TSC - Breathing and Exchange of Gases (Notes+PSS+Exercise) 502439 PDF

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Breathing & Exchange of Gases
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Class Notes 15
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Breathing & Exchange of Gases
BREATHING & GASEOUS EXCHANGE

¾ Breathing/Ventilation- inhalation of atmospheric air(O2 rich) and exhalation of CO2 rich air i.e exchange of O2
from atm. With CO2 produced by cells
¾ Respiration- breakdown of respiratory fuel to obtain ATP
Respiration Types:
1. Aerobic- use of O2 -C6H12O6+6O2 → 6CO2+6O2+ATP (36)
2. Anaerobic- no use of O2
-Yeast:
Glucose → 2 PA → 2 Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) + 2 CO2+ 2 ATP
-Human muscle (strenous exercise) /RBC:
Glucose → 2 PA → 2 Lactic acid+ 2 ATP
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Respiratory General Moist cuticle/ Tracheal

organs Gills Lungs
body Cutaneous tubes (branchial) (vascularised
(skin) (most
surface efficient) bags)
Examples Protozoa Earthworm Insects -Aquatic –Amphibia

arthropods
Sponges Frogs -Reptiles
– Molluscs
Coelenterate – Birds
– Fishes
Flatworms Mammals
1. skin-
¾ Ideal Resp. Surface :
• thicker( stratified squamous epithelium)
• Thin
• Moist,Vascular
• Large Surface area
• Surface area= 1.5-2.0 sq.mt
• Highly Vascular
• Always moist
2. Lungs (alveoli)-
• Thin (simple squamous epithelium)
Human:
• Moist , highly vascular
• Surface area= 80 sq.mt
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HUMAN RESPIRATORY ORGANS
(1) Respiratory tract.

(2) Lungs
Respiratory tract – A passage by which air enters into lungs
External nostrils → Nasal Chamber → Internal nares → Naso pharynx
Trachea ¬ Larynx ¬ Glottis ¬ Pharynx ↵

↓
Bronchial Tree
↓
Respiratory Tree(alveolus)
Nasal Chamber
Vestibule Respiratory part Olfactory Part
– Small anterior – Nasal, Maxilla & – At roof of nasal

part Ethmoid bone chamber
– Hair – Chonchae/ – Goblet cells

turbinates (mucus)
– Sebaceous gland
– Air conditioner – Sensory (smell)
– Filtration of Air of body
– Schneidarian
– PSCCGE membrane
– Highly Vascular
Larynx/ Voice box - 9 Cartilages
Anterior Upper Part of Trachea
Thyroid (1) Arytenoid (2) Cuneiform (2)
– Dorsally incomplete – Dorsal Side – Elastic
– Largest – Pyramidal
– C-shaped – Hyaline
Cricoid (1) Carniculate/ Epiglottis (1)
– Hyaline
Santorini (2)
– Below thyroid – Leaf Shaped
– Adam’s apple cartilage – Elastic
in males – Elastic
(vencral, – Signet ring
testosperone) – Cover glottis
– Hyaline during deglutition
Vocal Cords in Larynx

mucus membrane folds
True V.C. False V.C.
– Posterior – No Sound Production
– Lead to sound production – Anterior

by vibrations during
exhalation of air – Provide moisture
to true V.C.
Greater the tension on vocal cords———higher the pitch of sound

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Trachea :-
¾ Wind pipe
¾ 10 cm long × 2.5 cm diameter
¾ extends upto mid thoracic cavity
¾ Divides at T5 level into 2 primary bronchi
¾ 16-20 ‘C’-shaped incomplete(dorsally)
Cartilagenous (hyaline) rings, prevents from collapse during low air pressure
¾ Lined by PSCCGE
There are two zones.

(i) Conducting zones (ii) Exchange zone
External nostrils
↓
Vestibules
↓
Nasal Chambers
↓
Internal nares Conducting Zone
↓
Naso pharynx
↓
Pharynx
↓ Glottis
Larynx
↓
Trachea
↓
Primary Bronchi Note:
(2-Rt:shorter,widermore vertical)
↓
Secondary/lobular Bronchi(3-rt , 2-lt) C-Shaped rings-
↓ trachea upto initial
Bronchial tree Tertiary/Segmental Bronchi(10-R,8-L) bronchioles
↓
Initial Bronchioles
↓
Primary bronchus
Terminal Bronchiole enters into lungs
↓
Respiratory Bronchiole
↓
Alveolar Duct
↓
Respiratory tree ATRIA Exchange Zone
↓
Alveolar Sac
↓
Alveoli
Conducting part functions:

Transports atmospheric air to alveoli
Clears air from foreign particles
Humidifies air and bring it to body temperature

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ALVEOLUS :- – Struct & functional unit
– Simple squamous epithelium

300 million in no.
Penumatocyte - I Penumatocyte - II/

Clara cells
– Simple sq. cells
– Secretes surfactant
– for gas exchange
[Dipalmatoyl Lecithin,
Phospolipid Reduce
surface tension]
S. No. Structure Epithelium type Diameter
1. Trachea PSCCGE 2 cm
2. Bronchi PSCCGE 1.5-0.5

cm
3. Bronchiole Simple columnar ciliated 2-1.5 mm
upto terminal glandular
bronchiole
4. Respiratory Simple cuboidal (non-ciliated) 1.5-1 mm
bronchiole
5. Alveolar Simple squamous (non-ciliated) 1 mm
duct
6. Alveolus Simple squamous (non-ciliated) <0.5 mm
Lungs: 1 pair ,situated in thoracic chamber

( anatomically air-tight chamber)
Thoracic chamber/cage:
Ventral-sternum and ribs
Dorsal- vertebral column and ribs
Lateral-ribs
Lower side(posterior)-diaphragm(dome shaped)
Anterior-neck and clavicle
Lungs covered by Double layered pleura (inner visceral and outer parietal)
Pleural cavity with pleural fluid (reduce friction on lung surface)
Pleuritis
Pleural effusion—difficulty in breathing (dyspnoea)

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Right lung Left lung
1.larger -smaller
2.Heavier (625 gm) -565 gm
3.Cardiac notch -present

absent
4.3 lobes,2 fissures -2 lobes,1 fissure
Any change in volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in lung(pulmonary) cavity.

We cannot directly alter pulmonary volume
Respiration involves the following steps :-
(i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released
out.
(ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane
(iii) transport of gases by the blood.
(iv) Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
(v) Utilization of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO2
Inspiration : (active process)

Diaphragm(phrenic radial muscle): contraction
becomes flat——————————
Increase in the volume of thoracic chamber ( AP Axis)

↓ Leads to
Similar increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity
↓ Causes
Decrease in pressure in the pulmonary cavity(-2to -6 mmHg)
( pressure and volume are inversely proportional)
↓ Causes
Air enters from atmosphere to the lungs as it moves
From higher pressure to lower pressure

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External intercostal muscles(11 pairs): contraction :ribs and sternum move upward /outward
Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity(dorso-ventral axis)

↓ Leads to
Similar Increase in the volume of pulmonary cavity
↓ Causes
Decrease in the pressure within the pulmonary cavity which is less than the atmospheric pressure
↓ Causes
Atmospheric air enters into the lungs (inhalation)
Route of air during inspiration :
External nostrils
↓
Nasal cavities
↓
Pharynx
↓
Larynx
↓
Trachea
↓
Bronchi
↓
Bronchioles
↓
Alveoli
Expiration(passive process)
Diaphragm & Ext intercostal muscle : Relaxation- move to original position
Decrease in the volume of thoracic cavity

↓ Leads to
Similar decrease in the volume of pulmonary cavity
↓ Causes
Increase in the pressure of pulmonary cavity
↓ Causes
Expulsion of air from higher pressure (lungs)
to lower pressure (atmosphere)
Forceful expiration(active)
(i) Internal Intercostal muscles :contraction
Decrease in the volume of thoracic cavity

↓ Leads to
↓ Causes
↓ Causes

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(ii) Abdominal Muscles : contraction
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

↓ Leads to
↓ Causes
↓ Causes
Route of air during expiration :

Alveoli
↓
Bronchioles
↓
Bronchi
↓
Trachea
↓
Larynx
↓
Pharynx
↓
Nasal cavities
↓
External nostrils
Table : Role of muscles in inspiration and expiration

Sate of Breathing Muscles involved Contraction/ Volume of
Relaxation thoracic
cavity
1 (i) Normal (a) Diaphragm Contracts Increases

(b) External intercostal Contract Increases
inspiration muscles
2 (i) Normal (a) Diaphragm Relaxes Decreases

(b) External intercostal Relaxes Decreases
expiration
(ii) Forceful (a) Internal intercostal Contract Decreases

muscles
expiration (b) Abdominal muscles Contract Decreases
The rate of breathing in a normal healthy man is 12-16 times/min

Normal breathing- Abdominal breathing
RR is inversely proportional to body size
Mammals have ‘negative pressure breathing ,
can eat and breathe at same time.Frog(positive pressure)
An instrument known as ‘ Spirometer’ is used to estimate the volume of air involved in breathing movements
which helps in clinical assessment of pulmonary function.

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1. Tidal Volume(TV) - volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration

2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)-additional volume of air ,a person can inspire by forceful inspiration
3. Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV)-additional volume of air,a person can expire by forceful expiration
4. Reserve Volume( RV)- volume of air remaining in lungs even after forceful expiration
1. Alveolar Air Volume: reaches alveoli= 350 ml

2. Anatomical dead space/ Dead space volume = 150 ml (30 % of T.V)
3. Minute ventilation = T.V × R.R = 6000 ml
4. Alveolar Ventilation = (T.V- Anat. Dead space) × R.R = 4200 ml
Respiratory Volumes Value
1. Tidal Volume (TV) 500 ml (lowest value)
2. Inspiratory Reserve 2500 ml – 3000 ml

Volume (IRV)
3. Expiratory Reserve 1000 ml – 1100 ml

Volume (ERV)
4. Residual Volume (RV) 1100 ml – 1200 ml
1. Inspiratory Capacity( IC)- total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration
2. Expiratory Capacity( EC)- total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration
3. Functional Residual Capacity( FRC)-volume of air that remains in lungs after normal expiration
4. Vital Capacity ( VC)-maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after forceful expiration.
5. Total Lung Capacity( TLC)-Total volume of air accommodated in lungs at end of forceful inspiration

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Respiratory capacities Formulae
1 Inspiratory capacity (IC) TV + IRV = 3000 – 3500 ml
2 Expiratory capacity (EC) TV + ERV = 1500 – 1600 ml
3 Functional Residual Capacity ERV + RV = 2500 ml

(FRC)
4 Vital Capacity (VC) ERV + TV + IRV or IC + ERV =

3500 – 4500 ml
5 Total Lung Capacity (TLC) RV + ERV + TV + IRV or IC + FRC

= 5800 ml
EXCHANGE OF GASES :- by Simple diffusion
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:
1. Solubility of gases-
Higher solubility—faster diffusion rate
(CO2 20-25 Times more soluble than O2)
2. Partial Pressure Gradient of gases across diffusion surface:

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3. Thickness of Diffusion Membrane :

less thick-faster diffusion.
Alveolar surface-thickness <1 mm(0.2 mm)
1. Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli that lines it.
2. Endothelial lining of alveolar capillaries that surround it (simple squamous)
3. Basement substance : In between thin squamous epithelium of alveoli and endothelium of alveolar capillaries
basement substance is present.

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TRANSPORT OF O2
¾ 100 ml blood (oxy.) – 20 ml of O2

¾ 100 ml blood (oxy.) – 15 gm Hb
¾ 1 gm Hb – 1.34 ml O2
¾ 97% – attached with Hb inside RBC
¾ 03% – dissolved in plasma
¾ Binding of oxygen with Hb is primarily related to pO2
¾ Cooperative binding of O2 with Hb
Normal condition:
100 ml oxygenated(arterial) blood-20 ml O2
100 ml deoxygenated(venule) blood-14.8 ml O2
O2 delivered to tissue-5 ml (25%)
Strenous exercise/diseased/increased acidity/reduced pH/increased temp/increased pCO2:

100 ml Deoxy. Blood -5 ml O2
O2 delivered to tissue-15 ml
OxyHb Dissociation curve:

Graph between pO2 and %saturation of Hb with O2
(sigmoid /S– shaped)
p50 Value=25 mmHg (50% OxyHb) i.e partial pressure at which Hb saturation is 50%
Factors Affecting OxyHb Dissociation Curve (sigmoid /S– shaped) :-
1. PCO2
2. Temp. of body
3. H+ conc. In blood (Acidity)
¾ Note: p50 Value=25 mmHg (50% oxyHb) i.e partial pressure at which Hb saturation is 50%

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BOHR’S EFFECT :-
¾ ↑ CO2 conc. → more dissociation of O2 from OxyHb (reduced affinity between Hb and O2)
¾ Shifts curve towards Right side
¾ at tissue level
¾ related with O2 transport
Shift to Right :-
¾ In tissue
¾ During severe exercise
¾ Indicates ↓ O2 affinity with Hb
¾ Indicates more dissociation of O2 from Hb
(a) ↓ PO2
(b) ↑ PCO2 – Bohr’s Effect
(c) ↑ H+
(d) High Temp
(e) ↑ 2, 3 DPG
¾ CADET
¾ P50 value ↑
Shift to left:
1) Opposite to CADET conditions
2) Fetal Hb (Hb-F)- higher affinity for oxygen (30%) than maternal Hb
3) Myoglobin-iron containing respiratory pigment in muscle , one Fe2+——carry one O2 molecule-———

Hyperbolic curve.
¾ Transport of CO2
1. In dissolved form through plasma( 7%)
2. As bicarbonate ions (70%) by plasma
CO 2 + H 2 O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Carbonic anhydrase
→ H 2 CO 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Carbonicanhydrase
→ H+ + HCO 3-
Carbonicacid Hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion
HCO -3 + H + ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Carbonic
anhydrase
→ H 2CO 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Carbonic
anhydrase
→ H 2 O + CO 2
3. By RBCs as Carbaminohaemoglobin (HbCO2)- (23%)-attach to amino grp.of Hb

Hb + CO2 ⎯⎯
→ HbCO2
Haemoglobin Carbon Carbamino-
(RBCs) dioxide haemoglobin
Factors that affect the binding of CO2 with Hb
¾ In tissues : High pCO2 and low pO2 in tissues are responsible for binding more CO2 with Hb.
Hb + CO2 → HbCO2
¾ In alveoli : Low pCO2 and high pO2 in alveoli are responsible for dissolution of CO2 from carbaminohaemoglobin.
HbCO2 → Hb + CO2

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Haldane Effect :-
¾ OxyHb act as strong acid As more Oxy Hb formed, more H+ ions released, makes blood acidic.
H + + HCO 3 – ⎯⎯⎯⎯
In Lungs
→ H 2 CO 3 → H 2O + CO 2 ↑
¾ More Oxy Hb formed, more CO2 exhaled
¾ Related to CO2 transport
¾ At alveolar level
Cl– shift/Hamburger phenomenon :-

¾ HCO3– released comes into plasma from RBC & Cl– move from plasma into RBC.
Regulation of Breathing
Normal breathing is Involuntary & abdominal

Pregnancy : Thoracic
12 - 16 min
Neural Control 1 cycle = 5 sec. Chemical Control
I = 2 sec.
E = 3 sec.
Medullary Centre Pontine Centre Central Peripheral
(Resp. Rhythm Centre) – Moderates In Medulla (Carotid & Aortic
– Main breathing centre function of RRC bodies)
– Maintains Normal rhythm
rate of breathing
Apneustic Pneumotaxis Centre
Centre
DRC VRC “Switch of point of Inspiration”
(Inspiratory group) (Expiratory group)
Reduce time of Inspiration
Controls normal No Role in Normal
breathing, breathing (passive)
Initiates During forced breathing, RR Increase
Inspiration Controls both I & E
Hering Bruers reflex-
Protective reflex to prevent lung overinflation

Stretch/baroreceptor present in bronchi and bronchioles——stimulated by lung overinflation—————
stimulate pontine centre through vagus nerve———reduce inspiration duration
1. Eupnoea-normal breathing
2. Hypopnoea / Bradypnoea -RR below normal
3. Hyperpnoea / Tachypnoea-RR above normal
4. Dyspnoea-difficult painful breathing
5. Orthopnoea- difficult breathing in horizontal position
6. Apnoea- temporary caesation of breathing

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7. Hypoxia-low O2 conc. In tissue cells
8. Hypercapnia-high CO2 conc .in tissue cells
Hypoxic disorders:
1 .Mountain sickness/altitude sickness/hypoxic hypoxia-
Due to low atmospheric pressure at high altitude
So , body doesn’t get enough oxygen
Symptoms- nausea , fatigue , heart palpitations , breathlessness, headache
Acclimitization : body compensates low oxygen availibility by-
1. Increasing RBC production (erythropoeisis)

2. Increasing breathing rate
2. Anaemic hypoxia-normal pO2 , Decreased RBC/Hb (anaemia)
3. Obstructive Hypoxia-normal pO2 ,normal RBC count , normal Hb
4. Histotoxic hypoxia-normal pO2,RBC count , Hb

Due to cyanide poisoning , tissue unable to utilize oxygen
CO Poisoning:
¾ CO 210 times more affinity for Hb , than O2

(0.7 mmHg i.e. 1% conc. Is lethal)
¾ CarboxyHb (stable compound) – cherry red colour blood
¾ Cause Asphyxia/suffocation-hypoxia f/b hypercapnia
Decompression sickness/Caissons disease/Bends disease/ Dysbarrism/ Divers disease:
Nitrogen dissolves in body fluids (lipid) at higher pressure in sea

While diver ascends abruptly——nitrogen comes out in form of bubbles——obstruct blood vessels
Symptoms-severe pain in legs , headache , dizziness
Disorders of Respiratory System
1. Asthma-
¾ Allergic disease
¾ Inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
¾ Spasm of smooth muscles present in wall
¾ Difficulty in breathing (wheezing)
2. Emphysema-
¾ chronic disorder due to cigrette smoking
¾ Alveolar walls damaged—respiratory surface decreased
¾ Alveolar sacs remain filled with air even after expiration

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3. Occupational Respiratory Disorders-
¾ Long exposure to dust—inflammation——-fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissue)——-lung damage

Silicosis
Asbestosis
Byssinosis / brown lung disease (cotton dust)
Pneumoconiosis/ black lung disease (coal dust)
Workers should wear protective masks
Mammals have ‘negative pressure breathing , can eat and breathe at same time.
Frog (positive pressure breathing)
Lung floatation test :
An autopsy procedure to determine whether lungs have undergone respiration.

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Problem Solving Sheet Session-1
1. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option form the codes given below.
Column – I Column – II
(Animals) (Respiratory structures)
A. Pigeon (i) Books gills
B. Scorpion (ii) Pharyngeal wall
C. Planaria (iii) Lungs
D. Earthworm (iv) Gills
E. Spiders (v) Book lungs
F. King crab (vi) Body surface
G.. Prawn (vii) Skin
H. Labeo
 A-(iii), B-(v), C-(vi), D-(vii), E-(v), F-(i), G- (iv), H-(iv)
 A-(v), B-(ii), C-(vi), D-(vii), E-(vi), F-(iv), G- (i), H-(iii)
(C) A-(vi), B-(iv), C-(vii), D-(v), E-(i), F-(ii), G- (iii), H-(vii)
(D) A-(i), B-(v), C-(vii), D-(iii), E-(vii), F-(ii), G- (iv), H-(vi)
2. The cartilages upon which the vocal cords are attached are
 The thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
 The thyroid and cricoid cartilages
(C) The cuneiform and cricoid cartilages
(D) The thyroid and carniculate cartilages
3. One haemoglobin carries how many atoms of O2

 4  2 (C) 6 (D) 8
4. Which type of respiration appeared first in the primitive organism and why
 Aerobic respiration as no harmful waste products are formed
 Anaerobic respiration because small organism can only do it
(C) Anaerobic respiration as there was no O2
(D) Aerobic respiration as it releases more energy
5. Food does not normally enter the trachea because during swallowing of food-
 The circular muscles at the end of trachea contract and close its opening
 The cartilage called arytenoids lie between the larynx and the glottis
(C) The nodule called cartilage of Santorini plug the larynx
(D) The epiglottis cover the glottis
6. Even when there in no air in it, human trachea does not collapse due to presence of –
 Chitinous rings  Bony rings (C) Cartilaginous rings (D) Turgid pressure

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7. Speciality common in the alveoli of lungs and villi of intestine in mammals is that both –
 Have rich supply of blood vessels and lymph ducts
 Are suited for diffusion of gases
(C) Have ciliated epithelium
(D) Provide a large surface area
8. The alveolar epithelium in the lung is –

 Nonciliated columnar  Nonciliated squamous
(C) Ciliated columnar (D) Ciliated squamous
9. Which one of the following helps in air conditioning –

 Nostrils  Pharynx (C) Alveoli (D) Nasal chamber
10. Sound get converted into speech by –

 Tongue  Larynx (C) Trachea (D) None of these
11. Pleura are double membrane sacs which –

 Envelop the kidney  Envelop the lung
(C) Envelop the liver (D) Envelop the heart
12. Opening of larynx into pharynx is guarded by –

 Epiglottis  Tracheal valves (C) Syrinx (D) All of above
13. Adams’ apple corresponds to –

 Thyroid  Larynx (C) Trachea (D) Epiglottis
14. The process of respiration is concerned with –

 Intake of O2  Liberation of O2
(C) Liberation of energy (D) Liberation of CO2
15. Hiccups can be best described as

 forceful sudden expiration
 jerky incomplete inspiration
(C) vibration of the soft palate during breathing
(D) sign of indigestion
16. Match the following columns –

Column-I Column-II
A. Earthworms 1. Network of tubes
B. Aquatic arthropods 2. Lungs
C. Molluscs 3. Gills
D. Terrestrial organisms 4. Moist cuticle
E. Insects
Code
 A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4, E-3  A-4, B-3, C-3, D-2, E-1
(C) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3, E-3 (D) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1, E-3

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17. Correct sequence of the air passage in humans is

 NoseLarynxPharynxBronchioles Alveoli
 NosePharynxLarynxBronchioles Bronchi
(C) NosePharynxLarynxBronchioles Trachea
(D) External nostrilNasal passageInternal nostril  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea 
Bronchi  BronchioleAlveoli
18. Which of the following statement is correct about pharynx?

 Internal nostrils opens into nasopharynx
 It is the common passage for air & food
(C) The pharynx opens through larynx region into trachea
(D) All of the above
19. Which portion of the human respiratory system is called sound box?
 Larynx  Trachea (C) Nasopharynx (D) Glottis
20. Conducting part of the respiratory system comprises-

 external nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles
 internal nostrils up to trachea
(C) epiglottis up to trachea
(D) larynx up to bronchi
21. At the time of expiration, diaphragm becomes –

 Oblique  Normal (C) Flattened (D) Dome-shaped
22. In lung, maximum gaseous exchange is due to –

 Simple diffusion  Active transport (C) Passive transport (D) Facilitated diffusion
23. Expiration involves –

 Contraction of diaphragm muscles
 Contraction of intercostal muscles
(C) Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
(D) Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal
24. C – shaped cartilaginous rings supporting the trachea are made of –

 Fibrous cartilage  Elastic cartilage (C) Calcified cartilage (D) Hyaline cartilage
25. Rate of breathing in an adult human is –

 25 – 30/min  20 – 25/min (C) 14–18/min (D) 4–8/min
26. In an accident, a man dies immediately although their was no injury to brain, kidney, stomach
and heart. The probable cause of death may be
 Digestion stopped
 diaphragm got punctured
(C) Coagulation of RBC
(D) Larynx got punctured

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27. The most important function of diaphragm of the mammals is –

 To protect lungs  To aid in respiration
(C) To aid in ventilation or breathing (D) to divide the body cavity into compartment
28. Breathing rate is lowered during eating because–

 Swallowing and breathing cannot go together at the same time
 Lungs are compressed as stomach enlarges
(C) Our lungs do not get enough supply of blood
(D) More energy is required during eating
29. Vital capacity is higher in –

 Young person  Mountain dwellers (C) Athelets (D) All of these
30. If the thoracic wall but not lungs is punctured –

 The lungs get inflated  The man dies as the lungs get collapse
(C) The breathing rate decreases (D) The breathing rate increases
31. In mammals ventilation movements of lungs are governed by –

 Muscular wall of lungs  Intercostal muscles
(C) Diaphragm (D) Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
32. During inspiration, air passes into lungs due to

 Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
 Fall in pressure inside the lungs
(C) Increased volume of thoracic cavity
(D) Muscular expansion of lungs
33. Mammalian lungs have an enormous number of minute alveoli (air sacs). This it to allow–
 More space for increasing the volume of inspired air
 More surface area for diffusion of gases
(C) More spongy texture for keeping lung in proper shape
(D) More nerve supply to keep the lungs working
34. Diffusion of oxygen along the respiratory surface occurs because –

 PCO2 is more in alveoli than blood
 PO2 is more in alveoli than blood
(C) PCO2 is more in blood than alveoli
(D) PO2 is more in blood than in tissues
35. Match Column–I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column – II
A. Tidal volume (i) 2500 – 3000 mL of air
B. Inspiratory reserve volume (ii) 1000 mL of air
C. Expiratory reserve volume (iii) 500 mL of air
D. Residual volume (iv) 3400 – 4800 mL of air
E. Vital capacity (v) 1200 mL of air
 A–(iii), B–(iv), C–(ii), D–(i), E–(v)  A–(iii), B–(i), C–(ii), D–(v), E–(iv)
(C) A–(iii), B–(i), C–(iv), D–(v), E–(ii) (D) A–(v), B–(i), C-(ii), D–(iii), E–(iv)

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36. Lungs are made up of air-filled sacs the alveoli. They do not collapse even after forceful
expiration, because of :
 Residual Volume (RV)  Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
(C) Tidal Volume (TV) (D) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
37. Match Column – I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column – II
A. TV + ERV (i) Expiratory capacity
B. RV + ERV + TV + IRV (ii) Total lung capacity
C. ERV + RV (iii) Functional residual capacity
 A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii)  A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii)
(C) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i) (D) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i)
38. Residual volume is

 Greater than vital capacity  Greater than tidal volume
(C) Lesser than tidal volume (D) Greater than IRV
39. Find out the correct matching.
 a-systemic arteries, b-systemic veins, c-pulmonary artery, d-pulmonary vein

 b-systemic arteries, a-systemic veins, d-pulmonary artery, c-pulmonary vein
(C) c-systemic arteries, d-systemic veins, a-pulmonary artery, b-pulmonary vein
(D) d-systemic arteries, c-systemic veins, b-pulmonary artery, a-pulmonary vein
40. Find out the correct matching.
 a-95, b-104, c-45, d-40  a-45, b-95, c-104, d-45
(C) a-104, b-45, c-95, d-40 (D) a-104, b-159, c-95, d-40

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41. What will be the pO2 and pCO2 in the atmospheric air compared to those in the alveolar air?
 pO2 lesser, pCO2 higher  pO2 higher, pCO2 lesser
(C) pO2 higher, pCO2 higher (D) pO2 lesser, pCO2 lesser
42. The direction of concentration gradient for oxygen is

 Tissues to blood and blood to alveoli  Blood to tissues and tissues to alveoli
(C) Alveoli to blood and blood to tissues (D) Tissues to blood and alveoli to blood
43. Which is not true?

 pCO2 of deoxygenated blood is 95 mm Hg
 pCO2 of alveolar air is 40 mm Hg
(C) pO2 alveolar air is 104 mm Hg
(D) pO2 of oxygenated blood is 95 mm Hg
44. Recognise the figure and find out the correct matching.
 a-endothelium, b-basement membrane, c-alveolar wall, d-pulmonary cavity

 a-mesothelium, b-basement substance, c-alveolar wall, d-alveolar cavity
(C) a-alveolar wall, b-basement membrane, c-blood capillary, d-alveolar cavity
(D) a-alveolar wall, b-basement substance, c-blood capillary, d-alveolar cavity
45. Gases diffuse over the respiratory surface because of

 pO2 is more in alveoli than in blood
 pO2 is more in tissues than in blood
(C) pCO2 is more in alveoli than in blood
(D) pCO2 is more in blood than in tissues
46. A higher CO2 concentration of blood causes

 Slow diffusion of O2 from blood
 Slow transport of O2 in blood
(C) Quick diffusion of O2 from blood
(D) Both a and b
47. The percentage of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen will increase if –

 The arterial pH is decreased
 The arterial pO2 is increased
(C) The haemoglobin concentration is increased
(D) The temperature is increased
48. Blood contains CO2 in which of the following forms –

 NaHCO3  Carbonic acid (C) Hb–CO2 (D) Hb–CO2 and CO

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49. Bohr effect is –

 The effect of CO2 on haemoglobin  The effect of CO2 on oxyhaemoglobin
(C) The effect of O2 on haemoglobin (D) The effect of CO2 on RBCs
50. In lungs air is separated from venous blood by –

 Squamous epithelium + tunica externa of blood vessel
 Squamous epithelium + endothelium of blood vessel
(C) Transitional epithelium + tunica media of blood vessel
(D) Columnar epithelium + 3 layered wall of blood vessel
51. If CO2 concentration increase in blood then breathing will –

 Increases  Decrease (C) Stop (D) Remain unchanged
52. If O2 concentration in tissue was almost as high as at the respiratory surface –

 Oxyhaemoglobin would not dissociate to supply O2 to the tissue
 CO2 will interfere the O2 transport
(C) Oxyhaemoglobin would dissociate to supply O2 to the tissue
(D) Haemoglobin would combine with more O2 at respiratory surface
53. When partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2)rises, the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin at
37°C will –
 Shift towards left  Remain unchanged
(C) Shift towards right (D) Become irregular
54. Under a given oxygen concentration in blood, dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin will increase if
 pH of blood rises
 pH of blood falls
(C) Free fatty acid concentration in blood falls
(D) CO2 concentration in blood falls
55. An increase in the P50 of an oxyhaemoglobin curve would result from a decrease in –
 Metabolism  Temperature (C) pH (D) Oxygen
56. Chloride shift is essential for the transport of –

 Oxygen  Carbon dioxide (C) Both  and  (D) Nitrogen
57. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs is –

 Equal to that in the blood
 More than that in the blood
(C) Less than that in the blood
(D) Less than that of carbon dioxide
58. In Bohr’s effect, the curve shifts to right when

 pCO2 decrease and pO2 increase
 pCO2 increase and pO2 increase
(C) pCO2 increase and pO2 decrease
(D) pCO2 increase and pO2 decrease and pH increase

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59. Which statement are true/false?

a. Blood transports CO2 comparatively easily because of its high solubility.
b. Approximately 8.9% of CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma.
c. CO2 diffuses into blood, passes into RBCs and reacts with water to form H2CO 3.
d. Oxyhaemoglobin of erythrocytes is basic.
e. Chloride ions diffuse from plasma into erythrocytes to maintain ionic balance.
 a, c and e are true, b and d are false  a, c and e are false, b and d are true
(C) a, b and d are true, c and e are false (D) a, b and d are false, c and e are true
60. In lungs there is definite exchange of ions between RBC and plasma. Removal of CO 2 from
blood involves
 Influx of Cl– into RBC  Efflux of Cl– from RBC
(C) Influx of HCO3–ions in RBC (D) Efflux of HCO3–ions from RBC
61. Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates at

 Low pO2 in tissues  High pO2 in tissues
(C) Low pCO2 in tissues (D) All times irrespective of pO2
62. Determination of oxygen carried by haemoglobin is done by

 pH of blood  Partial pressure of oxygen
(C) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (D) All of the above
63. Under which condition, dissociation of oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin in tissues occurs?
 low pO2  high pCO2 (C) high H+ (D) All of these
64. Under normal conditions, what amount of O2 is delivered by 100 mL of the oxygenated blood?
 5 Ml  4 mL (C) 3 mL (D) 2 mL
65. Dissociation of CO2 from carbaminohaemoglobin takes place when

 pCO2 is high in alveoli and pO2 is high  pCO2 is low and pO2 is high in alveoli
(C) pCO2 is equal to pO2 in lungs (D) pCO2 is equal to pO2 in tissue
66. Respiratory mechanism is controlled by –

 Sympathetic nervous system  Central nervous system
(C) Autonomic nervous system (D) Parasympathetic nervous system
67. The respiratory centre leading to faster breathing is on account of –

 Venous blood entering the respiratory centre
 Arterial blood entering the respiratory centre
(C) Venous blood leaving the respiratory centre
(D) Arterial blood leaving the respiratory centre
68. Blood analysis of a patient reveals an unusually high quantity of carboxyhaemoglobin content.
Which of the following conclusions is most likely to be correct? The patient has been inhaling
polluted air containing usually high content of
(A) Carbon disulphide  Chloroform
(C) Carbon dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide

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69. People living at sea level have around 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of their blood
whereas those living at an altitude of 5400 meters have around 8 million. This is because at
high altitude –
 People get pollution - free air to breath and more oxygen is available
 Atmospheric O2 level is less and hence, more RBCs are needed to absorb the required
amount of O2 to survive
(C) There is more UV radiation which enhances RBC production
(D) People eat more nutritive food, therefore, more RBCs are formed
70. Asphyxia occurs due to

 Rise in level of CO2  Fall in level of CO2
(C) Rise of O2 level (D) Fall in O2 level
71. Painful breathing is called –

 Eupnoea  Hypopnoea (C) Apnoea (D) Dyspnoea
72. Haemoglobin has least affinity for –

 Carbon dioxide  Carbon monoxide
(C) Oxygen (D) Same affinity for all above
73. In carbon monoxide poisoning there is

 Increase in carbon dioxide concentration
 Decrease in oxygen availability
(C) Decrease in free haemoglobin
(D) All of the above
74. In response to CO2 and H+ concentration, the chemosensitive area and receptors associated
with aortic arch and carotid artery, send necessary signals for remedial actions to
 Pneumotaxic centre  Apneustic centre
(C) Respiratory rhythm centre (D) Both a and b
75. Increase in CO2 concentration shall cause

 Slower breathing  Faster breathing (C) Both of these (D) No effect on breathing
76. Forced deep breathing during rest for some time is followed by temporary stoppage of
breathing because of
 Little CO2 in blood  High CO2 content in blood
(C) High oxygen content in blood (D) Little oxygen content in blood
77. Respiratory centre of brain is stimulated by

 Carbon dioxide content in venous blood
 Carbon dioxide content in arterial blood
(C) Oxygen content in venous blood
(D) Oxygen content in arterial blood

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78. If the CO2 concentration in the blood increase, the breathing shall
 Increase  Decrease (C) Stop (D) No effect
79. Alveoli become enlarged and damaged with reduced surface area in heavy smokers. The
condition is called
 Silicosis  Emphysema (C) Asthma (D) Bronchitis
80. Which one of the mammalian cells is incapable of metabolizing glucose to carbon dioxide
aerobically?
 WBC  RBC (C) Liver cells (D) Unstriated muscle cells
81. With conscious efforts one can?

 Breathe out air totally without oxygen.
 Breathe in and out by moving diaphragm alone without moving ribs at all.
(C) Breathing out air through eustachian tube by closing both nose and mouth
(D) Empty the lungs completely by breathing out all air out of them.
82. A large proportion of oxygen is left unused in the human blood even after uptake by body
tissue. This oxygen
 Is enough to keep oxyhaemoglobin saturation at 96%
 Helps in releasing more oxygen to epithelial tissues
(C) Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise
(D) Raise pCO2 of blood to 75 mm Hg
83. People migrated from planes to hills six months back

 Possess more RBCs with haemoglobin of low O2 binding affinity
 Possess same RBCs with haemoglobin of high O2 binding affinity
(C) Loose physical fitness to play games like football
(D) Suffer from altitude sickness with nausea and fatigue
84. Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface area involved in gas exchange in
drastically reduced due to damage in the alveolar walls.
 Emphysema  Pneumonia (C) Asthma (D) Pleurisy
85. When you hold your breath, which of the following gas changes in blood would first led to the
urge to breathe?
 Falling O2 concentration
 Falling CO2 and falling O2 concentration
(C) Falling CO2 concentration
(D) Increasing CO2 concentration
86. Mammalian lungs have numerous alveoli for

 Increasing volume of inspired air
 Keeping the lungs in proper shape
(C) Higher number of muscles to provide greater elasticity
(D) Increase surface area for gaseous diffusion

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87. Which of the following options correctly represents the lung conditions in asthma and
emphysema, respectively?
 Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased respiratory surface
 Increased number of bronchioles; Increased respiratory surface
(C) Increased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles
(D) Decreased respiratory surface; Inflammation of bronchioles.
88. Which of the following match is correct?

 Emphysema : reduction of surface area of alveoli and bronchi
 Pneumonia : occupational disease with asbestos
(C) Silicosis : inflammation of alveoli
(D) Asthma : excessive secretion of bronchial mucus
89. A child was killed through asphyxiation. Postmortem confirmed it because a piece of lung put
in water
 Settled down  Kept floating (C) Had blood spots (D) None of the above
90. Presence of large number of alveoli around alveolar ducts opening into bronchioles in
mammalian lungs is
 Inefficient system of ventilation with little of residual air
 Inefficient system of ventilation with high percentage of residual air
(C) An efficient system of ventilation with no residual air
(D) An efficient system of ventilation with little residual air
91. Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume of an athlete is 500 mL and 1000 mL
respectively. What will be his expiratory capacity if the residual volume is 1200 mL?
(NEET 2019)
(A) 2700 mL (B) 1500 mL (C) 1700 mL (D) 2200 mL
92. Select the correct statement. (Odisha NEET 2019)

(A) Expiration occurs due to external intercostal muscles.
(B) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
(C) Inspiration occurs when atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure.
(D) Expiration is initiated due to contraction of diaphragm.
93. Due to increasing air-borne allergens and pollutants, many people in urban areas are suffering
from respiratory disorder that cause wheezing due to (NEET 2019)
(A) reduction in the secretion of surfactant by pneumocytes
(B) benign growth on mucous lining of nasal cavity
(C) inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
(D) proliferation of fibrous tissues and damage of the alveolar walls.

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94. Select the correct events that occur during inspiration. (NEET 2020)
(1) Contraction of diaphragm
(2) Contraction of external inter-costal muscles
(3) Pulmonary volume decreases
(4) Intra pulmonary pressure increases
(A) (1) and (2) (B) (3) and (4)
(C) (1), (2) and (4) (D) only (4)
95. Identify the wrong statement with reference to trans-port of oxygen. (NEET 2020)
(A) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is mainly related to partial pressure of O2.
(B) Partial pressure of CO2can interfere with O2 binding with haemoglobin.
(C) Higher H+ conc. in alveoli favours the formation of oxyhaemoglobin.
(D) Low pCO2 in alveoli favours the formation of oxyhaemoglobin.
96. The partial pressures (in mm Hg) of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) at alveoli (the site
of diffusion ) are (NEET 2021)
(A) pO2 = 104 and pCO2 =40
(B) pO2 = and pCO2 = 45
(C) pO2 = 95 and pCO2 = 40
(D) pO2 = 159 and pCO2 = 0.3
97. Select the favourable conditions required for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin at the alveoli
(NEET 2021)
(A) High pO2, low pCO2, less H+ , lower temperature
(B) Low pO2, high pCO2 , more H+, higher temperature
(C) High pO2, high pCO2, less H+, higher temperature
(D) Low pO2, low pCO2, more H+, higher temperature

Biology | NEET
Problem Solving Sheet Session-2

Assertion and Reason
Direction: - In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given by
corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the statements, mark the correct answers as
(A) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) If both A and R true, but R is not correct explanation of A
(C) If A is true, but R is false
(D) If A is false, but R is true
1. Assertion (A) Trachea and bronchioles are supported by cartilaginous ring.
Reason (R) Trachea can collapse during expiration.
2. Assertion (A) Mammals perform positive pressure breathing.

Reason (R) Using muscular movement, mammals create a pressure gradient so that they can
perform inspiration and expiration.
3. Assertion (A) CO2 transport occurs very fast through RBCs.

Reason (R) Enzyme carbonic anhydrase is absent in the blood plasma.
4. Assertion (A) In normal breathing, inspiration is an active process.

Reason (R) Inspiration is facilitated by contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles.
5. Assertion (A) The higher amount of CO2 can diffuse through diffusion membrane per unit
difference in partial pressure as compared to O2.
Reason (R) Solubility of CO2 is 20 – 25 times higher than that O2.
6. Assertion (A) pO2 is the highest in alveoli.

Reason (R) Partial pressure of a gas is the pressure contributed by individual gas in a
mixture.
7. Assertion (A) Blood oxygen does not have significant effect on the respiratory centre of
brain.
Reason (R) Increased pCO2 and H+ levels detected by chemoreceptors activate the
respiratory centres to mediate the necessary adjustments.
8. Assertion (A) Bohr’s effect occurs at the level of alveoli of lungs.

Reason (R) It occurs when high concentration of CO2 decreases the affinity of haemoglobin
to oxygen.
9. Assertion (A) High carbon monoxide (CO) levels can kill a person.
Reason (R) CO has greater affinity for haemoglobin.
10. Assertion (A) Humans can swim and breathe inside water.
Reason (R) Respiratory organ of human is lungs.

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Statement Based Questions

11. Read the following statements.
I. The Intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure.
II. Increased thoracic volume and pulmonary volume.
In which of the above two situations inspiration takes place?
(A) Only I (B) Only II (C) I and II (D) I or II
12. Arrange the given steps of expiration in the sequence of event occurring first.
I. Relaxation of the diaphragm and sternum.
II. Reduction of the pulmonary volume.
III. Expulsion of air from the lungs.
IV. Increase in intrapulmonary pressure.
Choose the correct option.
(A) I → II → III → IV (B) I → II → IV → III
(C) IV → III → II → I (D) IV → II → III → I
13. Consider the following statements.

I. Thoracic chamber which contain lungs is anatomically an air – tight chamber.
II. Change in the volume of thoracic cavity does not affect the pulmonary cavity.
Select the correct option.
(A) I is true, II is false (B) Both I and II are true
(C) I is false, II is true (D) Both I and II are false

I. Red coloured iron containing pigment in RBCs is haemoglobin.
II. O2 binds with haemoglobin irreversible to form oxyhaemoglobin.
(A) I is true, II is false (B) Both I and II are true
(C) I is false, II is true (D) Both I and II are false
15. Read the following statements.

I. On an average a healthy human breathes 12 – 16 times/minute.
II. The volume of air involved in the breathing movements can be estimated by spirometer.
III. Diaphragm is very useful in both inspiration and expiration.
Which of the above statements are incorrect?
(A) I and II (B) II and III (C) I and III (D) None of these
16. Arrange the following components of pulmonary volume in the order of their increasing
values.
I. Tidal volume
II. Residual volume
III. Expiratory reserve volume
IV. Vital capacity
(A) I < II < III < IV (B) I < IV < III < II (C) I < III < II < IV (D) I < IV < II < III

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17. Adult human RBCs are enucleated. Which of the following statements (s) is/are most
appropriate explanation for this feature?
I. They do not need to reproduce.
II. They are somatic cells.
III. They do not metabolise.
IV. All their internal space is available for oxygen transport.
(A) Only IV (B) Only I (C) I, III and IV (D) II and III

I. The pCO2 level at the tissue is high due to catabolism.
II. At the alveolar site, pCO2 is low due to which CO2 and H2O are formed.
(A) I is true, II is false (B) I is true, II is false
(C) Both I and II are true (D) Both I and II are false
19. Which of the following statements are true/false?

I. The blood transport CO2 comparatively easily due to its high solubility.
II. Approximately 8.9% of CO2 is transported being dissolved in the plasma of blood.
III. The CO2 produced by the tissues diffuses passively into the blood stream and passes in
the red blood corpuscles and reacts with water to form H2CO3.
IV. The oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) in erythrocytes is basic in nature.
V. The chloric ions diffuse from the plasma into the erythrocytes to maintain the ionic
balance.
True False
(A) I, III and IV II and IV
(B) II and IV I, III and V
(C) I, II and IV III and V
(D) III and V I, II and IV

I. Neural signals from the pneumo taxic center can reduce the duration of inspiration and
thus, alter the respiratory rate.
II. Occupational respiratory disorder can result in the proliferation of fibrous tissue in lungs.
(A) I is false, II is true (B) Both I and II are true
(C) I is true, II is false (D) Both I and II are false
21. Arrange the given steps of respiration in the sequence of event they occur.
I. Diffusion of gases O2 and CO2 acrosses the alveolar membrane.
II. Transport of gases by the blood.
III. Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and the resultant release of CO2.
IV. Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air
released out.
V. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the blood and tissue.

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(A) IV → I → II → V → III (B) III → II → V → I → IV

(C) V → IV→ III → II → I (D) All of the above
22. Binding of O2 with haemoglobin is primarily depended upon.

I. Partial pressure of O2.
II. Partial pressure of CO2.
III. Hydrogen ion concentration.
IV. Temperature.
(A) I, II and IV (B) II, III and IV (C) I, III and IV (D) All of these

Biology | NEET
ANSWER KEY
PSS - 1
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (D)
8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (C)
15. (B) 16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (A) 21. (D)
22. (A) 23. (C) 24. (D) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (A)
29. (D) 30. (B) 31. (D) 32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (B) 35. (B)
36. (A) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (C) 40. (A) 41. (B) 42. (C)
43. (A) 44. (D) 45. (A) 46. (A) 47. (B) 48. (A) 49. (B)
50. (B) 51. (A) 52. (A) 53. (C) 54. (B) 55. (C) 56. (B)
57. (B) 58. (C) 59. (A) 60. (C) 61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (D)
64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (B) 67. (B) 68. (D) 69. (B) 70. (A)
71. (D) 72. (A) 73. (C) 74. (D) 75. (B) 76. (A) 77. (B)
78. (A) 79. (B) 80. (B) 81. (B) 82. (C) 83. (A) 84. (A)
85. (D) 86. (D) 87. (A) 88. (A) 89. (B) 90. (D) 91. (B)
92. (B) 93. (C) 94. (A) 95. (C) 96. (A) 97. (A)
PSS - 2
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. (A)
8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A)
15. (D) 16. (C) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (B) 21. (A)
22. (D)

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10. Under normal condition 100 ml blood deliver

E XERCISE-1 (A) 4 ml CO2 (B) 10 ml CO2
SINGLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTION (C) 1.34 ml CO2 (D) 30 ml CO2
1. Respiration is 11. Haldane effect is due to

(A) Physical process (A) CO2 (B) Lactic acid
(B) Chemical process (C) pH (D) Oxyheamoglobin
(C) Physico chemical process
(D) None 12. External respiration refers to exchange of gases between
(A) Inspired air and blood
2. Larynx is a modified portion of (B) Blood and tissue fluid
(A) Pharynx (B) Trachea (C) Alveolar air and blood
(C) Bronchus (D) Lungs (D) Environmental air and lungs
3. Thoracic cavity is enlarged by contraction of 13. If expiratory reserve volume is 1100 ml residual volume is
(A) Internal Intercostal muscles 1200 ml and tidal volume is 500 ml, what shall be the
(B) Diaphragm functional residual capacity
(C) Lungs (A) 1600 ml (B) 2800 ml
(D) All of above (C) 2300 ml (D) 1200 ml
4. Cartilaginous rings in trachea are incomplete at which 14. What percentage of CO2 flows in blood in form of bicar-
surface. bonates
(A) Dorsal (B) Ventral (A) 7% (B) 23%
(C) Lateral (D) Ventrolateral (C) 50% (D) 70%
5. Breathing by ribs is more pronounced in 15. Effect of CO 2 concentration on dissociation of

(A) Male (B) Female oxyhaemoglobin is called
(C) Pregnant female (D) None (A) Bohr's effect (B) Haldane effect
(C) Hamburger effect (D) Gaudi Kov's effect
6. The most important muscular structure in respiratory
system of human 16. Which part of thyroid cartilage in larynx is closed
(A) External intercostal muscles (A) Dorsal (B) Ventral
(B) Internal intercostal muscles (C) Anterior (D) Posterior
(C) Diaphgram
(D) Vertebral column 17. Pneumotaxic centre is present in
(A) Pons (B) Medulla
7. Wall of alveoli is composed of (C) Cerebrum (D) Lungs
(A) Simple squamous epithelium
18. During inspiration muscles of diaphragm
(B) Simple cuboidal epithelium
(A) Contracts (B) Expands
(C) Pseudostratified epithelium
(C) No effect (D) Coiled like string
(D) Simple columnar epithelium
19. Air filled in dead space is
8. How much oxygen, blood supplies to tissues in one cir- (A) 150 CC (B) 350 CC
culation (C) 500 CC (D) 1500 CC
(A) 75% (B) 1.34%
(C) 25% (D) 7% 20. Very high number of alveoli present in a lung is meant for
(A) More space for increasing volume of inspired air
9. Abdominal breathing refers to (B) More area for diffusion
(A) Normal breathing (B) Slow breathing (C) Making the organ spongy
(C) Fast breathing (D) Voluntary breathing (D) Increasing nerve supply

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21. Expiration involves 30. Which one of the following statement is correct?
(A) Relaxation of diaphragm and intercostal muscles (A) Chest expands because air enters into the lungs
(B) Contraction of diaphragm and intercostal muscles (B) Air enters into the lungs because chest expands
(C) Contraction of diaphragm muscles (C) The muscles of the diaphragm contracts because air
(D) Contraction of intercostal muscles enters into the lungs
(D) All of the above statements are correct
22. Expiratory muscles contract at the time of
31. "Emphysema" is a condition in which -
(A) Deep inspiration
(A) Repiratoy centre inhibited
(B) Normal inspiration and expiration
(B) Lot of fluid in the lungs
(C) Forceful expiration
(C) The walls seperating the alveoli break
(D) Normal expiration
(D) Lungs have more O2
23. Inflammation of the lung covering causing severe chest

32. The combination of oxygen with haemoglobin is called
pain is
(A) Oxidation (B) Oxygenation
(A) Emphysema (B) Pleurisy
(C) Reduction (D) None of the above
(C) Asphyxia (D) Hypoxia
33. Each lung is enclosed in a double membrance called as
24. The function of tracheal cilia is to pleura. The membrance which closely covers the lung is
(A) Pass mucus out (B) Pass mucus in (A) Lung pleura (B) Visceral pleura
(C) Pass air out (D) Pass air in (C) Peritoneal pleura (D) Parietal pleura
25. In the process of transport of CO2 which phenomenon 34. Which of the following prevents collapsing of Trachea
occurs between RBCs and plasma (A) Muscles (B) Diaphragm
(A) Osmosis (B) Adsorption (C) Ribs (D) Cartilaginuous rings
(C) Chloride shift (D) Absorption
35. The covering of lungs in human is
26. Oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin is (A) Peritoneum (B) Pericardium
(A) Sigmoid (B) Hyperbolic (C) Pleural membrane (D) Glission capsuls
(C) Linear (D) Hypobolic
36. Hamburger's phenomenon is also called
27. For proper transport of O2 and CO2 blood should be (A) HCO3 shift (B) Chloride shift
(A) Slightly acidic (B) Strongly acidic (C) Hydrogen shift (D) None of the these
(C) Strongly alkaline (D) Slightly alkaline
37. Among mammals, the efficiency of ventilation of lungs
as compared to reptiles and birds is better developed by
28. What would happen when blood is acidic
the presence of
(A) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin increases
(A) Ribs & costal muscles (B) Only ribs
(B) Red blood corpuscles are formed in higher number
(C) Only costal muscles (D) Diaphragm
(C) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin decreases
(D) There is no change in oxygen binding nor number of 38. The structure which prevents the entry of food into res-
RBC piratory tract is
(A)pharynx (B) Larynx
29. Oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve will shift to right (C) Glottis (D) Epiglottis
on decrease of
(A) Acidity 39. If the thoracic wall but not the lungs are punctured
(B) Carbon dioxide concentration (A) The lungs get inflated
(C) Both 1 & 2 (B) The man dies as the lungs get collapsed
(D) pH (C) The breathing rate decreases
(D) The breathing rate increases

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40. Exchange of gases in man takes place in 51. Respiratory rate in new born baby is
(A) Trachea (B) Bronchus (A) Equal to adult (B) Less then adult
(C) Alveoli (D) All (C) More than adult (D) None
41. The most important function of diaphragm of mammals
is 52. Air that remains in lung after most powerful expiration is
(A) To devide the body cavity into compartments (A) Inspiratory air (B) Dead space air
(B) To protect lungs (C) Tidal air (D) Residual air
(C) To aid in respiration
(D) To aid in ventilation 53. Carbonic anhydrase is found in
(A) W.B.C. (B) RBC
42. In frog cutaneous respiration takes place
(C) Blood plasma (D) Platelets
(A) In water (B) On land
(C) In hibernation (D) All (Always)
54. The chloride shift is movement of Cl –
43. Frog can not live without (A) From plasma to RBC (B) From WBC to plasma
(A) Cutaneous respiration (B) Pulmonary respiration (C) Both (D) None
(C) Buccal respiration (D) All
55. A molecule of haemoglobin can carry oxygen molecule :
44. In fever breathing rate (A) 2 (B) 4
(A) Increase (B) Decrease (C) 6 (D) 8
(C) Stop (D) None
56. One of the following is a difference between pulmonary
45. Which forms stable compound with haemoglobin? respiration of frog and human
(A) O2 (B) CO2 (A) Diaphragm and ribs play role in breathing
(C) CO (D) All (B) Lungs are respiratory organs
(C) Respiration occurs due to pressure gradient
46. Asthma is a respiratory disease caused due to (D) None
(A) Infection of trachea
(B) Infection of lungs 57. Vocal cords are attached with
(C) Bleeding into pleural cavity (A) Cricoid (B) Arytenoid
(D) Spasm in bronchial muscles (C) Thyroid and arytenoid (D) None
47. The impulse for voluntary muscles for forced breathing 58. Arytenoid cartilage in larynx are
starts in
(A) Elastic (B) Hyaline
(A) Medulla oblongata (B) Vagus nerve
(C) Calcified (D) All of these
(C) Cerebellum (D) Cerebrum
59. Myoglobin is found in

48. The process of respiration is concerned with
(A) Lungs (B) Blood
(A) In take of O2 (B) Liberation of O2
(C) Muscles (D) RBC
(C) Liberation of CO2 (D) Liberation of energy
49. Maximum expiration after full inspiration is called 60. Residual air mostly occurs in
(A) Vital capacity (B) Lung capacity (A) Alveoli (B) Bronchus
(C) Tidal volume (D) Residual volume (C) Nostrils (D) Trachea
50. Signet ring cartilage of larynx is 61. Volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
(A) Cricoid (B) Arytenoid is known as
(C) Thyroid (D) All (A) Inspiratory capacity (B) Total lung capacity
(C) Tidal volume (D) Residual volume

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62. Rate of respiration is directly affected by 72. Oxyhaemoglobin acts as

(A) CO2 concentration (B) O2 in trachea (A) Alkali (B) Acid
(C) Concentration of O2 (D) Diaphragm expansion (C) Neutral (D) Buffer
73. Lungs are covered by

63. Body tissues obtain O2 from haemoglobin because of its
dissociation in tissues caused by (A) Perichondrium (B) Pleural sac
(C) Pericardium (D) Peristomium
(A) Low oxygen concentration and high CO2 concentra-
tion
74. Number of tracheal rings in man is
(B) High O2 concentration
(A) 16-20 (B) 20-24
(C) Low CO2 concentration (C) 24-28 (D) 28-32
(D) High CO2 concentration
75. Percentage of oxygen transported by haemoglobin is
64. Narrowest and most abundant tubes of lungs are (A) 93 (B) 95
(A) Bronchioles (B) Bronchus (C) 97 (D) 99
(C) Alveoli (D) Trachea
76. The alveolar epithelium in the lung is
65. Oxygen in lungs ultimately reaches (A) Nonciliated colomnar (B) Nonciliated squamous
(C) Ciliated columnar (D) Ciliated squamous
(A) Alveoli (B) Trachea
(C) Bronchus (D) Bronchioles
77. Carbon dioxide is transported from tissue to respiratory
surface by only
66. Most of the carbon - di - oxide is carried in the blood as (A) Plasma and erythrocytes
(A) Bicarbonates (B) Carbon monoxide (B) Plasma
(C) Carbonic acid (D) Carbonates (C) Erythrocytes
(D) Erythrocytes and leucocytes
67. In vertebrate blood the carrier of oxygen to the tissues
or respiratory pigment is 78. Respiratory centre is situated in
(A) Plasma (B) Lymphocytes (A) Cerebellum (B) Medulla oblongate
(C) Leucocytes (D) Haemoglobin (C) Hypothalamus (D) Cerebrum
79. Air is breathed through

68. Minimum concentration and pressure of CO in alveoli of
(A) Trachea  lungs  larynx  pharynx  alveoli
lungs that would be dangerous to man
(B) Nose  larynx  pharynx  bronchus  alveoli 
(A) 1 % , 0 - 7 mm Hg (B) 0 - 4 %, 0 - 7 mm Hg bronchioles
(C) 2 - 7 % , 0 - 4 mm Hg (D) 0 - 3 % , 0 - 4 mm Hg (C) Nostrils  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchi
 bronchioles  alveoli
69. What is the common element in haemoglobin and Myo- (D) Nose  mouth  lungs
globin
(A) Fe (B) Cu 80. Carbonic anhydrase is mostly active in
(C) Mn (D) Mg (A) RBC (B) WBC
(C) Blood Plasma (D) Blood Platelets.
70. In humans sound is produced by
81. Presence of large number of alveoli around alveolar ducts
(A) Syrinx (B) Larynx
opening into bronchioles in mammalian lungs is
(C) Bronchus (D) Trachea (A) Inefficient system of ventilation with litle of residual
air
71. Carbon monoxide prevents transport of oxygen by (B) Inefficient system of ventilation with high percentage
(A) Forming stable compound with haemoglobin of residual air
(B) Destroying haemoglobin (C) An efficient system of ventilation with no residual air
(C) Forming carbon dioxide with oxygen (D) An efficient system of ventilation with little residual
air
(D) Destroying RBC's

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82. During transport of CO2, blood does not become acidic 91. Exchange of gases in lung alveoli occurs through
due to (A) Active transport (B) Osmosis
(A) Neutralisation of H2CO3 by Na2CO3 (C) Simple diffusion (D) Passive transport
(B) Absorption of leucoyctes
(C) Blood buffers 92. Haemoglobin is
(D) Nonaccumulation (A) Vitamin (B) Skin pigment
(C) Blood carrier (D) Respiratory pigment
83. Carbon monoxide has greater affinity for haemoglobin
as compared to oxygen 93. Vocal cords occur in
(A) 1000 times (B) 200 times (A) Pharynx (B) Larynx
(C) 20 times (D) 2 times (C) Glottis (D) Bronchial tube
94. Concentration of carbonic acid does not increase in blood

84. At high altitude, RBC of human blood will
due to presence of
(A) increase in number (B) Decrease in number
(A) Na+ (B) Mg2+
(C) Decrease in size (D) Increase in size
(C) Ca2+
(D) K+
85. About 1500 ml of air left in lungs is called 95. Match the columns
(A) Tidal volume Column I Column II
(B) Ispiratory reserve volume (a) Larynx (p) Lid of larynx
(C) Residual volume (b) Trachea (q) Air sacs
(D) Vital capacity (c) Alveoli (r) Voice box
(d) Epiglottis (s) Wind pipe
86. Which one protects the lungs (t) Common passage.
(A) Rib (B) Vertebral colum (A) a—r, b—s, c—q, d—p
(C) Sternum (D) All above (B) a—t, b—s, c—p, d—q
(C) a—r, b—s, c—q, d—t
87. Which one has the lowest value (D) a—r, b—t, c—q, d—p
(A) Tidal volume
(B) Vital capacity 96. Adam's Apple represents
(A) Arytenoid cartilage of larynx
(C) Inspiratory reserve volume
(B) Cricoid cartilage of larynx
(D) Expiratory reserve volume
(C) Thyroid cartilage of larynx
88. Amount of oxygen present in one gram of haemoglobin (D) All the above
is
(A) 20 ml (B) 1.34 ml 97. Hiccough (hiccup) is due to activity of
(C) 13.4 ml (D) None of these (A) Intercostal muscle
(B) Food in air tract
89. In lungs air is separated from venous blood by (C) Diapharagm
(A) Squamous epithelium + tunica externa of blood (D) Inadequate oxygne in environment
vessel
(B) Squamous epithelium + endothelium of blood vessel 98. Respiratory centre of brain is stimulated by
(C) Transitional epithelium + tunica media of blood (A) Carbon dioxide content in venous blood
vessel (B) Carbon dioxide content in arterial blood
(D) Columnar epithelium + 3 layered wall of blood (C) Oxygen content in venous blood
vessel. (D) Oxygen content in arterial blood
90. In carbon monoxide poisoning there is
99. Carbon dioxide entering erythrocytes reacts with water
(A) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration to form carbonic acid. The enzyme is
(B) Decrease in oxygen availability (A) Carbonic anhydrase (B) Carboxypeptidase
(C) Decrease in free haemoglobin (C) Hydrolase (D) Oxidoreductase
(D) None of these

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100. Determination of oxygen carried by haemoglobin is done

by E XERCISE-2
(A) pH PART-I
(B) Partial pressure of oxygen MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
(C) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(D) All the above 1. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct
option from the codes given below.
101. Arytenoid cartilage is found in
Column - I Column - II
(A) Hyoid (B) Sternum
(C) Larynx (D) Nose (Animals) (Respiratory structures)
A. Pigeon (i) Books gills
102. Dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin occurs in tissues due B. Scorpion (ii) Pharyngeal wall
to C. Planaria (iii) Lungs
(A) High PO 2 (B) Low PO 2 D. Earthworm (iv) Gills
(C) Equal PO 2 (D) Irrespective of PO 2 E. Spiders (v) Book lungs
F. King crab (vi) Body surface
103. At the time of expiration, diaphragm becomes G. Prawn (vii) Skin
(A) Oblique (B) Normal H. Labeo
(C) Flattened (D) Dome-shaped.
(A) A-(iii), B-(v), C-(vi), D-(vii), E-(v), F-(i), G-(iv), H-(iv)
104. CO is harmfull because :- (B) A-(v), B-(ii), C-(vi), D-(vii), E-(vi), F-(iv), G-(i), H-(iii)
(A) It forms stable compound with hemoglobin (C) A-(vi), B-(iv), C-(vii), D-(v), E-(i), F-(ii), G-(iii), H-(vii)
(B) It blocks mitosis (D) A-(i), B-(v), C-(vii), D-(iii), E-(vii), F-(ii), G-(iv), H-(vi)
(C) It is mutagenic 2. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct
(D) It causes defoliation
105. Exchange of bicarbonates and chloride ions between Column - I Column - II

RBC and plasma is called:- A. TV + ERV (i) Expiratory capacity
(A) Chloride shift. (B) Bohr's effect. B. RV + ERV + TV + IRV (ii) Total lung capacity
(C) Haldane's effect. (D) Intra cellular respiration. C. ERV + RV (iii) Functional residual
capacity
106. In which part of lungs gaseous exchange takes place in
Man :– (A) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii) (B) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii)
(A) Trachea & alveolar duct (C) A-(iii), B-(ii), C-(i) (D) A-(ii), B-(iii), C-(i)
(B) Trachea & bronchi 3. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct
(C) Alveolar duct & alveoli
(D) Alveoli & Trachea
107. If CO2 concentration increases in blood then breathing A. Tidal volume (i) 2500-3000 mL of air
will :- B. Inspiratory reserve volume (ii) 1000 mL of air
(A) Increases (B) Decrease C. Expiratory reserve volume (iii) 500 mL of air
(C) Stop (D) Remain unchanged
D. Residual volume (iv) 3400-4800 mL of air
E. Vital capacity (v) 1200 mL of air
(A) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i), E-(v)
(B) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(v), E-(iv)
(C) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(v), E-(ii)
(D) A-(v), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(iii), E-(iv)

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4. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct PART-II

option from the codes given below. NCERT BASED QUESTION
A. Tracheoles (i) Yeast 1. Which is a common passage for food and air :-
B. Carbonic anhydrase (ii) Fish (A) Trachea (B) Oesophagus
C. Lactic acid (iii) Inspiration (C) Pharynx (D) Glottis
D. Fermentation (iv) Vital capacity
E. Gill filaments (v) Fast muscle
2. The function of conducting part in respiratory system
F. Cutaneous respiration (vi) Insect
of human is :-
G.. Diaphragm (vii) Bicarbonates
(A) Clears foreign particles.
(viii) Earthworm
(A) A-(vi), B-(vii), C-(v), D-(i), E-(ii), F-(viii), G-(iii) (B) Humidifies atmospheric air
(B) A-(viii), B-(iv), C-(vii), D-(i), E-(iii), F-(ii), G-(v) (C) Brings the air to body temperature
(C) A-(vi), B-(i), C-(ii), D-(v), E-(iv), F-(viii), G-(iii) (D) All of the above
(D) A-(viii), B-(vii), C-(i), D-(iv), E-(ii), F-(vi), G-(v)
5. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct 3. When there is no air in initial bronchioles, they does
option from the codes given below. not collapse. it is due to :-
Column - I Column - II (A) Presence of Lecithin
A. Trachea (i) Alveolar air Po2 (B) Presence of incomplete cartilagenous rings
B. Respiratory centre (ii) ATP (C) Presence of complete cartilagenous rings
C. Yeast (iii) Cartilaginous rings (D) Presence of mucous
D. Insects (iv) Medulla oblongata
E. Fish (v) Larynx 4. Which of the following steps not involved in
F. Biologically useful energy (vi) Tracheal respiration respiration:-
G. 100 mm Hg (vii) Ethanol (A) Diffusion of gases across alveolar membrane
H. Vocal cords (viii) Branchial (B) Transport of gases by the blood
respiration (C) Provide nutrients, O2 to all the living cells of body
(A) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(vii), D-(vi), E-(viii), F-(ii), G-(i), H-(v) (D) Utilisation of O 2 by the cells for catabolic
(B) A(v), B-(ii), C-(vii), D-(viii), E-(vi), F-(iv), G-(i), H-(iii) reactions and resultant release of CO2.
(C) A-(vi), B-(iv), C-(viii), D-(v), E-(i), F-(ii), G-(iii), H-(vii)
(D) A-(i), B-(v), C-(vii), D-(iii), E-(viii), F-(ii), G-(iv), H-(vi) 5. Inspiration can occur, when –
(A) Pressure within the lungs is less than the
6. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct
atmospheric pressure.
(B) Pressure within the lungs is more than the
atmospheric pressure.
A. Yeast (i) Inspiration
(C) Pressure within the lungs and atmospheric air is
B. Diaphragm (ii) Hamburger’s phenomenon
same.
C. Insects (iii) Diffusion of Cl– ions into
R.B.Cs (D) No effect of pressure on inspiration.
D. Pons varolii (iv) Fermentation 6. By the contraction in diaphragm volume of thoracic
E. Chloride shift (v) Trachea chamber increases in the :-
(vi) Pneumotaxic centre
(A) Dorso-ventral axis
(vii) Expiration
(B) Antero-posterior axis
(A) A-(iv), B-(i), (vii), C-(v), D-(vi), E-(ii), (iii)
(B) A-(v), B-(i), C-(iv), (vii), D-(vi), E-(ii), (iii) (C) Dorso-posterior axis
(C) A-(ii), (vi), B-(i), C-(iii), D-(v), (vii), E-(iv) (D) Antero-ventral axis
(D) A-(iii), B-(i), C-(ii), (v), D-(vi), (vii), E-(iv)

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7. Which muscles contract during normal expiration : 14. Which of the following factors can interfare in binding
A-Diaphragm, B-EICM, of O2 with haemoglobin.
C-IICM, D-Abdominal muscles A- PO2 B- PCO2
(A) A and B
C-H+ ion concentration D-Temperature
(B) C and D
(A) Only A (B) B, C and D
(C) A and C
(C) A and D (D) A, B, C, D
(D) No muscles contract during expiration
15. The conditions which are favourable for the formation

8. Total volume of air a person can expire after normal of oxyhaemoglobin :-
inspiration is :-
(A) PO2, PCO2H+conc.Temperature
(A) Vital capacity
(B) PO2, PCO2H+conc.Temperature
(B) Functional residual capacity
(C) PO2, PCO2H+conc.Temperature
(C) Inspiratory capacity
(D) Expiratory capacity (D) PO2, PCO2H+conc.Temperature
9. Which of the following factor can affect the rate of

diffusion of gases?
(A) Thickness of the membrances involved in diffusion
(B) Solubility of the gases
(C) Pressure of the gases
(D) All of these
10. Which of the following is correct?

Alveoli Dexogy genated Tissue blood
(A) PO2=159mmHg PCO2=40mmHg PCO2=20 mmHg
(B) PCO2=40mmHg PO2=95mmHg PO2=40mmHg
(C) PO2=104mmHg PCO2=45mmHg PCO2=45mmHg
(D) PO2=40mmHg PO2=40mmHg PCO2=45mmHg
11. What is true about diffusion capacity.

(A) Diffusion capacity of CO2 is much higher than O2.
(B) Diffusion capacity of O2 is much higher than CO2
(C) Diffusion capacity of O2 and CO2 is same.
(D) None of the above
12. Which of the following statement is true :

(A) 20-25 percent CO2 is transported by RBCs.
(B) 97 percent O2 is transported by RBCs.
(C) 70 percent CO2 is carried as bicarbonate.
(D) All of these are true.
13. Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related

to :-
(A) Partial pressure of O2
(B) Partial pressure of CO2
(C) H+ ion concentration
(D) Temperature

Biology | NEET
E XERCISE-3 4. Approximately seventy percent of carbon-dioxide

absorbed by the blood will be transported to the lungs
PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET)
[CBSE AIPMT 2014]
1. People who have migrated from the planes to an area (A) As bicarbonate ions
adjoining Rohtang Pass about six months back : (B) In the form of dissolved gas molecules
[CBSE AIPMT 2012] (C) By binding to R.B.C.
(A) Have more RBCs and their haemoglobin has a lower (D) As carbamino-haemoglobin
binding affinity to O2
(B) Are not physically fit to play games like football 5. Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface
(C) Suffer from altitude sickness with symptons like area involved in gas exchange is drastically reduced due
nausea, fatigue, etc. to damage in the alveolar walls :
(D) Have the usual RBC count but their haemoglobin [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
has very high binding affinity to O2. (A) Pleurisy (B) Emphysema
2. Which one of the following is the correct statement for (C) Pneumonia (D) Asthma
respiration in humans ? [CBSE AIPMT 2012]
6. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs
(A) Cigarette smoking may lead to inflammation of bron-
chi is [NEET 2016]
(B) Neural signals from pneumotaxic centre in pons re- (A) Equal to that in the blood
gion of brain can increase the duration of inspiration (B) More than that in the blood
(C) Workers in grinding and stone-breaking industries (C) Less than that in the blood
may suffer, from lung fibrosis (D) Less than that of carbon dioxide
(D) About 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried by 7. Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air
haemoglobin as carbamino haemoglobin always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled
3. The figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respira- because [NEET 2016]
tory system with labels A, B, C and D. Select the option (A) There is a negative pressure in the atmosphere
which gives correct identification and main function and/ (B) There is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling the
or characteristic :- [NEET 2013] walls of these lungs
(C) There is a positive intrapleural pressure
(D) Pressure in the lungs is higher than the atmospheric
pressure
8. Reduction in pH of blood will [NEET 2016]

(A) Reduce the blood supply to the brain
(B) Decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen
(A) A – trachea - long tube supported by complete carti- (C) Release bicarbonate ions by the liver
laginous rings for conducting inspired air (D) Reduce the rate of heart beat
(B) B – pleural membrane - surround ribs on both sides
9. Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly
to provide cushion against rubbing
by cigarette smoking [NEET 2016]
(C) C – Alveoli - thin walled vascular bag like struc-
(A) Asthma
tures for exchange of gases
(B) Respiratory acidosis
(D) D – Lower end of lungs – diaphragm pulls it down
(C) Respiratory alkalosis
during inspiration
(D) Emphysema

Biology | NEET
10. Lungs are made up of air-filled sacs the alveoli. They do 15. Select the correct statement. (Odisha NEET 2019)
not collapse even after forceful expiration, because of : (A) Expiration occurs due to external intercostal muscles.
[NEET 2017]
(B) Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than the
(A) Residual Volume (RV)
atmospheric pressure during inspiration.
(B) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
(C) Inspiration occurs when atmospheric pressure is
(C) Tidal Volume(TV)
less than intrapulmonary pressure.
(D) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
(D) Expiration is initiated due to contraction of
11. Match the items given in Column I with those in Column diaphragm.
II and select the correct option given below :
[NEET 2018] 16. Due to increasing air-borne allergens and pollutants,
Column I Column II many people in urban areas are suffering from
a. Tidal volume i. 2500-3000 mL respiratory disorder that cause wheezing due to
b. Inspiratory Reserve volume ii. 1100-1200 mL (NEET 2019)
c. Expiratory Reserve volume iii. 500 – 550 mL (A) reduction in the secretion of surfactant by
d. Residual volume iv. 1000 – 1100 mL pneumocytes
a b c d (B) benign growth on mucous lining of nasal cavity
(A) i iv ii iii
(C) inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
(B) iii i iv ii
(D) proliferation of fibrous tissues and damage of the
(C) iii ii i iv
alveolar walls.
(D) iv iii ii i
12. Which of the following options correctly represents the 17. Select the correct events that occur during inspiration.
lung conditions in asthma and emphysema, respectively (NEET 2020)
? [NEET 2018]
(1) Contraction of diaphragm
(A) Increased respiratory surface ; Inflammation (2) Contraction of external inter-costal muscles
of bronchioles
(3) Pulmonary volume decreases
(B) Increased number of bronchioles; Increased
(4) Intra pulmonary pressure increases
respiratory surface
(A) (1) and (2) (B) (3) and (4)
(C) Inflammation of bronchioles; Decreased
(C) (1), (2) and (4) (D) only (4)
respiratory surface
(D) Decreased respiratory surface; Inflammation 18. Identify the wrong statement with reference to trans-
of bronchioles port of oxygen. (NEET 2020)
13. Which of the following is an occupational respiratory (A) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is mainly
disorder ? [NEET 2018] related to partial pressure of O2.
(A) Botulism (B) Silicosis (B) Partial pressure of CO2can interfere with O2 binding
(C) Anthracis (D) Emphysema with haemoglobin.
14. Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume of an (C) Higher H+ conc. in alveoli favours the formation
athlete is 500 mL and 1000 mL respectively. What of oxyhaemoglobin.
will be his expiratory capacity if the residual volume (D) Low pCO2 in alveoli favours the formation of
is 1200 mL? (NEET 2019) oxyhaemoglobin.
(A) 2700 mL (B) 1500 mL
(C) 1700 mL (D) 2200 mL

Biology | NEET
19. The partial pressures (in mm Hg) of oxygen (O2) and

carbon dioxide (CO2) at alveoli (the site of diffusion ) are
(NEET 2021)
(A) pO2 = 104 and pCO2 =40
(B) pO2 = and pCO2 = 45
(C) pO2 = 95 and pCO2 = 40
(D) pO2 = 159 and pCO2 = 0.3
20. Select the favourable conditions required for the formation

of oxyhaemoglobin at the alveoli (NEET 2021)
(A) High pO2, low pCO2, less H+ , lower temperature
(B) Low pO2, high pCO2 , more H+, higher temperature
(C) High pO2, high pCO2, less H+, higher temperature
(D) Low pO2, low pCO2, more H+, higher temperature
21. Under normal physiological conditions in human being

every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver _____ ml
of O2 to the tissues. (NEET 2022)
(A) 5ml (B) 4 ml
(C) 10 ml (D) 2 ml
22. Which of the following is not the function of conducting

part of respiratory system ? (NEET 2022)
(A) Inhaled air is humidified
(B) Temperature of inhaled air is brought to body
temperature
(C) Provides surface for diffusion of O2 and CO2
(D) It clears inhaled air from foreign particles

Biology | NEET
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1
1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. A 11. D
12. D 13. C 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. C
23. B 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. C 29. D 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. B
34. D 35. C 36. B 37. D 38. D 39. B 40. C 41. D 42. D 43. A 44. A
45. C 46. D 47. D 48. D 49. A 50. A 51. C 52. D 53. B 54. A 55. B
56. A 57. C 58. B 59. C 60. A 61. C 62. A 63. A 64. A 65. A 66. A
67. D 68. A 69. A 70. B 71. A 72. B 73. B 74. A 75. C 76. B 77. A
78. B 79. C 80. A 81. D 82. C 83. B 84. A 85. C 86. D 87. A 88. B
89. B 90. C 91. C 92. D 93. B 94. A 95. A 96. C 97. C 98. B 99. A
100. D 101. C 102. B 103. D 104. A 105. A 106. C 107. A
EXERCISE - 2 : PART-I
MATRIX MATCH COLUMN
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. A
PART-II
NCERT BASED QUESTION
1. C 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. D 10. C 11. A 12. D 13. A
14. D 15. C
EXERCISE - 3 :
PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET)

1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. B
14. B 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. C


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Breathing & Exchange of Gases

(7226 ('8&$7,21 397 /7'

Breathing & Exchange of Gases

BREATHING & GASEOUS EXCHANGE

¾ Respiration- breakdown of respiratory fuel to obtain ATP

Glucose → 2 PA → 2 Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) + 2 CO2+ 2 ATP

-Human muscle (strenous exercise) /RBC:

Glucose → 2 PA → 2 Lactic acid+ 2 ATP

Respiratory General Moist cuticle/ Tracheal

Examples Protozoa Earthworm Insects -Aquatic –Amphibia

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

HUMAN RESPIRATORY ORGANS

(1) Respiratory tract.

Trachea ¬ Larynx ¬ Glottis ¬ Pharynx ↵

Vestibule Respiratory part Olfactory Part

– Small anterior – Nasal, Maxilla & – At roof of nasal

– Hair – Chonchae/ – Goblet cells

Thyroid (1) Arytenoid (2) Cuneiform (2)

– Dorsally incomplete – Dorsal Side – Elastic

Vocal Cords in Larynx

True V.C. False V.C.

– Posterior – No Sound Production

– Lead to sound production – Anterior

 Greater the tension on vocal cords———higher the pitch of sound

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

There are two zones.

 Conducting part functions:

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

ALVEOLUS :- – Struct & functional unit

– Simple squamous epithelium

Penumatocyte - I Penumatocyte - II/

S. No. Structure Epithelium type Diameter

2. Bronchi PSCCGE 1.5-0.5

 Lungs: 1 pair ,situated in thoracic chamber

 Pleural cavity with pleural fluid (reduce friction on lung surface)

 Pleural effusion—difficulty in breathing (dyspnoea)

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

Right lung Left lung

2.Heavier (625 gm) -565 gm

3.Cardiac notch -present

 Any change in volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in lung(pulmonary) cavity.

Respiration involves the following steps :-

 Inspiration : (active process)

Increase in the volume of thoracic chamber ( AP Axis)

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

Increase in the volume of thoracic cavity(dorso-ventral axis)

Route of air during inspiration :

Decrease in the volume of thoracic cavity

(i) Internal Intercostal muscles :contraction

Decrease in the volume of thoracic cavity

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

(ii) Abdominal Muscles : contraction

Volume of thoracic cavity decreases

Route of air during expiration :

Table : Role of muscles in inspiration and expiration

1 (i) Normal (a) Diaphragm Contracts Increases

2 (i) Normal (a) Diaphragm Relaxes Decreases

(ii) Forceful (a) Internal intercostal Contract Decreases

 The rate of breathing in a normal healthy man is 12-16 times/min

JEE | NEET | CBSE | Foundation (www.etoosindia.com)

1. Tidal Volume(TV) - volume of air inspired or expired during normal respiration

1. Alveolar Air Volume: reaches alveoli= 350 ml

(7226 ('8&$7,21 397 /7'

Examples Protozoa Earthworm Insects -Aquatic –Amphibia

Greater the tension on vocal cords———higher the pitch of sound

Conducting part functions:

Lungs: 1 pair ,situated in thoracic chamber

Pleural cavity with pleural fluid (reduce friction on lung surface)

Pleural effusion—difficulty in breathing (dyspnoea)

Any change in volume of thoracic cavity will be reflected in lung(pulmonary) cavity.

Inspiration : (active process)

The rate of breathing in a normal healthy man is 12-16 times/min

EXCHANGE OF GASES :- by Simple diffusion

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion:

Strenous exercise/diseased/increased acidity/reduced pH/increased temp/increased pCO2:

OxyHb Dissociation curve:

Factors Affecting OxyHb Dissociation Curve (sigmoid /S– shaped) :-

Factors that affect the binding of CO2 with Hb

Cl– shift/Hamburger phenomenon :-

Protective reflex to prevent lung overinflation

Decompression sickness/Caissons disease/Bends disease/ Dysbarrism/ Divers disease:

Nitrogen dissolves in body fluids (lipid) at higher pressure in sea

Frog (positive pressure breathing)

Lung floatation test :

An autopsy procedure to determine whether lungs have undergone respiration.