Lecture 4

Stress Transformations
 Recalling Vector Definition
Vector, in physics, a quantity that has both magnitude
and direction.
It is typically represented by an arrow whose direction
is the same as that of the quantity and whose length is
proportional to the quantity’s magnitude.
Although a vector has magnitude and direction, it does
not have position. So it can be called a “free” vector.
F 1  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj
 F 4  Fn n̂  Ft ˆt
Fy ĵ y t 

Fx î Ft t̂

F 2  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj x Fn n̂

n They are the same vector.
Fy ĵ
F 3  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj
y  F 1  F 2  F 3  Fx ˆi  Fy ˆj
Fx î Fy ĵ   
 Fn n̂  Ft ˆt  F 4
Fx î 
x
 Stresses on Inclined Sections
under Axial Loading


N n  P cos 

Vt  P sin 

σx Nn
Ax n   P cos 
Nn An Ax / cos 
 x  P Ax

 P cos 2   P 1  cos 2
Ax Ax 2 
x
σt τnt σn
 n 
2
1  cos 2 
Vt
Ax  nt   P sin 
An  An Ax / cos 
cos 
  P sin  cos    P sin 2
Ax Ax 2  
x
t
 nt   sin 2
2
  n   1  cos 2    nmax   n(0)   
2 
  nmin   n(90)  0  max 1 max
  nt   n
 2
 n t    sin 2   ntmax   nt(45)      n(45)  (at    45)
2 2

  ntmin   nt(45)      ntmax 
2

 n   nt   1  cos 2     sin 2
2 2
1 )  ( 0 )    90  ①
1 ( 
cos(180) sin(180)

1 )    45  ②
1  ( 0 )  ( 
cos(90) sin(90)
 P  0
M  0

Stresses on Cut Section
V zy
Rz

N zz V zx
Az  xy

Vzy

Vzy
Rz

N zz Vzx
Az

N zz Vzx
Az
 z    zx  zy  z 
stresses at point Q
on Az in x , y and z Vzx Vzy N zz
lim   zx , lim   zy , lim   zz
directions. Az  0 Az Az  0 A
z
Az  0 A
z
  
 zx   zx  zy   zy  zz   z
 P  0
M  0

State of Stress at a Point

 y    yx  y  yz 
Q stresses at point Q on Ay
τ yx
τ yz in x , y and z directions.

 z    zx  zy  z 
 x   x xy xz 
   y      
stresses at point Q on Az  x    x  xy  xx 
   yx y yz 
in x , y and z directions.
 z   zx zy z  stresses at point Q on Ax
in x , y and z directions.
 Some Special Cases of Stress
2 y
2 y
Triaxial Stress Plane Stress
yx
xy

3
1
General x
1 State of x
3 Stress z
 1 0 0 
   0 2 0    
     x xy 
 0 0  3   yx y 
y y

Uniaxial Stress  x xy xz  Pure Shear

   yx y yz  yx
 zx zy z  xy

x
x x
z z
   x   x  0 xy 
  
 yx 0 
  x xy 
   y
Plane Stress
 yx y  y t

t
yx nt
tn n
xy
n
nt

x
x n tn

z
t

Global Local
Fn  0, Orientation Orientation
 n A0 sec    x A0 cos    xy A0 sin 
A0
 y A0 tan  sin    yx A0 tan  cos   0 t t

 n   x cos 2    y sin 2  n n
 2 xy sin  cos  nt
nt
n
n
Fnt  0,
 nt A0 sec    x A0 sin    xy A0 cos  A0
 A0 sec 
 y A0 tan  cos    yx A0 tan  sin   0 cos 
A0
 nt  ( x   y ) sin  cos  cos
sin   A0 tan 

  xy (cos 2   sin 2  ) Force Acting Wedge-shaped

on Element Stress Element
 Determination of
Global Stresses and Angle of Inclined Plane

θ = θ = θ = θ =
σx = σx = σx = σx =
σy = σy = σy = σy =
τxy = τxy = τxy = τxy =

θ = θ = θ = θ =
σx = σx = σx = σx =
σy = σy = σy = σy =
τxy = τxy = τxy = τxy =
 Transformation Equations
for Plane Stress
 n   x cos 2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 
 nt  ( x   y ) sin  cos    xy (cos 2   sin 2  )

cos 2  cos 2   sin 2 

 cos 2   (1  cos 2  )  cos 2   1  cos 2   cos 2  1
 (1  sin 2  )  sin 2   1  sin 2 
 sin 2   cos 2  1
1
sin 2  2sin  cos   sin  cos   sin 2
2
x  y  x  y
n  ( )( ) cos 2   xy sin 2
a 
 x  y
 average
2 2 2 normal stress
 x  y  
 nt  ( ) sin 2   xy cos 2  h  x y  half the difference
of normal stress
2 2
 t   n (  90)
x  y  x  y
( )( ) cos 2(  90)   xy sin 2(  90)
2 2
x  y  x  y
 t  ( )( ) cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 Determination of
Local Stresses on Inclined Plane

σa = σa = σa = σa =
σh = σh = σh = σh =
σn = σn = σn = σn =
σt = σt = σt = σt =
τnt = τnt = τnt = τnt =

σa = σa = σa = σa =
σh = σh = σh = σh =
σn = σn = σn = σn =
σt = σt = σt = σt =
τnt = τnt = τnt = τnt =
 Question...
Can  x ,  y and  xy be obtained
from known  n, nt and  ?

 a  (cos 2 ) h  (sin 2 )  xy   n  (1)

 (sin 2 )  h  (cos 2 ) xy   nt  (2)
 a  (cos 2 ) h  (sin 2 )  xy   t  (3)
 
(1)  (3), 2 a   n   t    a  n t
2
Therefore it then yields,
 cos 2 sin 2   h   n 
  sin 2     
 cos 2   xy   nt 
Thus,
  h   n cos 2   nt sin 2 and   xy   n sin 2   nt cos 2
It then gives,  x   a   h while  y   a   h
 Special Cases of Plane Stress
Uniaxial
x  0 x 0 x
n  ( )( ) cos 2  0sin 2  (1  cos 2 )
2 2 2
 0  0 
 t  ( x )  ( x ) cos 2  0sin 2  x (1  cos 2 )
2 2 2
 0 
 nt  ( x ) sin 2  0 cos 2   x sin 2
2 2
Pure Shear 00 00
n  ( )( ) cos 2   xy sin 2   xy sin 2
2 2
00 00
t  ( )( ) cos 2   xy sin 2   xy sin 2
2 2
00
 nt  ( ) sin 2   xy cos 2   xy cos 2
2
x  y  x  y x  y  x  y
n  ( )( ) cos 2  0sin 2  ( )( ) cos 2
Biaxial 2 2 2 2
x  y  x  y x  y  x  y
t  ( )( ) cos 2  0sin 2  ( )( ) cos 2
2 2 2 2
 x  y  x  y
 nt  ( ) sin 2  0 cos 2  ( ) sin 2
2 2
 Principal Stresses
 
 xy p1 p
 tan 2 p  
 x  y  ( x   y ) / 2  p 2   p1  90
d n
 sin 2   xy cos 2  0 
d 2   xy
  s in 2  p 
d t  x   y      
2
 sin 2   xy cos 2  0 x y
  2
d 2    xy
 2 
( x   y ) / 2
 cos 2 p 
2
  x  y  2
    xy
 2 
x  y
   x  y 
 n ( p )     cos 2 p   xy sin 2 p   p
 2   2 
 x  y   x  y 
2
 nt ( p )  ( ) sin 2   xy cos 2
 
2 x  y  2  2

   xy
 x  y  x  y  
( ) xy   xy ( )  2  
 x  
2
  
2
2 2 y  2  x y  2
     xy     xy
  x  y 
2
2
 2   2 
    xy
 2    p1 ,  p 2   a   h2   xy2   max ,  min
 p  0
 Determination of
Principal Stresses and Angle of Principal Plane

σp1 = σp1 = σp1 = σp1 =

σp2 = σp2 = σp2 = σp2 =
θp = θp = θp = θp =

σp1 = σp1 = σp1 = σp1 =

σp2 = σp2 = σp2 = σp2 =
θp = θp = θp = θp =
 Maximum In-plane Shear Stress
d nt  x  y ( x   y ) / 2
 cos 2   xy sin 2  0   tan 2 s     s   p  45
d 2  xy
( x   y ) / 2
 sin 2 s  
2
  x  y  2
    xy
 2 
 xy
 cos 2 s  
2
  x  y  2
    xy
 2 
 x  y
 nt ( s )   sin 2 s   xy cos 2 s   max
2
x  y  x  y   x  y 
2
 n ( s )  ( )( ) cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2    xy2
 2 
 x  y  x  y  
x  y ( ) xy   xy ( ) 2 2
2 2   x  y  2   x  y  2
      xy     xy
2   x  y 
2
 2   2 
2
    xy
 2  2 2
 p1   p 2  max   min ↶
+

 s  a  max    h   xy  
2 2 ↷
−
 Determination of
Stresses and Angle of Maximum In-plane Shear Plane

σa = σa = σa = σa =
τmax = τmax = τmax = τmax =
θs = θs = θs = θs =

σa = σa = σa = σa =
τmax = τmax = τmax = τmax =
θs = θs = θs = θs =