Comparative Anatomy of the Skin: Integument

Chordate Epidermis / Dermis Function of Integument

1. Agnathans / Jawless - No scales - Unicellular mucous glands make it extremely
Lamprey - Skin is made up of darkly stained epithelial cells slimy compared to other fishes, reduces water
- Paler unicellular mucous glands exchange helps with escaping predators
- Mucous cuticle found on top of epidermis - The function of the mucous cuticle is to keep
- Beneath the epidermis is the connective tissue of dermis stained by orange colour, at the base of organism new and moist and slippery
the dermis is brown chromatophores

3. Chondrichthyes / Cartilaginous Fish - ​Placoid scales​ are hooked, very small structures, only found in cartilaginous fish - Placoid scales are directed only one way to
Sharks - The dermis is divided into two distinct layers, the ​stratum spongiosum ​on the top of the deeper reduce drag
stratum compactum

- Brown chromatophores are present in the dermal layer ????

2. Osteichthyes / Bony Fish - Dermally derived scales, which project towards the surface of the skin, still covered by thin layer of - Directed only one way to reduce drag
Perch epidermis
- Ganoid scales (square/diamond), ctenoid (bristle/comb like), cycloid (looks like ctenoid but without
bristles)

4. Amphibia - Poison glands -

- Multicellular mucus glands
- Thin keratin layer

5. Reptilia - Lots of keratin in epidermis - Keratin is the main component of scales

- No glands

6. Aves - Feather follicles

- No glands

7. Mammals Skin: - Keratin retains moisture

Hair follicles
Sebaceous/sweat glands

Sole / Palm:
- Sweat Glands
- Thick stratum corneum (lots of keratin)
Comparative Chart of Trunk Musculature:

Branchiostoma Fish Amphibian Mammals

- V-shaped myomeres - w-shaped myomere Epaxial: Expaxial: rectus abdominus, transversus,

- segmented muscles - Dorsal trunci (if you think of the spine in - Increase in muscles, more specialization (why)
humans, mammals go from 1 to 2) Hypaxial
Abdominal:
Hypaxial: - Rectus abdominus
- Rectus abdominus - Internal Oblique
- Internal Oblique - External Oblique
- External Oblique - Transversus (horizontal)
- Transversus (horizontal)
Thoracic:
- Internal/External intercostals
- Diaphragm
Classes / Phylum Chordata Fish
Phylums

Systems Cephalochordata Urochordata Craniata Agnathans Chondrichthyes (​Cartilaginous fish) Osteichthyes

(Jawless fish) (Bony fish)

Species Amphioxus: Sea squirt and Hagfish, lampreys Larval Lamprey Lamprey Sharks ​(Squalus) Perch
Branchiostoma/​Lancelets tunicates and vertebrates Ammocetes (​Petromyzon
marinus​)

Background Constraints/Limitations: Cephalochordate

Information Physical Constraints​ (bound by law of physics): “Head cord”
1. Blood flowing through an artery Branchiostoma lancelet
2. Gravity pulls everything down Notochord​: ​extends all the way to rostrum (front of head)
Dorsal hollow nerve​: present in all life stages
Phylogenetic Constraints​ (bound by evolutionary history, organisms resemble Subpharyngeal gland​: like urochordates, mucous is secreted and coats ​pharyngeal bars
their ancestors): Postanal tail​: present in all life stages
1. Height
2. Four limbs in humans Phylum Chordata: Vertebrate​ characterized by presence of vertebrae
3. Snakes are constrained to climbing trees Vertebra body plan: a stiff rod running through the length of the animal (vertebral column or notochord), ​with a hollow tube of nervous
tissue (the spinal cord) above it and the gastrointestinal tract below.
5 Chordate Features: Skeletal structure (cranium) to house the heart and protect the​ brain​, a distinct heart, kidneys, and a liver with a gall bladder.
1. A notochord Vertebrate - meaning joint of the spine
2. A dorsal hollow nerve cord Early Vertebrates ​lacked ​jaws, which can still be seen in lamprey (very specialized mode of feeding - feeds on blood and tissue fluids of
3. Pharyngeal slits fish) and hagfish.
4. A subpharyngeal gland
5. A post anal tail “Craniata”
Unofficial taxa including all vertebrates, hagfish and lamprey (species with a skull of some sort; cartilaginous, bony, or fibrous)
Devonian conodont residue: potentially early vertebrate teeth, can be Lamprey
distinguished from grains based on jaggedness and luster. Notochord​: present with cartilaginous plates forming around notochord (first stage of vertebrae. Extra skeleton provides more
Cephalo - head support; less of a physical restraint, therefore grow bigger in size (compared to small lancelet)
Chordata - notochord Dorsal hollow nerve cord​: extend anteriorly to form brain
Uro - tail Postanal tail​: symmetrical to assist with locomotion
Pharyngeal slits​: branchial basket used to support 7 open slits. Gill pouches also evolved, connecting gills to external environment.
Urochordates Subpharyngeal gland​: in larval stage, used to secrete mucous to line pharyngeal bars to capture food during filter feeding. Becomes
1300 species thyroid in adults
More closely related to vertebrates than cephalochordates (genome
sequencing) Squalus
Endostyle → precursor to human thyroid. Notochord​: Replaced nearly entirely with cartilage (called centrum). Some notochord still present in centre of centrum. Due to force
Sea squirts: being distributed equally over whole structure, vertebrae is simple; made up of caudal vertebrae and trunk vertebrae). Transverse
Post-anal tail​: larval stage (mobile life stage) processes protrude off of sides of centrum. Trunk vertebrae have a neural arch (supports/protects ​dorsal hollow nerve cord)​ and
Pharyngeal slits​: filter feed and gas exchange. Food particles get trapped in caudal vertebrae have an additional hemal arch (supports/protects vascular system). Humans have neural arches; we don’t have
pharyngeal bars by mucous secreted by ​endostyle hemal arches).
Notochord​: present in larval stage Pharyngeal slits​: 5 septal gills; two urnevisceral arches td into jaw (hyomandibular and hyoid arch).
 Hollow Nerve cord​: larval stage
External - On the dorsal side dorsal fin
Morphology is present. It is connected
with a caudal fin.
- Caudal fin (near anus) is
connected with ventral fin
which extends up to atriopore
- notochord is the major
skeletal structure, extends
the anteriorly projecting
rostrum
- dorsal to the notochord is
the hollow nerve cord
Skeleton The notochord served as the
only structural support. No
specialization (i.e., arcualia)
therefore, lancelet is
physically constrained to be
small.
Digestive Filter feeders. Water is drawn
in by ​wheel organ​, past ​velum
lined with ​velar tentacles​ (f.
Filter large particles) and into
Postnatal tail​: asymmetrical lobed fin
Subpharyngeal gland​: thyroid gland
Perch
Notochord: ​vertebral column as described in Squalus
Pharyngeal slits: ​opercular gill pouches covered/protected by operculum (3rd branchial arch). Perch has 4 pharyngeal slits covered.
(1st and 2nd branchial arch incorporated into jaw).
Subpharyngeal gland: ​Thyroid gland
Postanal tail: ​symmetrical rayed caudal fin
Dorsal hollow nerve cord:​ Encased in hemal arch
- Caudal fin is diphycercal - Caudal fin is heterocercal (vertebrae extend - Caudal fin is diphycercal
- Pelvic fin is absent into upper lobe oF tail making it longer) (vertebrate extend to tip of tail
- Scales are absent - Pelvic fins usually posterior and the tail is symmetrical and
- Circular​ jawless​ oral disc lined with orange - Placoid scales longer)
papillae - Cartilaginous jaw - Pelvic fins usually anterior
-Paired eyes + pineal eye (light intensity - Ctenoid scales
detection) -​ Bony Jaw
-Single nostril (found top of head, posterior to
pineal eye).
-Urogenital papilla protruding from cloaca.
- have distinct - slimy, scaleless, - Have notochord, brain, - Tough skin, scales, contains
notochord, dorsal paired lateral eyes, - Have chondrocranium and various chromatophores
hollow nerve chord single dorsal pineal splanchnocranium, but no dermatocranium - Same as shark skeleton
expanded anteriorly to eye, single nostril, except and mainly:
form a distinct brain Some cartilage to dermatocranium
protect brain
- Made up of cartilage - Cartilaginous - Bony
- No jaw present - Jaw suspension is hyostylic - Jaw suspension is hyostylic or
- Arcualia plates surrounding the notochord - Vertebral column protects spinal cord and autostylic
- Branchial basket provides support for gills assists in locomotion, allowing sharks to swim - Large number oF bones in the
with a pendulum like movement (undulation), skull, most of them belonging to
-caudal and trunk vertebrae (hemal and neural the dermatocranium
arch; neural arch respectively)
-The trunk has transfers processes, little
projections out of the middle, which house
organs
- Pectoral girdle: U-shaped (coracoid bar)
-
Filter feeders. - Filter-feeders - stomach​ is typically J shaped; posterior end - long with no ​spiral valve
Endostyle produces - Feeds off blood, has a rasp tongue. oF the stomach has a ​pyloric sphincter​; - does ​not​ have a ​rectal gland
mucus that traps - no​ stomach​ (slow but continuous feeder) longitudinal folds called​ rugae - ​Liver​ has three lobes
food particles in - long​ intestine - ​esophageal papillae - ​swim bladder
 pharynx​. Water flows through
pharyngeal slits​ and particles
are caught in mucous on
pharyngeal bars produced by
endostyle​. Food is ingesting
in intestine and disposed of
through ​anus​. Filtered water
exits from ​atrium​ through
atriopore​. ​Midgut caecum
may be some type of liver.
Circulatory No heart.
Excretory See digestion.
Respiratory Gas exchange occurs through gas exchange ​takes
pharyngeal bars. place across the
tissues of the
pharyngeal bars
Locomotion Swimming.
Reproductive External fertilization.
Urinary Nephridia​ (think of kidneys)
removes nitrogenous wastes
from blood and releases it
into atrium, excreted out
pharyngeal bars. - two lobed ​liver​ (stained green) - ​duodenum​ (1 st part of the intestine), - ​J-shaped ​stomach
- paired ​opisthonephric kidney​s receives bile from gall bladder through bile duct - ​has a ​gall bladder
(opisthonephric duct – brings urine From kidney - ​pancreas​ is located on the duodenum and the - ​pancreas​ same as the shark,
to cloaca) lower stomach (pancreatic duct) between the duodenum and the
- ​short intestine ​with spiral valve in lumen lower stomach
(increases surFace area to increase nutrient
absorption)
- Has a ​rectal gland
-​ liver ​has two lobes and is VERY large
(increases buoyancy b/c it is filled with oil which
is lighter than water).
- Ileum contains a spiracle valve (increase s.a)
- third lobe is the ​gall bladder
- does not have a ​swim bladder
acellular blood is
pumped through
body by simple heart
metabolic wastes exit
body through
excurrent siphon,
there are no discrete
organs for excretion
- Pouched gills
- When the lamprey is feeding it contracts its gill
muscles to move water in and out of gill
chambers to provide oxygen for their gill
Filaments
- Water flows through the mouth into the
respiratory tube (when the animal is not
feeding).....
Mobile during larval
life stage.
Sessile adults
hermaphrodites, can
reproduce through
asexual budding
Excretion through
external siphon.
 atriopore.

Musculature V-shaped myomeres V-shaped myomeres

separated by ​myosepta​. separated by
myosepta​.

Skeleton Notochord ​is the the only form Cartilaginous plates

of support lancelets have. forming around
notochord. First
steps to vertebrae!

Classes/Phylum Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Species Frogs, Necturus Squamates Pigeons, hawks, falcons Cats, dogs, pigs

Background Information
External Morphology

Skeleton

Digestive

Circulatory

Respiratory