2.

4 Flyback Converters

Module -2
Regulated DC Power Supply (Introduction)
Isolated Converters (Introduction)
• An isolated power converter isolates the input from the output by electrically and physically
separating the circuit into two sections preventing direct current flow between input and output,
typically achieved by using a transformer.
Contd…
• In a non-isolated converter, as shown on the left side of Figure 1, the
input and output share a common ground and current can flow
between them. However, in an isolated converter, as shown on the
right side of Figure 1, the input and output return to their own
independent ground and there is no path for direct current from one to
the other.
• Providing isolation has benefits which are listed below:

• Galvanic isolation between the source and load side i.e no physical
connection between the input source and load side.

• With isolation, converter can be designed to have multiple outputs each with
different voltage and ground.

• Turns ratio can be used as fixed gain for achieving output voltage
amplification or attenuation. This will give flexibility to choose the duty ratio.
 CONVERTERS WITH ISLOATION

Electrical isolation in switching dc power supplies is provided by a high frequency isolation transformer.

Various types of dc-dc converter ( with isolation) can be divided onto two basic categories based on the way they
utilize the transformer core.

❑ Unidirectional core excitation where only the positive part ( quadrant 1) of the B-H loop is used.

❑ Bidirectional core excitation where both positive (quadrant 1) and the negative ( quadrant 3) parts of the B-H
loop are utilized alternatively

B- Flux Density
H- magnetizing Force
DC- DC converters (without isolation) can be modified to provide electrical isolation by
means of unidirectional core excitation. Two such modifications are:
Flyback converter (derived from buck boost)
Forward converter (derived from step down)

Based on bidirectional core excitation, switched mode inverter topologies

are:
Push pull
Half Bridge
Full Bridge
 1. FLYBACK CONVERTERS
The Flyback converter is a buck – boost converter with the inductor split to form a
transformer, so that the voltage ratios are multiplied with an additional advantage of
isolation

The transformer is in fact intended to be a two winding inductor, which has dual
functions of providing energy storage as in an inductor and electrical isolation as in a
transformer.

In a normal transformer, the primary and secondary windings conduct simultaneously.

But in Flyback converters, the primary and secondary winding don’t conduct
simultaneously , they are more like two magnetically coupled inductors.

Flyback converters are designed in such a way that the power from the input can
transfer to the output during the off-time of the primary switch

A Flyback can support multiple outputs by adding more windings to the transformer.
Flyback converter

Please note in some textbooks PWM

is not shown and Switch is
represented by its symbol.
• A flyback converter is composed of a flyback transformer,
switch, rectifier and filter and the control mechanism to drive
the switch and provide regulation. It is a low part count
switching converter and relatively easy to make or design.

• Applications- Most cell phone, tablets and laptop chargers are

made from flyback converter.
Flyback Converter Basic Components

• Flyback Transformer:
• The flyback transformer is not actually a transformer. A
transformer will transfer energy from the primary to secondary
ideally real time and perfectly. Flyback transformer on the other
hand will store energy on the primary magnetic field and after a
certain amount of time it delivers the energy to the secondary.

• Switch:
• The role of the switch is to turn ON and OFF the primary circuit
which able to magnetize and demagnetize the transformer. The
switch is being controlled by the PWM signal.
• Rectifier and Filter:
• The rectifier will rectify the voltage on the secondary winding to
become a pulsating DC. Another role of the rectifier or the diode
is to cut and connect the load from the secondary winding. The
rectified voltage is then filter out by the capacitor to increase the
DC level and can be usable by the intended application.
Principle of Operation:
Case1 – When Switch is ON
Principle of Operation:
Case2 – When Switch is OFF
 Total Time Ts
Ts= ton +t OFF

the inductor core flux increases linearly from its initial value d(0), which is
finite and positive:
 The continuous current conduction mode in a buck boost converter corresponds to an incomplete demagnetization of
the inductor core in the Flyback converter . Therefore from the waveforms above , the inductor core flux increases
linearly from its value φ(0) which is finite and positive.

Equation(a)
During Ton
Time.

After ton' the switch is turned off and the energy stored in the core causes the current to flow in the secondary
winding through the diode D
The voltage across the secondary winding V2 = - Vo, and therefore, the flux decreases linearly during toff:
 (1)
(Substitute value form
equation (a)
Since the net change of flux through the core over one time period must be zero in steady state,

(2)

Equating equation (1) and (2),

Vd- input voltage
N1, N2 – No of turns
D- Duty ratio
V0 – Output voltage
The above equation shows that the voltage transfer ratio in a flyback converter depends on D in an identical
manner as the buck-boost converter.
References

• Power electronics by Ned mohan Pg-301- 310