subramanyam

ABSTRACT:
Solar Mobile Chargers use
solar panels to charge cell
phone batteries. They can be
used
when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be
used as a conventional
charger by
plugging into an electrical
outlet. Some chargers have
an internal rechargeable
battery
which is charged in sunlight
and then used to charge a
phone while others charge
the
phone directly. It can be
used in various applications
and has a lot of features.
Relatively
small size and can be used
anywhere (portability).
Requires no electrical start-
up power.
Higher efficiency than
photovoltaic systems of the
same size.
subramanyam
ABSTRACT:
Solar Mobile Chargers use
solar panels to charge cell
phone batteries. They can be
used
when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be
used as a conventional
charger by
plugging into an electrical
outlet. Some chargers have
an internal rechargeable
battery
which is charged in sunlight
and then used to charge a
phone while others charge
the
phone directly. It can be
used in various applications
and has a lot of features.
Relatively
small size and can be used
anywhere (portability).
Requires no electrical start-
up power.
Higher efficiency than
photovoltaic systems of the
same size.
subramanyam
ABSTRACT:
Solar Mobile Chargers use
solar panels to charge cell
phone batteries. They can be
used
when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be
used as a conventional
charger by
plugging into an electrical
outlet. Some chargers have
an internal rechargeable
battery
which is charged in sunlight
and then used to charge a
phone while others charge
the
phone directly. It can be
used in various applications
and has a lot of features.
Relatively
small size and can be used
anywhere (portability).
Requires no electrical start-
up power.
Higher efficiency than
photovoltaic systems of the
same size.
subramanyam
ABSTRACT:
Solar Mobile Chargers use
solar panels to charge cell
phone batteries. They can be
used
when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be
used as a conventional
charger by
plugging into an electrical
outlet. Some chargers have
an internal rechargeable
battery
which is charged in sunlight
and then used to charge a
phone while others charge
the
phone directly. It can be
used in various applications
and has a lot of features.
Relatively
small size and can be used
anywhere (portability).
Requires no electrical start-
up power.
Higher efficiency than
photovoltaic systems of the
same size.
subramanyam
ABSTRACT:
Solar Mobile Chargers use
solar panels to charge cell
phone batteries. They can be
used
when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be
used as a conventional
charger by
plugging into an electrical
outlet. Some chargers have
an internal rechargeable
battery
which is charged in sunlight
and then used to charge a
phone while others charge
the
phone directly. It can be
used in various applications
and has a lot of features.
Relatively
small size and can be used
anywhere (portability).
Requires no electrical start-
up power.
Higher efficiency than
photovoltaic systems
ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION TO SOLAR MOBILE
CHARGER ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Mobile and other smart devices keep on running all the
time anywhere and everywhere, draining its battery.
Recharging mobiles need certain time and suitable place.
Sudden shutdown of mobile phones due to lack of charge.
creates huge embargo for people who is in rush to
workplace, market, school, college, office, train and bus
station and so on. It would be great if we could facilitate
these people with instant smart device changing
opportunity to renewable energy harvesting, which they
can avail whenever they need, on the go. Several
researches have been done so far to full fill this issue of
providing itinerant charging facility to smart devices.
Among those developments, some are portable while
others are stable large charging stations but the common
feature among those is that power generation of these
systems are fully or partially based on one or more
renewable resources of energy for example solar, wind,
hand crank generator driven by physical movement etc.
Most of these are for public use but some can be intended
for commercial purpose too.
 CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Solar Mobile Chargers use solar panels to charge cell phone
batteries. They can be used when no electricity supply is
available. Some can also be used as a conventional charger by
plugging into an electrical outlet. Some chargers have an
internal rechargeable battery which is charged in sunlight and
then used to charge a phone while others charge the phone
directly. It can be used in various applications and has a lot of
features. Relatively small size and can be used anywhere
(portability). Requires no electrical start-up power. Higher
efficiency than photovoltaic systems of the same size.

Fig :1.1.1 Solar Mobile charger

CHAPTER-2
 CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLAR MOBILE CHARGER

The Hardware Components are used in the

construction:

1. Solar panel
2. voltage Regulator
3. Resistors
4. Switch
5. Output jack

2.1 Solar Panel:

A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight

directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes
the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended
specifically to capture energy from sunlight such as solar
panels and solar cells, while the term photovoltaic cell is used
when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are
used to make solar panels, solar modules, and photovoltaic
arrays. Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research
related to the application of solar cells in producing
electricity for practical use. An alternative charger circuit is
also provided to charge the mobile by house hold general
purpose 230V in the absence of the sun light, the solar panel
can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system
to generate and supply electricity commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its de output power
under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges
from 100 to 320 watts.

Simple explanation:

 Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed

by semiconducting material, wick as silicon.
 Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from
their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material
to produce electricity. Due to the special composition of
solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in a
single direction
 An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a
unable amount of direct current (DC)electricity Photo
generation of charge carriers:

When a photon hits a piece of silicon, one of three things can

happen

1. The photon can pass straight through the silicon energy

photos
2. The photon can reflect off the surface.
3. The photon can be absorbed by the silicon, if the photon
energy is higher than the silicon hand gap value.
This generates an electron-hole pair and sometimes beat,
depending on the band structure.

When a photon is energy is given to an electron in the crystal

lattice. Usually this the valence band, and is tightly bound in
covalent bonds between neighbouring atoms, and hence
unable to move far. The energy given to it by the photon
"excites" it into the conduction band, where it is free to move
around within the semiconductor. The covalent bond that
the electron was previously a part of now has one fewer
electron- this is known as a hole The presence of a missing
covalent bound allows the loaded electrons of neighbouring
atoms to move into the hole leaving another hole behind and
in this way a hole can move through the lattice.

A photon need only greater energy than that of the band gap
in order to excite an electron from the valence band into the
conduction band. However, the solar frequency spectrum
approximates a black body spectrum at 6000k and as such
much of solar radiation reaching the earth is composed of
photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference
in energy between these photons and the silicon band gap is
converted into heat (via lattice vibrations-called photons)
rather than into usable electrical energy.
Charge carrier separation:

There are twin modes for charge carrier separation in a solar

cell:
1. Drift of carriers, driven by an electrostatic field established
across the device
2. Diffusion of carriers from zones of high carrier
concentration to zones of low carrier concentration
(following a gradient of electrochemical potential).
In the P-n junction solar cells the dominant mode of
charge is by diffusion. However, in thin films (such as
amorphous silicon) the main mechanism to move the charge
is the electric field and therefore the drift of carriers.
The p-n junction
Main articles: Semiconductor and p-n junction
The most commonly known solar cells is configured as a
large-area p-n junction made from silicon. As a simplification,
one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct
contact with a layer of p-type silicon. In practice, p-n
junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way, but
rather by diffusing an n-
type dopant into
one side of a p-type
wafer (or vice versa)
If a piece of p-type
silicon is placed in
intimate contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then a
diffusion of electrons occurs from the region of high electron
concentration the n-type side of the junction into the region
of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction)
When the electrons diffuse across the p-a junction, they
recombine with holes on the p-type side. The diffusion of
carriers does not happen indefinitely, however, because
charges build up on either side of the junction and create an
electric field. The electric field creates a diode that promotes
charge flow, known drift current, that opposes and
eventually balances out the diffusion of election and holes.
This region where electrons and holes have diffused across
the junction is called the depletion region because it no
longer contains any mobile charge carriers. It is also known
as the space charge region.

Fig :2.1.1 Solar Panel

2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR :
The Digi lab board can use any power supply that creates a
DC voltage between 6 and 12 volts. A 5V voltage regulator
(7805) is used to ensure that no more than 5V is delivered to
the Digi lab bound regardless of the voltage present at the
112 connector (provided that voltage is less than 12VDC).
The regulator functions by using a diode to clamp the output
voltage at SVDC regardless of the input voltage- excess
voltage is converted to heat and dissipated through the body
of the regulator. If a DC supply of greater than 12V is used,
excessive heat will be generated, and the board may be
damaged. If a DC supply of less than 5V is used, insufficient
voltage will be present at the regulators output.

If a power supply provides a voltage higher than 7 or 8 volts,

the regulator must dissipate significant heat. The "fin" on the
regulator body (the side that protrudes upward beyond the
main body of the part) helps to dissipate excess heat more
efficiently. If the board requires higher currents (due to the
use of peripheral devices or breadboard circuits), then the
regulator may need to dissipate more heat. In this case, the
regulator can be secured to the circuit board by fastening it
with a screw and nut (see below). By securing the regulator
tightly to the circuit board, excess heat can be passed to the
board and then radiated away
Features:
1. Output current in excess of 0.5A
2. No external components
3. Internal thermal overload protection
4. Internal short circuit current-limiting
5. Output transistor safe-area compensation
6.Output voltages of 5V, 12V and 15V

Fig:2.2.1 Voltage regulator

2.3 RESISTORS:
In general, a resistor is used to create a known voltage-to-
current ratio in an electric circuit. If the current in a circuit is
known, then a resistor can be used create a known potential
difference proportional to that current Conversely, if the
potential difference between two points in a circuit is known,
a resistor can be used to create a known current proportional
to that difference.

1. Current-limiting. By placing a resistor in series with

another component, such as a light-emitting diode the
current through that component is reduced to a known safe
value.
2. An attenuator is a network of two or more resistors (a
voltage divider) used to reduce the voltage of a signal.
3. All resistors dissipate heat This is the principle behind
electric heaters,
One of the common ways to reduce the voltage is by using a
resistor. A resistor reduces voltage by an amount
proportional to the value of the resistor (in Ohms) times the
current flow through the resistor. The formula (Ohms law) is:
VI x R. where Vis the voltage dropped across the resistor. I
am the current through the resistor in amps and R is the
value of the resistor in ohms.
At the early stages of the project, it was thought that a
mobile phone charging algorithm would have to be
implemented. Early research indicated that mobile phone
charging algorithm is employed on the phone itself and to
charge a mobile phone it is just a matter of supplying the
correct voltage to the charging input of the phone. It was
decided that the best way to verify the operation of a mobile
phone charger was to reverse engineer a commercial
charger.

2.4 SWITCH:

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can

break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or
diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar
form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical
device with one or more sets of electrical Contacts A switch
may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal
to a system, such is a computer keyboard button, or to
control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch.
Automatically-operated witches can be used to control the
motions of machines.
2.5 OUTPUT JACK:

Output jack in used to collect the output of our

circuit it gives an output of 3.6 volts output jack is
connected to mobile for the purpose of charging it.
 CHAPTER-3
WORKING OF A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The working of the circuit is simple. The output of the solar

panel is fed via diode IN5402 (DI). which acts as a polarity
guard and protects the solar panel. An ammeter connected in
series between diode D land fuse to measure the current
flowing during charging of the batteries. As in fig, we have
used analogue multi meter in 500Ma range
Diode D2 is used for protection against reverse polarity in
case of wrong connection of the lead- acid battery. When you
connect wrong polarity, the fuse will blow up. For charging a
lead-acid battery, shift switch St to 'on' position and use
connector "A. After you connect the battery. charging starts
from the solar panel via diode D1, multi meter and fuse.

Note that pulsating DC is the best for charging lead-acid

batteries,

Mobile phones becoming the major source of

business/personal communication, the mobile phone
business is currently worth billion of dollars, and supports
millions of phones. The need to provide a public charging
service essential Many critics argued that a public mobile
phone.
charging service is not a lucrative business because most
users can charge their phones at home in their office or in
their ears. Coin Operated Mobile Phone Charger is a new
business milestone because many are attending business
conventions and forgetting their charger at home or in hotel.
rooms Students and many that use the public transportation
that don't know that their level of their battery is low are
prospective customers for coin operated mobile phone
charger service Recommended locations include: Hotels,
conference centers, exhibition halls, serviced offices,
exchange halls, motel, leisure centers, bealth clubs, training
centers, golf clubs, retail outlets. shopping malls, Internet
cafes, universities, colleges, hull of residence, airports, train
terminals, etc. so that the mobile phone users can reactivate
a low or dead battery by simply plugging in and charging for
one more. Here is a design based on ATMEL 8951 a 10-pm
micro controller that does the countdown timing for a period
of 3 mints with LCD displays showing the actual time left.
During the timing period a relay output is latched and a
flashing led indicates timing in progress
The solar panels produce same direct current that we cannot
be used in household appliances. The solar panel system will
power the load whenever sun is shining strongly enough and
the system will stop when it is not. In sky weather solar panel
supply so much electricity to the battery that at overcharges
When this happens, the acid and water mixture in the battery
decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen Reducing the acid
level and eventually destroying the battery if not stopped. On
the other hand, if there is not much sun or we have been too
amlutions for electricity, more will be drawn from the battery
then the solar panel capable of replacing This makes the
battery go flat. The battery will no longer electricity supply
until we will recharge. In simple system either overcharge or
flatten the battery- both reduce the battery life. To solve this
problem, we add a package of electronics known as charge
controller. This controller prevents the solar panel from ever
charging the battery during the sunny weather as well as
protecting the hattery from going flat a can protect the
battery in this way by automatically disconnecting the load
from the battery. Systems as shown in above figure but
including charge controller can work and have been used in
many applications.
Applications:

1. Relatively small size allows mobile use (ideal for camping

and other recreation)
2. System requires no electrical start-up power
3. Solar concentrator can be used with any heat source
4. Higher efficiency than photovoltaic (PV) systems of the
same scale
5. Ability to recharge AA batteries anytime and anywhere
there in sunlight
6 Low maintenance, emission-free and environmentally-
friendly power source

Features:

1. Versatile and effective solar concentrator (numerous

available heat sources)
2. Charges (1) standard capacity AA Nickel-metal hydride cell
(NIMH) in 4-8 hours
3. Outputs constant rate of charging current
4. Intelligent battery charging
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE:

1.To make sure we have plenty of energy in the future, it's up

to all of us to use energy wisely
2. We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also
up to those who will create the new energy technologies of
the future.
3. All energy sources have an impact on the environment.
Concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming,
air pollution, and energy security have led to increasing
interest and more development in renewable energy sources
such as solar, wind, geothermal wave power and hydrogen
4. In solar mobile charger ripples will not be there as we use
DC power directly to charge the mobile
5. Battery life is more as high voltages are not developed.
6. Versatility of Solar mobile charger is high
7. Life of the battery will be high as we use solar mobile
charger.
8. Adaptability is high.
REFERENCES:
1. Rhodes, Christopher J. Solar Energy Principles and
Possibilities.
2 Higgins James M Solar Energy May Soon Power Our Homes,
Offices Buildings
Automobiles, and iPods.
3. Childress, Vincent W Solar Power the Solution.
4. Marshall Cavendish Science and Technology.
5. Ozzie Zehner. The Dirty Secret of Clean Energy and the
Future of Environmentalism
6. David Eliot Technology for a Sustainable Future
7. Mire), Diana Solar Power Investments Can Offer Long-Term
Savings in Energy Costs.
8. Frank N. Laird Technology Policy, and Institutional Values.
9 www.solarbuzz.com/going-solar
10. www.solarserver.com/knowledge