Lecture 2

Simple Stresses and Strains

Internal Resultant Loadings
 Distribution of
Internal Forces
on Cross Section

Resultant Moment
about O of Internal Forces Internal
Resultant

=
Resultant Force Loadings
at O of Internal Forces

A centroid of cross
section is located at O.

=
 –F

B B

F = F

=
Internal Resultant
Loadings Bending
Moment Resultant Moment
of Internal Forces
Shear
M  Tx ˆi  M y ˆj  M z kˆ |M| = Fd
Force

My
=
Torque
= –F

Vy B
B B
Mz Tx F
Vz N x

Bending Shear F  N x ˆi  Vy ˆj  Vz kˆ F
Moment Force
Normal Resultant Force
Force of Internal Forces
d
 Force Resultants
Bending
Moment

Shear
My
Force

Vy
B Torque
Vz Nx Tx
Mz

Bending
Moment Shear
Force Normal
Force
N : the component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to the cross section,
tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called the normal force.
 Force Resultants
Bending
Moment

My
Shear
Force

Vy
B Torque
Nx
Mz
Vz Tx

Bending
Moment Shear
Force Normal
Force
V : the component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the cross section, tending to
shear one segment of the bar relative to the other segment, is called the shear force.
 Moment Resultants
Bending
Moment

Shear
My
Force

Vy
B Torque
Vz Nx
Mz Tx

Bending
Moment Shear
Force Normal
Force
T : the component of the resultant moment that tends to twist
the body is called the twisting moment or torque.
 Moment Resultants
Bending
Moment

Shear
My Force

Vy
B Torque
Vz Nx Tx
Mz
Bending
Moment Shear
Force Normal
Force
M : the component of the resultant moment that tends to bend the bar is called
the bending moment.
Recognize that loaded bodies often deform in simple patterns, namely, stretching, twisting,
or bending.
 Definition of Stress
Stress is a quantity that describes the distribution of internal
forces within a body.
Separate out the effects of material and geometry by viewing a body as an assemblage of
many tiny cubes, called infinitesimal elements.
 State of Stress on Differential Area ΔAz
Normal Stress
General State of Stress
N z
 z  lim on Differential Volume ΔⱯ
Az  0 A
z
Shear Stress
Shear Stress
Vx
 zx  lim Vy
Az  0 A
z
 zy  lim
Az  0 A
z

Infinitesimal Area Az
has a normal vector
pointing to z-direction

ΔNz acting normal to Az Finite Infinitesimal Element

Internal
=

ΔNz ΔⱯ = ΔxΔyΔz
Forces where Δx = Δy = Δz , so
ΔVx acting
tangent Ax Ay Az A
Distribution of ΔVx ΔVy
to Az
Internal Forces
ΔVy acting
tangent to Az

= z
=
 Az
Nz

Nz
Az

Az

Vx
Az

Vy
Az

Az
 F( x)  N x ( x) ˆi
Average Normal Stress
Average Normal Stress
( in other word Vy ( x)jˆ  Vz ( x)kˆ  0 ) at any Point on Cross section
for a constant
cross section N
N x ( x)   dN x    x dA  N x   x  dA   x A    avg 
at a sufficiently
A
large distance x
A A
Normal Force acting
through the Centroid
Vy ( x)   dVy    xy dA  0   xy  0 of Cross section
A

Vz ( x)   dVz    xz dA  0   xz  0
A

M( x)  0

A uniform distribution of the

Tx ( x)   y  xz dA   z  xy dA  0 normal stress at a sufficiently
A A large distance x from a force P
0 0
for a constant
cross section  z dA
M y ( x)   z  x dA  0     M y  N x
at a sufficiently
A
 Nx z M y  Nx z  0
A
large distance x A Centroid of
Cross Section
for a constant
cross section  ydA
M z ( x)   y x dA  0    M z  N x
at a sufficiently
A
 N x y  M z  N x y  0
A
large distance x A
x
z
Average Shear Stress x
z
y y
Average Shear Stress
V   dV    dA at any Point on Cross section
A
average shear stress V
   
on cross section
 V    dA   As    avg 
A As
Shear Force acting
through Cross section As

1
V VP P V 2V P P
           2
A A A A
Free Body Diagram
Fy  0:  zy dxdy  zy dxdy  0
   zy   zy
Fz  0:  yz dxdz   yz dxdz  0
   yz   yz
M x  0: ( zy dxdy ) dz  ( yz dxdz )dy  0
=    zy   yz   yz   zy  
Pure Shear Complementary Property of Shear
“All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude
and be directed either toward or away from each
other at opposite edges of the element.”
 Bearing Stress in Connections

bearing
surface
 Definition of Strain
Strain is a quantity that describes the deformations that occur
within a body.
 Average Normal Strain

for a constant
 x d  x cross section
 x ( x)  lim  
at a sufficiently
  d  x   x  dx
A0 x dx large distance x
L L

L  L0
   x L0    avg 
Elongation L0
Average Normal Strain

x

x  x
 Shear Strain

    2
     2 

90 

    2
     2 
  
2
  s sin   1 
        tan      tan    
2 2 Ls cos  1
s 
   
Ls 2 Shear Strain
 