Judgement

Propositions
Lecture Prepared by:
Ms. Jenina G. Redrino
SMS Theo/Philo Area
PROPOSITIONS
 What is a Proposition?
• A proposition is a
statement that can be
either true or false.
• It is a statement which
either denies or affirms
something.
 Characteristics of Propositions
1.All propositions are
statements, but not all
statements are propositions.
2.A proposition expresses
either truth or falsity
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
 Nature of Categorical
Propositions

• A categorical proposition
is a kind of proposition
that expresses an
unconditional judgment.
 Nature of Categorical
Propositions
• It is a proposition in
which the subject term
is either affirmed or
denied by the
predicate.
 Structure of Propositions

• S (Subject)
• C (Copula)
• P (Predicate)
FORM
 Elements of Categorical
Propositions
• Subject and Predicate are
called matters of the
proposition.
• Matter (thought-content) -
because the two are the
external manifestation that
composed a proposition.
• Copula or bonding Verb (“is”,
“are”, “is not” and “are not”) is
called the form of the
proposition.
• It works as the unifying
principle that maintains the
structure or determines the
nature of the proposition
(either affirmative or negative).
 (S) SUBJECT TERM
• The subject is the term in the
proposition which is either
affirmed or denied.
• Quantifiers
- determines the extension of the subject
term.
REVIEW: Universal, Particular, Singular*
Propositions: U or P only
 (C) Copula
• The copula is the qualifier of
the proposition because it is
either AFFIRMATIVE (+)or
NEGATIVE (–).
• Is/ Are (+)
• Is not/ Are not (–)
 (P) PREDICATE TERM
• The predicate term is a
property of the subject being
affirmed or denied.
 RULES GOVERNING THE
QUANTITY OF THE PREDICATE

1. All affirmative (+) =

particular (P)terms.
2. All negative (–) =
universal (U) terms.
SYMBOLS OF CATEGORICAL
SYLLOGISM
 A- E - I- O
AffIrmo nEgO
• A- Universal • E- Universal
Affirmative Negative

• I- Particular • O- Particular
Affirmative Negative
 QUALITY

Affirmative Negative

Q
U A E
A UNIVERSAL
N
T
I
T PARTICULAR I O
Y

A- E - I- O