
from those of Taenia spp. Fortunately, the
diagnostic stage of E. granulosus is that of
the larval stage.
oswallowed by intermediate host: goats,
horses, camels and sheep

DIAGNOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGY
o 🔬 Hydatid cyst fluid may be examined on biopsy samples for the presence of o 🐑🐶 Primarily found in areas in which sheep or other herbivores are
scolices, daughter cyst, brood capsules, or hydatid sand. raised and in close contact with dogs or wild canines.
o 🖥 Serologic test
oIHA
oIFA
oEIA
opositive cases undergo gel diffusion assay that would demonstrate the
echinococcal “Arc 5” for confirmation
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
Echinococcosis E. granulosus lung infection o 💉 Surgical removal of the hydatid cyst
oAnaphylactic shock oChest pain oMebendazole
oEosinophilia oCoughing oAlbendazole
oAllergic reaction oShortness of Breath oPraziquantel
oLiver involvement
oObstructive jaundice

PREVENTION AND CONTROL 📖 READ

o 🚿 Appropriate personal hygiene practice
o 🐶 Discontinuing the practice of feeding canines oRallietina garrisoni
o 🙀 Potentially contaminated viscera
oSpirometra