Master on Electrical

Vehicle Technologies

Emmagatzematge i Conversió d’Energia (ECE)

Energy Conversion and Storage

ECE Course Outline ECE

o Lecture 1: Power and Energy.

o Lecture 2: Energy Storage Technologies.

o Lecture 3: Battery Modeling.

o Lecture 4: Fuel Cells.

o Lecture 5: Energy Storage Management.

o Lecture 6: Chargers, Connectors and Standards.

o Lecture 7: Battery Charging Topologies.

o Lecture 8: Battery Management Systems.

o Related Homework: Problems 1 and 2 of Assignment 1.

ECE Course Outline 2



Lecture 1. Power and Energy ECE

o Power and Energy Concepts.

o Definition of power and energy.

o Power and energy needs in EVs.

o The range problem.

o Examples of current storage technologies.

o Assignment 1 - Problems and Homeworks.

o Problem 1: Driving Cycle HWFET.

o Problem 2: Specific Energy.

Lecture 1 Outline 3


Power and Energy ECE

Electric Power

ill

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Power and Energy ECE

Instantaneous Power and (average) power

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Power and Energy ECE

Energy 1Wh 3600W s 3600J

if pH

+
Htt

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E pHolt pH periodic E FTde Pt

Units Ws ks.sn s kgsjI N.m J

Power and Energy ECE

Energy

Power and Energy ECE

Mechanical Power and Energy

Force F = 
off m
F ma kg.mg

F F d

Work W =  F d kg.ms
fJ ENERGY n

P F v

Energy is equivalent to Work: E = W
II

Power P = 
g Ez C Hw

ageleration traditor

Taffies

In a vehicle:
g mass

ofthevehicle

Power and Energy Needs ECE

Mechanical Power and Energy

• This is a feedback system, where the controller is the driver.

• The reference is the driving cycle.

• Sizing and management of energy storage components. 

Power and Energy Needs ECE

Driving Cycle (EPA75)

• 30 min.

• Distance

17.77 km

11.04 miles

time Cs • Avg. Speed

34.11 km/h

21.2 mph

• Max. Speed

91 km/h

56.7 mph

https://www.epa.gov/vehicle‐and‐fuel‐emissions‐testing/dynamometer‐drive‐schedules 10


Power and Energy Needs ECE

E FIFE

Driving Cycle (EPA75)

100
is

• Nissan Leaf 

II Eespeed of vehicle
Sized Example

50

0
0
it
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Dissipative braking

Average Power
40

pal 7.5 kW (219 Wh/km)

20

ANNA

-20 Regenerative braking

Average Power
-40

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

3.7 kW (108 Wh/km)
Time (s)

11


Power and Energy Needs ECE

Needs in an Hybrid Vehicle

• The hybrid requires large instantaneous power but small energy storage.

40

20 pH

0 P

-20 sufficedby

-40
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Suffusedby

eHl fPdt
2.5

eH fpHdt

1.5

0.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time (s)

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Power and Energy Needs ECE

Needs in an Hybrid Vehicle

• The hybrid requires large instantaneous power but small energy storage.

FromESS

40

µ pal

20

0 p

-20
y

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1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

Energysupplied by ESS

f 100Wh

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p

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tEnergy storedin ESS

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1450 1500 1550 1600 1650

Time (s)

13


Power and Energy Needs ECE

Needs in a Plug‐in Electric Vehicle

• The plug‐in vehicle requires large instantaneous power and also large 

energy storage.

40

18km drive

20

0
Iv

2kWh
-20

-40

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

2.5

1.5

0.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Time (s)

14


Power and Energy Needs ECE

Electric and Mechanical Parts

FtLO

Ft O

• The electric drive consists of the AC Machine + Inverter.

• The power command corresponds to some torque.

• The voltage and current feeding the electric drives comes from the ESS.

• Regenerative braking implies current in both directions.

15


Power and Energy Needs ECE

ICE Tankto wheel efficiency

Driving Cycle (EPA75) EV Bat to wheel efficiency R

• Average power with dissipative braking
regenerative
Regenerative braking ttrip 18005 O5h Paug 3.7kW trip_17.7km

Average Power

3.7 kW (108 Wh/km) Ee Pavg.ttrip 3.7kW05h I85kWh

• Energy spend in the trip
I 1.85kt 108Wh1km

17.7km

Efuel Ebat EI 11
1.80 2 17kW
r
2 lt Wh
• MPG and Liters per 100 km 123Wh km
17.7km

us
123whlkmoffitfwn ffook.fm
us
1.28liters1100km
16
 The Range Problem ECE
How much energy storage is needed?
Gas: 12.5 kWh/kg - 9.617 kWh/liter

II
EV Bat-to-Wheel Efficiency: 85 %
ICE Tank-to-Wheel Efficiency: 25 %
Average use of the vehicle
7 Battery: 0.1 kWh/kg (LiFePO4 battery)

Gas Electric
Single drive : 15 km / Per day: 40 km
Tank‐to‐wheel 
Total per year: 15000 km 25% 85%
efficiency
For a plug in vehicle just like the one we 219 Wh/km 108 Wh/km
Ev
have seen: 8.76 kWh 4.32 kWh
Efuel 35.04 kWh 5.08 kWh

L/100km 9.1 L 1.25 L

Range Energy Weight
0.876 kWh per km versus 0.127 kWh per km
40 km → 5 kWh → 50 kg

Looks bad even being 7 times more efficient than conventional cars.

17
 The Range Problem ECE
Not only a problem of specific energy (Wh/kg)
o Charging time and charging needs.

Conventional: 38 liters/minute : 364 kWh/minute

15000times
Electric: 1.5 kW: 25 Wh/minute c worse slower
Home charger
120 kW: 2 kWh/minute
TesTasuperchargers 60kWh 30minutes
o Cost.
0.876 kWh per km versus 0.1 kWh per km

l
1.2 € / liter: 9.6 kWh per 1.2 € or 11 km per 1.2 €
s
0.12 ct € / kWh 10 kWh per 1.2 € or 78.7 km per 1.2 €

o Maintenance.
- Cycle life.
- Stability.
Poland 82g1km
o CO2 emissions.
Conventional car: [120 - 160] g CO2/km France
4g 1km
Ip
EV: 34 CO2/km (European electricity mix)
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en
https://www.electricitymap.org
18
 Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Hybrid Powertrain - Toyota Prius (4th gen)

Payload: 1390 kg
Drag Coefficient: 0.24
Power train: 53 (electric) + 71 (gas) kW
ICE
Ni‐Mh Battery (202 V)
28 battery modules @ 7.2 V 
6 cells (1.2 V) per module

I
Densities: 46 Wh/kg and 1.3 kW/kg
Energy: 1.3 kWh (28 kg)
Power: 28 kg x 1.3 kW/kg = 36 kW
Depth ofdischarge
DoD: 38 % – 82 % (44 % Swing)
> 4000 cycles
Life‐of‐car component

Cost: <500 €/kWh : 700 €

19
 Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Plug-in Electric – Tesla Model S

Payload: 2108 kg
Drag Coefficient: 0.24
Power train: 283 kW

07
Li‐ion NCA Battery (352 V) 11865
14 battery modules (6216 cells)
432 cells (3.6 V) per module

Densities: 225 Wh/kg
200 W/kg (unconfirmed)
Energy: 60 kWh (266 kg)
Power: 266 kg x 200 W/kg = 53 kW

DoD: 5 % – 95 % (90 % Swing)

~ 1000 cycles
8 year warranty

Cost: <200 €/kWh : 12000 €

http://www.roperld.com/science/TeslaModelS.htm 20
 Current Energy Storage Systems ECE
Drone DJI S800

Payload: 2.6 kg + Accesory
Power requirement: 2.1 kW

Li‐ion LCO Polymer Battery (22.2 V)
1 battery module (6 cells @ 3.7 V)
Weight: 1.386 kg

Energy: 222 Wh
Densities: 160 Wh/kg
4 kW/kg 
C‐Rating: 25C (10Ah∙25 = 250 A)
Power: 5.5 kW

DoD: 5 % – 95 % (90 % Swing)

~ 150 cycles

Cost: <800 €/kWh : 200 €

https://www.dji.com/es/spreading‐wings‐s800/spec 21