ORIFICE An orifice is an opening (usually circular) with a closed perimeter through which fluid flows, It is used primarily to measure or to control the flow of fluid. The upstream face of the orifice may be rounded or sharp. An orifice’ with prolonged side, such as a piece of pipe, having a length of two or three times its diameter, is called a short tube. Longer tubes such as culverts under embankments are usually treated as orifice although they may also be treated as short pipes. According to shape, orifice may be circular, square, or rectangular in cross-~ section. The circular sharp-crested orifice is most widely used because of the simplicity of its design and construction. The figure below shows a general case of fluid flow through an orifice. Let pa and pz be the air pressures in the chambers A and B, tespectively and.v,4 be the velocity of the stream normal to the plane of the orifice (velocity of approach). Consider two points.1 and 2 such that.v; = va and v2 = v and writing the energy equation between these two points neglecting losses: Scanned with CamScannerSpt rave tstd ere he ts if ities Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost: Ey=E2 Be Soe Bos te Ph tee eo Ss : +yht vt. Bi Pa 4 Pat yg 2 4 PR 4g 28 i, 2g Scanned with CamScanner 4Where H is the folal head producing flow in meters or feet of the flowing fluid. Tt can be noted in Eq, (1) that H is the sum of the flow energy upstream less the flow energy downstream, or A= Head Upstream’ Head Downstream Eq. Values of H for Various Conditions H=h(L2a/g) H=h+ phy H= ho + hiln/y) + Phe Scanned with CamScannerSubmerged Orifice (Neglecting vs) Heh-h=h Contraction of the Jet The figure shown represents a cross-section of fluid flow through a vertical sharp-edged orifice from a rescrvoir to the atmosphere. ‘The fluid flowing is coming from all direction upstream from the orifice and as they leave the orifice, they cannot make an abrupt change in their direction and they move in curvilinear paths, thus causing the jet to contract for a short distance beyond the orifice. The phenomenon is referred to as the contraction of the jet. The section on the jet where the contraction ceases is called the vena contracta which is approximately located at one half of the orifice diameter (D/2) from the upstream face. Scanned with CamScannerSnes neSeeee 3 Sse Orifices under Low Heads When the head on a vertical orifice is small in comparison with the height of the orifice, there is an appreciable difference between the discharges using the previous analysis. Consider the rectangular section of length L and height D as shown in the figure with both the surface and the jet subject to atmospheric pressure. The theoretical discharge through an elementary strip of length L and height dh is: dQe= (L dh) J2gh dQ. = J2g L Hi? dh fy Q= f2gL ftw Ay o- [3] QF 2g L (in? - hn?) Q=CQ FE O= C2 Lf??? =m? * Bqa 13. i, VENTURI METER ' Veturi meter is an instrument used in measuring the discharge through pipes. It consist of a converging tube AB (See Figure 6 - 3) which is connected to the main pipe at the inlet at A, and ending in a cylindrical section BC called the throat, and a diverging sectior! CD which is connected again to the main pipe at the outlet D. The angle of divergence is kept small to reduce the head lost cause by turbulence as the velocity is reduced Scanned with CamScannerFigure 6 - 3: Venturi meter Consider two points in the system, @ at the base of the inlet and @ at the throat, and writing the energy equation between these two points neglecting head lost: - ‘The left side of the equation is the kinetic energy which shows an increase in value, while the left side of the equation is the potential energy which shows a decrease in value. Therefore, neglecting head lost, the increase in kinetic energy is equal to the decrease in potential energy. This statement is known as the Venturi Principle. The difference in pressure between the inlet and the throat is commonly measured by means of a differential manometer connecting the inlet and throat. If the elevations and the difference in pressure between @ and @ are known, the discharge can be solved. Scanned with CamScannerRe-entrant Tubes These are tube having their ends projecting inside a reservoir or tank. Borda's Mouthpiece - This is a special case of a re-entrant tube, consisting of a thin tube projecting into a tank having.a length of about one diameter. The coefficient of contraction for this tubc, C.= 05 and C,= 1.0, é Submerged Tubes ‘An example of submerged tube is a culvert. conveying water through embankments. The discharge through a submerged tube is given by the formula: Q=CA Sieh 2B Where C is the coefficient of discharge, A is the area of the opening, and H is the difference in elevation of the liquid surfaces. Figure 6 - 10: Submerged Tube (Culvert) Scanned with CamScannerUNSTEADY FLOW The flow through orifice, weirs, or tubes is said to be steady only if the total head producing flow, H, is constant. ‘The amount of fluid being discharged for a time ¢ can therefore be computed using the formula where Q is the discharge, which is constant or steady. In some conditions, however, the head over an orifice, tube or weir may vary as the fluid flows out and thus causing the flow to be unsteady Figure 6 - 11 Consider the tank shown in the figure to be supplied with a fluid (inflow) and simultaneously discharging through an outlet (either an orifice, tube, weir or pipe). Obviously, if Qn > Qour the head will rise and if Qout > Qiny the head will fall. Suppose we are required to compute the time to lower the level from Ii to Ie (assuming Qoot > Qin), the amount of fluid which is lost in the tank will be AV = (Qi ~ Qour) dt dv adver Bis Qou where dV is the differential volume lost over a differential time dt. If the head over the outlet is #, then the level will drop dh, thus dV = A, dh, where A, is the surface area in the reservoir at any instant and may be constant or variable, then Scanned with CamScannerWhen there is no inflow (Qin = 0), the formula becomes: ' A, dh ts, ~ Qoue Interchanging the limits to change the sign of the integrand: * = . Stade Spe. BUA ap a Note: If A, is variable, it must be expressed in terms of h. If the outflow is through and orifices or tube, Qu: = CA. J2gH . If the flow is through any other openings, use the corresponding formula for discharge. For tanks with constant cross- sectional area and the outflow is through an orifice or tube (with no inflow), the time for the head to change from Hy; to Hp is: f A, dH te | SS _ 1, CA, f2gH Pia eet ‘% eae ee an 23 du, . Scanned with CamScannerIf liquid flows through a submerged orifice or tube connecting two tanks as shown, the time for the head to change from Hh to Hp is: (See the derivation of these formulas in PROBLEM 6 - 36) | ‘ , CA,Y28, Jn, Aa +A where Aq and A,2 is the water surface areas in the tanks at any time, and H is the difference in water surfaces in the two tanks at any time. If Au and/or Aa will vary, it must be expressed in terms of H. If Ag'and Aq are constant, i.e. the two tanks have uniform cross-sectional area, the formula becomes: Scanned with CamScannereh ‘tlie [Solved Problems Problem 6 - 1 A volumetric.tank 1.20 m in diameter and 1.50 m high was filled with oil in 16 minutes and 32.4 seconds. What is the average discharge? Solution Tscharnge, = Value, time 2.2)2(1.5) Discharge, Q = #=———— . ae ) 16+ S28 Discharge, Q = 0.1025 m?/min = 102.5 lit/min -Problem 6 - 2 Aweigh tank receives 7.65 kg of liquid having sp. gr. of 0.86 in 14.9 Seconds. What is the flow rate in liters per minute? Solution 7.65 Mass flow rate, M= 77> = 0.5134 kg/s Mass flow rate, M= pQ 0.5134 = (1000 x 0.86)Q Q=5.97 x 104 m/s Q=0.397 L/sec = 35.82 liymin Problem 6 - 3 Calculate the discharge in liters per second through a 100-mm diameter orifice under a head of 5.5 m of water. Assiume C, = 0.61 and C, = 00.98. Solution Q=CA 23H C=C. x Ce = 0.61 x 0.98 = 0.5978 H m Q=0.5978 3 (0.100)?y2(9.81)(5.5) Q = 0.04877 ri¥/s = 48.77 L/s Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 4 An orifice has a coefficient of discharge of 0.62 and a coefficient of contraction of 0.63. Determine the coefficient of velocity for the orifice. Solution CHOxG 0.62 = 0.63 x C, Problem 6-5 Calculate the discharge through the 140-mm diameter orifice shown. Assume C= 0.62. : Solution Q=CA/2gH H = Hupeteam ~ Hoowasrea 30 15 Q=0.62x 4 (0.14)? 2(9.81)(6.568) Q=0,108 m/s Problem 6 - 6 An open cylindrical tank, 2.4 m in diameter and 6 m tall has.1 m of glycerin (S, = 15), 25 m of water, and 1.5 m of oil ($. = 0.82), Determine the discharge through the 125 mm diameter located at the bottom of the tank. Assume C = 0.65. ie Scanned with CamScannerSolution Q=CA /2gH : 0.82 H=1+2545 +155 H = 3.487 moof glycerin 50.65 x 5 (0.125)? x J2(9.81)(3.487) eee Q = 0.066 mys 1m 125 mm @ 2 ceoss Problem 6-7 The discharge through a 75-mm diameter orifice at the bottom of a large tank was measured be 1,734 liters in 1 minute. If the head over the orifice remain constant at 5.5 m, compute the coefficient of discharge. Solution ey acon . Since the head is constant, the flow is steady, thus; Vol _ 1734/1000 Q=time ~~ 1(60) Q= 0.0289 m/s, Qr= A JigH = 4 (0.0752 [ROBES - Problem 6 - 8 (CE May 1991) A calibration test of a 12.5-mm-diameter circular sharp-edged orifice in a vertical side of a large tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water. in 81 seconds at a constant head of 4.70 m. Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m horizontally while dropping 300.mm. Compute the three orifice coefficients. Scanned with CamScannerSolution Theoretical values: 0, = 9.603 m/s Q= Av = 4 (0.0125)? x (9.603) Q,= 0.001178 m*/s Actual values: Actual discharge: Vol =Time (Steady flow) = Vol = "= 910 Q = 0.000743 m?/s Actual velocity: x=235m 6=0° y=03m gx 20? cos? @ 2 20? cos? O° y=xtan0- v= 9.502 m/s Coefficients: Velocity, G = 2 % : 9.502 Velocity, C. = === = 0.989 locity, Co™ 5 98 : -2 Discharge, C= eae? 0.000743 Discharge, C= 0.001178 = 0.631 Scanned with CamScannerContraction, C CHOG 0.631 = C, x 0.989 C, = 0.638 Problem 6 - 9 ‘A 50-mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice at the side of a tank discharges water under ahead of 3 m. If the coefficient of contraction C, = 0.63 and the head lost is 240 mm, Compute the discharge and the coefficients of velocity C, and discharge C. Solution Energy eq. between 1 and 2: E,-HL=E 2 Pigg -mb= 22 Y 28 2 0+0+3-02=5 +0+0 28 2 2 276m 2 2g v= 7.359 m/s > actual or real velocity Theoretical velocity: w= (2H = J2(981)(3) v,=7.672 m/s > theoretical or ideal velocity v v Coefficient of velocity, C. = 7.359 Coefficient of velocity, C. = ——— ic velocity, C= => Or, using Eq. 6 - 6: \ ia-(4 ie Scanned with CamScanner> coefficient of velocity 63 x 0.959 > coefficient of discharge Problem 6 - 10 (CE May 1992) An orifice of 50 num square, with C= 0.6 is located on one side of a closed cylindrical tank as shown. An open mercury manometer indicates a pressure head of - 3007 300 mm Hg in the air at the top of the tank. If the upper 4 m of the tank is oil (sp. gr. = ¥ 0.80) and the remainder is water, determine the discharge through the orifice. Solution Q=CAJ2gH H=4+4(08) + (-0.3)(13.6) H=3.12 mof water Q=0.6 x (0.052 J2(9.81)8-12) Q= 0.01173 mys Problem 6 - 11 (CE May 1993) A steel barge; rectangular in plan, floats with a draft of 1.5 m. If the barge is 10 m long, 5 m wide, and 2 m deep, compute the time necessary to sink it to its top edge after opening a standard orifice, 180 mm in diameter, in its bottom Neglect the thickness of the vertical sides and assume C = 0.60. Scanned with CamScannerWhen the orifice is opened, the barge will sink a volume equal to the volume of water inside the barge. Since the cross-sectional area of the barge is constant and its thickness is negligible, the barge will sink to a depth equal to the depth of water that goes in. Thus the head over the orifice, being submerged, is kept constant at 1.5 m. ‘The barge will sink to its top when x= 0.5m. Volume = (Qt Volume = 5(10)(0.5) Volume = 25 m3 Q=CARgH Q=0.6 4 (0.18)? f2(9.81)(15) = 0.08283 m*/s 25 = 0.08283 t t = 301.83 sec = 5.03 min Problem 6 - 12 Calculate the discharge through a 90-mm-diameter sharp edged orifice in the figure shown, Assume C = 0.65 Solution Q=CA 2gH 24 9810.90 =5,718 m H=3+ Q=0.65 x 3 (0.0902 x J2(9.81)(5.718) = 0.0438 m?/s = 43.8 L/s Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 13 (CE May 2001) Water flows through an- orifice at the vertical side of a large tank under a constant head of 2.4 m. How far horizontally from the vena contracta will the jet strikes the ground 15 m below the orifice? Solution 2 = rita Q-— 8 . 20,7 cos? 9 y=-15m m= (29H v= f2981)(24) = 6.862 m/s 981x? 2(6.862)? cos? 0° -1.5 =x tan 0°- x=3.79m Problem 6 - 14 (CE May 1998) A large cylindriéal steel tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two layers of liquid. The bottom layer is water 2 meters deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is not known to a depth of 1 meter. A 50 mm diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated one meter from the bottom of the tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 2.75 m horizontally away from the vena contracta. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the top layer. Solution %= Co 23H H=1+1() H=1+s From y= x tan0- outezt0 9.81(2.75)” -1=275 tan 0°- — 20,” cos? 0° Y= 6.09 m/s Scanned with CamScanner6.09 = 0.98 4/2(9.81)H 11= 1,968 m H=1+s= 1968 $= 0.968 Problem 6-15 A large closed cylindrical stecl tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level ground contains two layers of liquid. ‘The bottom layer is water 2 meters deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is not known, toa depth of 1 meter. The air space at the top is pressurized to 16 kPa above atmosphere. A 50-mm-diameter orifice with a coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated one meter from the bottom of the tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 3.5 m horizontally away from the vena contracta. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid at the top layer. Solution From the trajectory: . gx bn ater 8 Do,teoa 6 o=0 9.81(3.5)7 2, cos? 09 = 7.75 m/s -l=0- Ve= Coy 28H 7.75 = 0.98 [20811 H=3.19m 16 H=1+16)+ 22 =3, 6) + Spy 73.19 = 056 Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 16. (CE Board) A jet is issued from the side of a tank under a constant head of 3 m, The side of the tank has an inclination of 1H to 1V. The total depth of water in the tank is 6.70 m. Neglecting air resistance and assuming C, = 1.0, determine the following: (@)_ the maximum height to which the jet will rise, @) the point it strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m below the bottom of the tank, and (0) the velocity of the jet as it strike the ground. Solution 0» = Cof2gH vs v6= (1) J2(981)(3) = 7.672 m/s (2) Maximum height (at point 1, vy = 0) From physics, DPF Va? - 2gy = (7.672 sin 45°)? - 2(9.81) yx =15m > maximum height above the orifice, (¥) Point is strike the ground (at point 2, y2 = -4.9 m) From physics: gx? 20,7 cos? 0 (9.81).x57 2(7.672)" cos* 0,167 x2 - x -4.9=0 | x2=9.18m > horizontal distance from the orifice y=xtan0- 4.9 = x2 tan 45° - Scanned with CamScanner(0) Velocity of the jet as it strikes the ground: Work-energy equation between O and 2: KEp+Wy=KE WX igewnen Mog g 2 2 ESE. 449 = U2. 2(9.81) 2g v= 1245 ays Problem 6 - 17 Determine the diameter of an orifice that permits a tank of horizontal cross- section 1.5 m? to have its liquid surface draw down at the rate of 160 mm/s for a 3.35: head on the orifice. Use C= 0.63. Solution The discharge through the orifice is equal to the tank's cross-sectional area times the draw down rate. Q= Arent x Baraw dou Q=1.5 x 0.16 = 0.24 mi/s 1Q= CA. j2gH ] 0.24 = 0.63 x 3 D2 /2g(3.35) D = 0.245 m = 245 mm Problem 6 - 18 A 75-mm-diameter orifice discharges 1.812 m® of liquid (sp. gr. = 1.07) in 82.2 seconds under a 2.75 m head. The velocity at the vena con’ racta is determined by Pitot static tube with a coefficient of 1.0. The manomet-r liquid is acetylene telrabromide having a sp. gr. of 2.96 and the gage difference is 1.02. Determine the three orifice coefficients. Solution ‘The actual velocity of flow usinig Pitot static tube is given by: pe) v=G)2s Scanned with CamScannerp= Pitot tube coefficient R= gage reading p. gr. of the gage liquid $= sp. gr. of the liquid flowing v=G agn{ S21] v=10 ag(t.00 (226 -i) 0 = 5.9455 m/s. Theoretical velocity through the orifice: v= f2gH = J2(9.81)(2.75) v= 7.3454 m/s Coefficient of velocity, C= = , Coefficient of velocity, Cy = = Coefficient of velocity, C, = 0.809 Theoretical discharge: Ao J2gH = % (0.075)? f2(9.81)(2.75) Q: = 0.03245 m/s Coefficient of discharge, C= a , a 0.0220 Coefficient of discharge, C= 292208 toe Be C= 08245 Coefficient of discharge, C= 0.6792 Scanned with CamScannerCoefficient of contraction: [c=CxG] 0.6792 = C, x 0.809 C. = 0.8396 Problem 6 - 19 (CE November 1999) A closed cylindrical tank 5 m high contains 2.5 m-of water. A 100-mm circular orifice is situated 0.5 m from its bottom. What air pressure must be maintained in the air space in order to discharge water at 10 hp. Solution Power = QyE Power = (Av) y 2 25 3 = ae 10(746) = 4 (01) (810) v= 1238 m/s v= J2gH =1238 H=782m i P =2+ 2 = 782 Hf 981 p=57.09 kPa Problem 6 - 20 Aconcrete culvert 1.2 m in diameter and 5 m long conveys flood water. Both ends of the culvert are submerged and the difference in water level upstream and downstream is 2.40 m. Calculate the discharge assuming C = 0.61. Solution Q=CA 29H Q=061 x ¥ (1.27 J20.81)(24) Q= 4.734 m/s Scanned with CamScannerSonar Frere Problem 6 - 21 It is desired to divert 5.1 m3/s water from a pool whose water surface elevation is 45 m, to an adjacent pond whose water surface elevation is 42 m by means of a short concrete culvert 8 m long and with both ends submerged. What size of culvert is needed assuming C = 0.58? Solution Q=CA 23H H=45-42=3m 5.1 = 0.58 x 3 (Df2(9.81)(3) D=121m Problem 6 - 22 A 75-ram-diameter orifice discharges 23.41 liters per second of liquid under a head of 2.85 m. The diameter of the jet at the vena contracta is found by callipering to be 66.25 mm. Calculate the three orifice coefficients. Solution Coefficient of contraction: 2 q=2e5. A D _ 86.257 757 C.=0.78 Ce Coefficient of discharge: Q ce Qr Actual discharge, Q = 23.41 L/s Theoretical discharge, Qr= A J2gH Theoretical discharge, Qr= + (0.075)? (2(9.81)(2.85) Scanned with CamScannerTheoretical discharge, Qr = 0.033 m3/s = 33 1./s ca Bal 33 C= 0.709 Coefficient of contraction: C=GxG 0.709 = C. x 0.78 C.= 0.909 Problem 6 - 23 A standard short tube 100 in diameter discharges water under a head of 4.95 m. A small hole, tapped in the side of the tube 50 mm from the entrance, is connected with the upper end of the piezometer tube the lower end of which is submerged in a pan of mercury. Neglecting vapor pressure, to what height will the mercury rise in the tube? Also determine the absolute pressure.at the upper end of the piezometer tube. Solution Note: For standard short tubes, the pressure head at point near the entrance is -0.82H. See page 277. Ps = -o.82H Po = 9,82(4.95) = 4.059 t Pa = -4.059(9.81) a= -39.82 kPa Neglecting vapor pressure: Pa. 3982 Ym 981x136 Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 24 A Borda’s mouthpiece 150 mm in diameter discharges water under a head of 3 m. Determine the discharge in m/s and the diameter of the jet at the vena contracta. Solution Under ideal conditions, the coefficients of a Borda’s mouthpiece are C, = 0.5 and C,= 1.0. See page 293. Diameter at vena contracta: a=GA $@=050x $150)? 4=106.1 mm Discharge: Q= CA 2g C=OxG C=05x1.0= 0.50 Q=05x £ (0.157 J2(9.81)(3) Q= 0.0678 mys Problem 6-25 Oil discharges from a pipe through a sharp-crested round orifice as shown in the figure. ‘The coefficients of contraction and velocity are 0.62 and 0.98, respectively. Calculate the discharge through the orifice and the diameter and actual velocity in the jet. Scanned with CamScannerEnergy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost (theoretical): E,=E2 mM ye ay ag UY 2¢ Ho 2 borg Bh ge — Set —, +0 n?9(030)$ oy x? (0.075) 260197 = > Eq. (1) Sum-up pressure head from 3 to 1 in meters of oil: P3 3, Pa 73 +0188 -0.75 = at 018 8 na Pt 22:23 mofoil Y In Bq. (1): 260107 = 2.13 : Q; = 0.0286 > Theoretical discharge (since HL is neglected) Actual discharge, Q = CQr= C, C, Qr Actual discharge, Q = 0.62 x 0.98 x 0.0286 Actual discharge, Q = 0.0174 m?/s = 17.4 Ls Scanned with CamScannerActual velocity: Theoretical velocity, vr = Theoretical velocity, or = = 6474 m/s Actual velocity, 0 = C7, Actual velocity, » = 0.98(6.474) Actual velocity, v = 6.344 m/s Another Solution: The Discharge through this type of orifice is given by: , where C= coefficient of discharge Aq area of the orifice P1 & pressure head at 1 in meters or feet of the fluid flowing. D = diameter of orifice Dy, = diameter of pipe C=C x C,= 0.62 x 0.98 C= 0.6076 2.81213) Q = 0.6076 x 4 (0.075)? Q= 0.0174 m*/s = 17.4 L/s Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 26 : Oil flows through a pipe as shown in the figure. Determine the discharge of oil in the pipe assuming C = 0.63. Solution QAO Energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost (theoretical): Fy = Ea P2 =o tO ht ng(0.250)' = ¥ x?9(0.100)3 oy 805 Qr2= 7 : 2 > Eq. (1) Sum-up pressure head from 1 to 2.in meters of oil: PL 4740.35 - 0.35198 -2= 22 7 Y Pu P2 24.881 mof oil 7 Y In Eq. (1): 805 Q;?= 4.881 Qr = 0.07787 m3/s Actual discharge, Q = C Qr = 0.63(0.07787) Actual discharge; Q = 0.0491 m/s = 49.1 L/s Scanned with CamScannerwhere C= coefficient of discharge Ay = area of the orifice Pi = pressure head at 1 in meters or feet of the fluid flowing ¥ P2 = pressure head at 2 in meters or feet of the fluid flowing Y Ap= area of pipe Ac/ Ap = (Do/ Dp? 06x 2a 2OSDER8D Q=0.63 x 4 (0.1) i TerF - {fa Q= 0.0491 m?/s Q=49.1 Ys Problem 6 - 27 A15-m-diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3 m high contains 2.5 m of water. A 100-mm-diameter circular sharp-edged orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C= 0.60. (a) How long will it take to lower the water level to 1 m deep after pening the orifice? (b) How long will it take to empty the tank? Scanned with CamScannerSolution Since the cross-sectional area of the tank is constant, we can use Eq. 6 - 27. “2A =) H, ts mae Vr - Fr] 225m er bi . 7 _ eS im + & aes -vi5) t= 98.4 seconds Problem 6 - 28 ‘A 100-mm-diameter orifice on the side of a tank 1.83 m in diameter, draws the surface down from 2.44 m to 1.22 m above the orifice in 83.7 seconds. Calculate the discharge coefficient? Solution Since the ia vary, the flow is unsteady. a ie (Win - Vm] Cx4(0.100)" /2(9.81) (va | C=0.8265 t= Problem 6- 29 (CE May 1999) ‘An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 nr high contains 6 m of water and 4 m of oil (sp. gr. = 0.8): Find the time to empty the tank through a 100- mm diameter orifice at the bottom. Assume C; = 0.9 and C, = 0.98. Scanned with CamScannercafig (0.9% 0.98) $ (0.1)? 20981) 2A CATE Time to empty the water: Hi =6 + 4(0.8) =9.2 I= 4(0.8) = 3.2m 4=819.1(Y92 al 4 = 1019.3 sec = 819.1 ‘Tinie to empty the oil: = fh=0 f= 819.1 (/4 - V0) = 1638.2 sec Total time to empty = fr + fy = 2657.5 sec Total time to empty = 44.3 min Problem 6 - 30 A tank circular in cross-section is 10 m high. It takes 10 minutes to empty it through a hole at the bottom when the tank is full of water at the start. How long will it take to drop the upper 6 m of water. Solution 'H, EE tl Vi] KWH J] £10 min from’ Hy = 10 m to Hz = Om 10= K[Vi0 - v0] K=3.162 Scanned with CamScannert=? from Hi; = 10 to Hz = 10-6=4 t=3.162\i0-V4] .675 minutes Problem 6 - 31 ‘The initial head on an orifice was 9 m and when the flow was terminated the head was measured at 4m. Under what constant head H would the same orifice discharge the same volume of water in the same interval of time? Solution Under variable head: Gag Nin) TaD Cae 2 pe Choy28. 9m 4 Under constant head: ‘i Volume = Qt 2A, (9-4) = CA 2, AQ ~4) = CA 28H ois 5=2VH H=6.25m Problem 6 - 32 (CE Board 1991) ‘A vertical cylindrical tank has an orifice for its outlet. When the water surface» in the tank is 5 m above the orifice, the surface can be lowered 4 m in 20 minutes, What uniform air pressure must be applied at the surface if the same volume of water is to be discharged in 10 minutes? Scanned with CamScanner2, CA, te “i im - Jt] ‘ IetK= — eK Fi In Figure (a): #=20 min H,=5m; H,=1m ex a] oneness 20= K\5 - Vi] oarwr K=16.18 In Figure (b): = 10 min Het c= Pe. ar H=5+ 24 =54¢ 7 Hy=1+ 2 e140 Y Figure (b) t=K|JH, - Ji] time = 10 min 10 = 16.18 V5+e -vi+e] V5+¢ =0618+ Vi+e Squaring both sides: 5+c=03819 +1236 Vive +146 Vive = 29273 Squaring both sides: 1+c=8569 c= 7.569 m= Pa. Y Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 33 (CE 1992) A. composite non-prismatic 5-m-high cylindrical tank shown has a frustum of a cone at the bottom with upper base diameter 2.5 m, 1.25-m-diameter at the bottom, and 2 m high. The bottom contains 100-mm-diameter sharp edged orifice with coefficient of discharge of 0.60. If fully filled to the top, determine the time to empty the tank in‘minutes. ‘Solution The cross sectional area from level 1 to level 2 is constant. 0 otis WJ] A.= £(25)= 4.91 mt CA 2g = 06x $0.1)? 28 C Ae 2g = 0.02087 My=9m;, Ih=4m 2(4.91) 8 Re [v9 - va] = 470.5 sec From level 2 to level 3: “A, dh b= ——_—__ Jy CA, f2ght 4 A 3.35 =n 0.625 0.625 = 0.625 +x X 065 095 p h 4; IK : ; ‘| 7 = 0.625 + O25 b= 06% (4 + hy ¥ As= nf 2925 (a + h)P 0.0767(16 + 8h + A?) 0.0767(16 + 8h+h?)dh CA, J2¢vh Scanned with CamScanner4 2 re f Q.O767(16-+ Bk + HVA 5 gos Cit? 2 4 43/2) lo 0.02087 Vi 0 : ‘ =3.675[16(2)n"/? +8507? 4315? | ° = 3,675 32(4)"7? + 36(4)/? 4 24/2] fr = 439.04 sec Total time to empty, t= ft + tr Total time to empty, t = 470.5 + 439.04 Total time to empty, t = 909.54 sec = 15.16 minutes Problem 6 - 34 A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone 1.50 m in diameter and the bottom, 3-m-diameter at the top, and 3,5 m high, is full of water. A sharp- edged orifice with C = 0.62 is located at the bottom of the tank, What diameter of orifice is needed to empty the tank in eight minutes? Solution As dh in, Ge Q,= CA, J2gH H=h Q) = 0.62A, f2gh Ac= wR? R=0754+x te R=075+ Bh R= 9BQ5+h) Ac= nf 93 3.5 +A)P .144(12.25 + 7h +h?) t= 8 min = 480 sec Scanned with CamScannerHy, 235m; H2=0 . ia t 0.144(12.25 47h +h? )dh _ Jp _062A,f209.81)vh 5 fre 1/2 4 7h? 4 13/2 )th = 9154.24, fo 2 35 9154.24, = [ase +r +2wr| 3 5” do ons.2A,=|25¢33)'” +Ze5? +2e9°7]-0 As = 00094486 m? = 4 D? D = 0.1097 m= 109.7 mm Probiem 6 - 35 -A sharp-edged orifice 100-mm in diameter, in the side of a tank having a horizontal cross-section 2 m square, discharges water under a constant head. ‘The rate of inflow over which the head was kept constant is suddenly changed from 20 lit/sec to 30 lit/s. How long will it take, after this change occurs, for the head to become 2 meters? The coefficient of discharge may be considered constant and equal to 0.60. Solution Qour = CA J2gH = 0.60 x 4 (0.10)? /2(9.81)k Qout = 0.02087 hi/? Solving for fn: Since the head was kept constant when Qin = 20 L/s, therefore Qout = 20 L/s = 0.02 m?/s Qout 0.02087 /y1/? = 0.02 hy = 0.918 m Scanned with CamScanner‘a Pda nesta eek Wana merry anaTCT When the inflow was suddenly changed to 30 L/s: pe [Aaa i, Qin ~ Qeut .03 m/s Quat = 0.02087 h'/? Aj=2x2=40 Hy =f = 0.918m n= h= 2m x f 4dh = i 4dh Jong 0.03 ~ 0,02087h1/2 logis (0-02087)(1.437 —n'/?) 2 t= 191.66 ) ele loons 1.437 -A'/? Let 1437-h'/?=x 437 -x 37 - x)? dh = 2(1.437 ~ x)(-dzx) = -2(1.437 - x)dx When h 918; x = 0.479 When h = 2; x = 0.0229 ours i= 10186 f 201497 — 2) 10.479 x 0.0229 = -383.32 f (= de~ ) oars x 0.0229 . -385.32[1 437 nx —x ] oars = -383,32{(1.437/(In0,0229 -In 0.479) - (0.0229 -0.479)] t= 1,500 sec = 25 minutes Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 36 The rectangular tank shown is divided by a partition into two chambers and provided with a round 150-mm-diameter sharp-cdged orifice at the lower portion of the partition. At a certain instant, the level in chamber B is 3 m higher than it is in chamber A. How long will it take for the water surfaces in the two chambers to be at the same level? Assume C = 0.62 Chamber A chamber A |] ‘Chamber & : ‘ Solution fA dt 30-23 ——4 Q= CA, J2gH dH = diy + dH [avy = dV] Ag dH = Aa dHa As dH, = 2 dH LL As : dH= fan, +dH2= Scanned with CamScannerSee oe sepsis Anka 2 a > Formula cA, aE {is Aa tAg When Aj and Ay are constant: Hy te Aote 1 aaa An +Asz Chyy2e Ju, Ande 1 al 1/2 it =o 2H Ag + Ag CA, J2¢ H, ~ Ande i= ate wae Yq] > Formula Ay = initial head = 3 m He = final head = 0m Aa = cross-sectional area of tank 1 = 3 x 2= 6 m? Ag = cross-sectional area of tank 2 = 7.5 x 2= 15 m? = 6(15) 7 = 6+15 mae 4) t= 305.91 seconds Problem 6 - 37 Two vertical cylindrical tanks 1 and 2 having diameters 2 m and 3 m, respectively, are connected with a 200-mm-diameter tube at its lower portion, and having C = 0.60. When the tube is closed, the water surface in tank 1 is 5 meters above tank 2. How long will it take after opening the tube, for the water surface in tank 2 to rise by 1 meter? Scanned with CamScannerVie Ve FP y= FG) y= 225m Hyty+1=5 =5-1-2.25 #=1.75m AnArg 2 \H- Jil Ag+ Ag CA,y2¢ Hi=5m Aa= 4 (2P=nne Aa= $(3)?= 2.250 m? CAo 2g = 0.60 x + (0.20)2-V2(981) : CAo/2g = 0.0835 n(2.25n) 2 | = 2%") _2_ [6 _ Viz f= Tr2.25n 0.0835 Ms | t= 47.57 seconds Problem 6 - 38 (CE November 2000) A vertical rectangular water tank is divided into two chambers whose horizontal sections are 3 m? and 5 m®, respectively. The dividing wall is provided with a 100 mm x 100 mm square hole located 0.5 m from the bottom and whose coefficient of discharge is 0.60. Initially there is 5 m deep of water in the smaller chamber and 1 m deep of water in the larger chamber. What is the difference in the water level in the two chambers after 2 minutes? Scanned with CamScannerFrom the formula: Ande _ 2 (aa tart Aa Caddie VF: -vit) Hyehy=am Hr=hn=? f= min = 120 see - 28 __2 - 20 345 0.6(0.1x0.1)f2¢ \e- Jia) fy =132m Problem 6 - 39 In the figure shown, how long does it take to raise the water surface inthe tank by 2 meters? The right side of the figure is a large reservoir of constant water surface clevation. Solution Aa= $6? Ag = 2.25n me Aa=0 Hh=4m H,=2m Scanned with CamScanneres ELIMI ig Cae [le - JF t= 79,35 seconds Problem 6 - 40 (CE Board) A swimming pool 15 m long, 10 m wide, and 3 m deep at one end and 1.6 m on the other end is fitted with a drain pipe 200 mm in diameter at the lowest part the pool. Compute the time required to drain the full content of the poo! assuming C = 0.80. Solution Time from level 1 to level 2 (constant water surface area) ie Win -ViE | Scanned with CamScannerCAoY2g = 080 x 2 (0.209 2g CA. 2g = 0.111 Ac = 10x15 = 150 m? Wi=3m Ih=14m ty = 250) fg fa ot = 14833 seconds Time from level 2 to level 3: "AS dh Mi CAny2gh As= 10x he (on A. = 10(10,714h) = 107-14) Cho 2gh = 0.80 x £ (0.20) f2gh CAaJ2gh = 0.111k2 hy Ing 14 o- [ 14 = 965.225 frre if 107.14 dh oaiial/? 4 = 966. 22s 2 ery’ 3 oO = 965.225 3 (1.4/2. 0) ty = 1066 seconds Total time to empty, t= f+ = 1483.3 + 1066 Total time to empty, f = 2549.3 seconds = 42.49 minutes Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 42 (CE Board) ' A horizontal 150 mm diameter pipe gradually reduces its section to 50 mm diameter, subsequently enlarging into 150 mm section, ‘The pressure in the 150 -mm pipe at a point just before entering the reducing section is 140 kPa and in the 50 mm section at the end of the reducer, the pressure is 70 kPa. If 600 mm of head is lost between the points where the pressures are known, compute the rate of flow of water through the pipe. Solution A=Q=Q Energy equation between 1 and 2: E,-HL= FE, 2 2 oy Pas e+ Ban 2g ag. Se oe 7? (9.81)(0.15) 9.81 x°(9.81)(0.05)' 9.81 13057Q2 = 6.5356 Q= 0.0224 m/s = 22.4 1/s Problem 6 - 43 A 150 mm diameter horizontal Venturi meter is installed in a 450-mm- diameter water main. The deflection of mercury in the differential manometer connected from the inlet to the throat is 375 mm. (a) Determine the discharge neglecting head lost. (1) Compute the discharge if the head lost from the inlet to the throat is 300 mm of water, and (:) what is the meter coefficient? Scanned with CamScannerProblem 6 - 41 (CE May 2003) A sluice gate flows into a horizontal channel as. shown in the Figute. Determine the flow through the gate per meter width when y= 1,0 m and di = 6 m. Assume that the pressure distribution at sections 1 and 2 to be atmospheric and neglect friction losses in the channel. Use coefficient of contraction C. = 0.85 and coefficient of velocity C, = 0.95. Solution ho Gxy d= 0.85 x 1=0.85m Energy equation between © and © neglecting losses: Consider 1 m length of gate [Hi = He] 2 a Se 46 e 22 +085 28 2g 2p? Pe 2515 2g ve-v1= 101.043 > Eq. (1) [Qi = Q] (6 x 1) = (0.85 x on y= 0.141702 In Eq, (1): vz - (0.141702)? = 101.043 0.97993 v3? = 101.043; v2 = 10.154 m/s Actual velocity at @, v, ="Cy v2 = 0.95(10.154) = 9.6467 m/s Discharge = Az v4 = (0.85 x 1)(9.6467) = 8.2 m/s per meter * Scanned with CamScanner