Phylum Platyhelminthes TWO IMPORTANT ORDER OF CLASS CESTODA

ORDER PSEUDOPHILLIDEA ORDER CYCLOPHILLIDEA

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Scolex is unarmed • Scolex with 4 suckers
MULTI
• Muri-celled animals and usually a centrally
• Leaf-like • Equip with a dorsal and placed apical rostellum
• Bilaterally Symmetrical ventral groove
• Lack body cavity, circulatory and respiratory • Armed with hooks
• Scolex is spatulate
structures
• Scolex is quadrate
• Possess an incomplete digestive tract • All representatives in
• Sexual organs are complicated man belong to • Sex pores open laterally
• Life cycle consists of single obligatory host superfamily
Bothriocephaloidea • Species found in man
belong to superfamily
THREE IMPORTANT CLASSES Taeniodea

Class Tubelaria • Planaria

• Bipalium
• Otoplana ADULT TAPE WORM PARTS
• Notoplana
• Has three parts; SCOLEX, NECK, STROBILA
Class Trematoda • Fasciola Hepatica
(liverfluke)
• Dilozoon • Length varies from 3mm to 10meters or more and the
Class Cestoda • Taenia spp. number of proglottids ranges from 3 to 4,000
(tapeworm)
• Gravid proglottids are located in the distal portion of
• Convoluta
the scolex wherein the primary genitalia have been
• Echinobothrium
atrophied and consist essentially of a uterus
distended with eggs

CLASS CESTODA
• Parasitic organisms
• Hermaphroditic (both sexes)
• Covered with non ciliated integument
• Scolex are provided with suckers
• No digestive tract in most species
• Divided transversely into separate sexually complete
units
• Proglottids maybe described as craspedote,
acraspedote, apolytic and anapolytic
PROGLOTTIDS
Craspedote posterior border of proglottids
overlaps the anterior border of
adjoining proglottid
Acraspedote posterior and anterior border of
proglottids do not overlap
Apolytic premature detachment of proglottids
that follows the release of eggs
Anapolytic proglottids are not shed from the
strobila and eggs are released in other
ways

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EGGS CYSTICERCOID

• Cyclophillidea (cestode parasites) are released from

the uterus by apolysis

• Spherical, non operculated and almost fully

embryonated when discharged from proglottids.

LARVAE OF TAPEWORMS

SOLILD TYPE
CYSTICERUS
Procercoid This larva is relatively
globular with the scolex
invaginated into the body of
the larva
Plerocercoid/sparganum This larva is elongated with
larva head free or invaginated
only to the neck
CYSTIC TYPE
Cysticercoid This larva is provided with a
slightly developed bladder
anteriorly
Cysticercus head is invaginated into the MEDICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES OF TAPEWORMS
proximal portion of the
bladder PSEUDOPHILLIDEA CYCLOPHILLIDEA

PROCERCOID • Diphyllobothrium latum • Taenia solium

• Taenia saginata
• Dipyllidium caninum
• Hymenolepis diminuta
• Raillietina garrisoni
• Hymenolepis nana
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Echinococcus multilocularis
• • Spirometra mansoni

Diphyllobothrium latum
PLEROCERCOID

Common name: Broad or Fish tapeworm

Disease: Diphyllobothriasis, bothriocephaliasis,

Dibothriocephalus anemia, fish tapeworm infection

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• Longest tapeworm of human measuring 3 to 10 meters Diphyllobothrium latum: Diagnosis
in length
• DFS
• 3,000 to 4,000 proglottids
• Kato Technique
• Usual habitat of the worm is ileum and sometimes the
• To differentiate anemia due to diphyllobothriasis
jejunum.
from pernicious anemia, examination of the
• Scolex is small measuring 2 to 4 mm in length by 10 to
gastric juice for the presence of free hydrochloric
12 mm in width
acid is useful.
• Scolex is spatulate or almond -shape with 2
dorsoventral sucking grooves
• Single worm may discharge as many as 1 million ova Diphyllobothrium latum: Treatment
daily
• Praziquantel
• if not available, niclosamide and quinacrine
hydrochloride maybe used
MALE ORGANS FEMALE ORGANS
Terminate in muscular • Symmetricallly bilobed TAENIA SOLIUM
cirrus in a common genital ovary
pore. • A vagina that extends Common name: Pork tapeworm
from a common genital
Disease caused: Pork tapeworm infection/taeniasis
pore in the midventral
line •Small intestine
• The gravid rosette like
or highly coiled uterus in • 2-4 meters with 800 to 1000 segments
the middle of the gravid
The scolex
segment is a diagnostic
characteristic • measures 1-mm, globular in shape, has 4 cup-like
suckers
Diphyllobothrium latum: Eggs Rostellum
• Broadly ovoid with inconspicuous (not clearly visible) • armed with double rows of large and small hooklets
operculum (small covering or lid) approximately 20-25 in number.
• Thick shelled, light golden brown with a knob on the
bottom of the egg. Mature proglottid
• It measures 58 to 76 microns and contain an • Roughly square with irregularly alternate genital
immature embryo when discharge in the feces. pores opening from side to side in adjacent
proglottids

Diphyllobothrium latum: Pathology/Disease The testes

• The scolex attaches to the jejunum and competes • Consist of 100 to 200 follicles, distributed throughout
with the host for the available supply of Vitamin B12. the dorsal plane
• The blood picture is that of macrocytic anemia Ovary

• Situated in the posterior third of the proglottids

• Consists of 2 large symmetrical lobes and an
accessory lobe on the side of the genital pore

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Gravid segment
• Contains uterus, which has 7-13 lateral uterine
branches.
• Each gravid segment contains 30,000 - 50,000 eggs.
• The gravid proglottids become detached from the
strobila in groups of five or six (in chain) and are
passed in the feces.
• Cysticerci (cysticercus cellulosae) lodge in vital organs
such as brain, eyes, spinal cord, heart and liver giving
rise to pressure symptoms.
• In the brain, it may produce hydrocephalus, meningitis,
cranial nerve damage, seizures, hydroactive reflexes
and visual defects.
• Convulsions are the most common manifestations of
cerebral cysticercosis

Mature egg TAENIA SAGINATA

• Spherical, measures 30 to 45 microns Common name: Beef tapeworm

• Pale buff to walnut brown in color. It has two radially
striated eggs shell.
• Oncosphere has three pairs of hooklets.
• The eggs of T. solium cannot be distinguished from the
eggs of T. saginata
TAENIA SOLIUM: PATHOLOGY
Disease caused: Beef tapeworm infection / taeniasis
• 4-10 meters up to 25m
• 1,000-4,000 segments
• Unarmed scolex
• Irregularly alternate genital pores and differ from T.
solium in having as many testes numbering 330-400
follicles and in lacking the accessory ovarian lobe

• Abdominal Discomfort • Life cycle-same as T. solium

• Chronic Indigestion
• Intestinal disturbances may produce acute intestinal
• Diarrhea
obstruction.
TAENIA SOLIUM: DIAGNOSIS
• Toward the end of the prepatent period, diarrhea and
• Concentration Techniques
hunger pains frequently develop and loss of weight
• Perianal Swabs
may occur.
TAENIA SOLIUM: TREATMENT
• The most common symptoms are discomfort and
• Praziquantel embarrassment occasioned by the crawling of the
• Niclosamide
proglottids from the anus, with a strong tendency to
crawl during the day when the host is active.
Cystecercus cellulosae
TAENIA SOLIUM: DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT
• larval infection of T. solium usually infects pig but
human can also be infected • Concentration Techniques
• ingestion of food and water contaminated by human • Perianal Swabs
waste • Praziquantel
• Oral transmission by unclean hands of carriers of the
adult worms

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TAENIA SOLIUM: PREVENTION AND CONTROL SPIROMETRA MANSONI/ SPARGANUM MANSONI: LIFE
CYCLE
• Thorough cooking of meat
• Same as D. latum except that the main habitat of S.
• Sanitary inspection mansoni in the human body is the skin and
• Meat inspection subcutaneous tissues, conjunctiva, vagina and internal
vital organs. It does not reach maturity in man

• The 1st intermediate hosts are species of cyclops.

Spirometra mansoni, Echinococcus granulosus,
Dipylidium caninum, Hymenolepsis, Raillietina • The 2nd intermediate hosts include rodents, snakes
and frogs.

• The definitive hosts are dogs, cats and wild carnivores

SPIROMETRA MANSONI/ SPARGANUM MANSONI

• This parasite has definite proglottids. PATHOLOGY

• It is elongated, ivory white, ribbon-like larva
measuring from a few to several centimeters.
• This parasite is characterized by piling of uterus coils
distinguished from the rosette arrangement of the
uterus of D. latum.
Sparganosis in human is a tissue infection caused by
plerocercoid. The most common localization of the
sparganum are subcutaneous connective tissue and
superficial muscles.
Types of sparganosis:
• Ocular sparganosis

• Subcutaneous sparganosis

• Oral sparganosis

• Cerebral sparganosis

• Visceral sparganosis

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis is made by finding
• The eggs resemble that of D. latum but are ellipsoidal the white larva in the lesion.
and possess a rounded, conical operculum.
Species identification is done
through experimental
infection of animals
TREATMENT
Surgical removal is the
customary approach.
When surgery is not
feasible, praziquantel
maybe used

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 ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS • Unilocular hydatid cyst is a slow-growing, tumor like

Common name: Hydatid worm space occupying structure enclosed by a laminated

Disease caused: Unilocular echinococcosis or hydatid geminitive membrane

disease • This membrane produces structures on it's wall called
• Smallest tapeworm brood capsule where tapeworm scolices arise.
• 3 to 6 mm in length • Daughter cyst may develop within the original mother
• Pyriform scolex with 4 suckers and with armed rostellum cyst and these also produce brood capsules and
with 30-36 hooklets protoscolices.
• With short neck and 3 proglottids • Fluid accumulates as the cyst grows. This fluid is
• Lives 5-29 mos. In dogs as usual definitive host potentially toxic, if spills into body cavities,
anaphylactic shock and death may result
• The brood capsules and daughter cyst disintegrates
within the mother cyst liberating the accumulated
protoscolices known as the hydatid sand.
• Mechanical or toxic pathology
• Unilocular cyst found in the bone canal is known as the
casseous hydatid cyst

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS LIFE CYCLE • In the brain may cause severe damage

• Adults in the small intestine DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

• Eggs in the feces of dogs (sub-spherical with radially • Radiological examination • Mebendazole
striated eggshell) • Ultrasound • Albendazole
• Ingested by man, dog • ELISA, Bentonite flocculation
• Oncosphere hatch, penetrate intestinal wall test, Casoni intradermal test
• Larvae enters the lymphatics • Surgical if accessible
• In blood circulation
• Hydatid cyst in liver, lungs of intermediate host
DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM
• Hydatid ingested by dogs
• Scolices attach to small intestine of the dog Common Name: Dog tapeworm

Disease caused: Dypilidiasis or dog tapeworm infection

• Double pored tapeworm

HYATID CYST
• 10-70 cm in length
• Measure 1 to 7cm in diameter.

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• 4 prominent deeply cupped suckers and 1-7 rows of • Infective I.H. ingested by definitive host
armed conical rostellum rose thorn shaped spines.
• Cysticercoid larvae liberated in the small intestine
• Neck is short and slender • Adult in the small intestine
• Mature and gravid segment are typically pumpkinseed or
vase shaped.

• Double set of reproductive organ with genital pore on

each lateral margin of the proglottid.

• The eggs are spherical, thin-shelled and hyaline except

for a brick red tinge and measures 25 to 40 microns in
diameter and have a delicate hooklets.

• Gravid segments separate singly or in-group from the

strobila and frequently wander down the bowel and creep
out of the anus

LIFE CYCLE

• Adult in small intestine

• Gravid proglottids detach from the strobila and pass
out of the feces
• Capsules with eggs released from the ruptures
segments
• Eggs in capsule ingested by flea
• Onscosphere is liberated and penetrate the GUT into
homocoel
• Cysticercoid larvae develops into homocoel

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PATHOLOGY • The eggs inside the capsules are spindle-shaped
• Oncosphere is provided with 6 hooklets and
• Slight intestinal disturbance
• Loss of appetite surrounded by two thin membrane
• Pruritus ani • An outer elongated oval membrane and an inner
• Diarrhea
spherical membrane enclosing the oncosphere.
DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
Recovery of capsules or Praziquantel
proglottids out in the feces LIFE CYCLE
(DFS)
• Adults in small intestine

RAILLIENTINA GARRISONI • Gravid segment pass out in the feces

• 60 cm in length. • Segments rupture and release eggs

• The scolex is minute, sub-globular, has 4 cup-like
suckers surrounded by very minute, comma-shaped
spines.
• The rostellum is armed with alternating two circular
rows of 90-140 hammer- shaped hooks and also
surrounded by a collar of comma-shaped spines.
• Eggs ingested by flour beetle
• Eggs hatch releasing oncosphere which develop into
cysticercoid
• Infected flour beetle ingested by man
• Larvae break out in the small intestine
• Immature worm attach to villi

• Proglottids: 200-400 egg capsule

36-50 ovoid testes
Bilobed ovary

PATHOLOGY

• Genital pores open on the side near the anterior lateral NOT YET ESTABLISHED
border of the segments.
DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
• Gravid segments are divided into numerous egg
• Direct Fecal Smear Praziquantel
capsules • Recovery of proglottids
• The segments have the
• Each containing 1-4 eggs. The free gravid proglottids
characteristic appearance like rice
have the shape of rice grain. grains

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HYMENOLEPSIS NANA • Cysticercoid develops
• Infected intermediate host ingested by man
Common Name: Dwarf tapeworm
• Cystecercoid breaks out of intestinal villi to the
• Smallest tapeworm infecting man lumen
• 25-45 mm in length • Scolex attaches to the mucosa of the small
• Rhomboidal scolex has 4 sucker and bears a short, intestine
retractile rostellum armed with a single ring 20-30 Y
PATHOLOGY
shaped spines
• Light infection to man
• Broad mature segment with single genital pore on the
• There is no autoinfection
sides 3 round testes, 1 ovary and transverse uterus.

PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

• Direct Fecal Smear • Praziquantel
• No symptoms • Identification of eggs from • Nitazoxanide
• In heavy infection cause autoinfection, diarrhea, the stool

abdominal pain, anorexia enteritis, convulsions

DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT
• Direct Fecal Smear • Praziquantel
• Concentration Technique • Nitazoxanide

HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA

Common Name: Rat tapeworm

• 60 cm in length
• 800-1000 proglottids
• Genital pores are unilateral
• Small club shape scolex with 4 cupshaped suckers and
rudimentary unarmed rostellum

LIFE CYCLE

• Adult in the small intestine

• Eggs pass out in the feces
• Eggs ingested by intermediate host