No.

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6 \5SIGNMENT
NT1
Brie ezplcin the concept architecure
andeatures yniz 2
The ONIX_archBBeciure
has three fmportant
agencfesS-
Dvislon l b o i hernel and shell
h e le and process
he sustemcalla
THE ERNEL
he ernel interacIS oith the machime's hardioare.
Thecore a the operaling84she0 a_collection_
roLLHneS mastly Lrittenn în
T is oaded înto memory when the sustem is
booted CAn Comunicates
_diLecti- Lih_the

hardoare
Llserprngransthe appltcainns)that need o
OcesS the hardoare uSe the services othe
herne Lhich 2e1arms heob DN the áerl
behal
These prcq1amsactCSS he hernel throuah a sek
unctions called Sustem calls
he herne ialáo called
c a l l a aS theDpeiatin
en prograMs gatea to the computer!s_

*THE &HLLL
Compute1S dtn' have any 0apabilityo
translating commands nto actions.
ha Leayuires command interpreier alo coalled
as the shell.
 shell acts 1meace between the user ond
the kenel,
he Shell accepls commcnds rom
uSe
ttequînec nebulldsauser comand ard
inally Communicaies wlth_the hernel
see that the command Is eecLuled.
Iaample
echo VTU Belaqavi shel iebullds
echo tomar
amond
VIUBelgav by remDNINg
mulHple spaL
User User User

other

sottoayt bhe
CC

herne
ofher
adavc Compile

ta
ded
5PTead
shees who SrouseiS

/tataases Texf
Proces.SOS

1Ef1LE
A
le is jus an aYLAL o byfes and can
condain iduall anyththga
Alle oms a liaarchta ile sustem.
 MY A G E

Date L
1HE PRoCESS
heprOCCSS s the name
ayen to 2the
Lwhen E Is execLted as iveno the l e
ale can say aS a program.i
program
procesS Is the Rme maae
executable ile iRme îmage DF an
ONIX provides tools
hem betuaeen contro_proc esses mov
hIthem oreground and background and
THE SYSTEM CALLS
neONIX £Ysiemcomprislng he kernel shel_and
applicctions -is 1artHen în C
haugh thereare severa commandá thatUSe
uneHionscalled Ssfemn calls to communteate ith
the herne
ADNIIX avors have one thing- in common_
heu h e the sam usiem clls EaLorlle Dpen
FEATURES OFONIX
AMulHuser siem
UIX 6 a mlbrngram astem permis
mulliple pIams and ompete orthe
Crhentipn thoCPU.
his can happen in oooaus
Llliple 131sLCnrun separut e obs
Ainale ucercan also run muultislejobs.
2AMulhitaskingSuaiem
Asingle be c caláo run multible tasks
ConeLutently
CNIX a nuililashingsustem
h Kenel ts designedd do handle a USerS
muulHde needs.
 Building-bloch Approach
3 The
1hedesigner never atlempted Ho poch too
many eatures înto a feLo tools.
UNIX offers ha 5ilHers) combîne VaYiDUS
simple tools to Carru out complex jpbs
4he UNIX JoolA
tert
hare Cre qeneralpLurDOSeHools
uhlities iters)
manipulaion
mantsl.

compilerS and interpreters

preters
nehodrked_applicakiong s4siemodminigBraior
toolá and shells.
5 Patlern Matahing
DNIXeaturesvery sophistieated pattem
matching eatures
N
6 Progronming jacility
The UNIShells als a pIngamming language
it1CS designedorp
PIDgrammer

end uSer
1 hashas all the_necessary PngredienkRke
contro tructures ocpsand Variables t h t
establish_pouoerkulpIDgramming ang1ag0.
d
Documentation
heprincipalon-line helpnclity auailable
sthe nan command Lohich emains
the most impotant eerences Cemmands
and their coniquaationtles.
Apart om he man l.e.cuumentatlen heres
0st UNIX avalable
ocean o 1eSOurces

D theInternet

2 Tplain the ctmbining ch commands in aC

Ans-uNIX allouas OL fo &pecikynDI than one.
 MY PAGE-
Date /
command in the ingle Command lîne
Iaample
wlc note s - note o comnanda combined
2 3 16 note here using lsemicolon).
- YL-ILd-V 1 mahesh mahesh 16 Jan 30 0235ndte

In tho abeyoexample LC command reBurns

number o nes o r s _ a n
andeharacter5
d n thatile
ands
and Command returns- IRst all the cdiribtifes-
cthe le
ACOmmand Iine can overklou ar be spli into.
mulible lincs
ONIX terminaliaidth is r2sirteted tomazimum_
characterS
shel allauas command line fo overlDw or Aplir
into mulible Rnes
fzample
echoThis îs irst prompt
Z Cthree -line second pronmpf
tezt messag Command tne ends here
hs s
hree-lfng fet
messa ge

3Briel exblain the concept Hypccommand

h e upe ommand isSecl to deseribe houw is
YQurncnt culd be ranslated uScd
LLSe as
Lommands 14 is alko usec to ind out ahether
i built-in or eternal binary le
*he upe command 1s shell bulltth
uniaz
t4peptionscommandnamcs
 1you Lant to Kno the location
prOram0 Or tommand)USR Hupe command-
Ezample i
type date
dale is /bîn/date
ype echo
echolsa shell built in
|*henyoU exacute date command the shell
this le în_ the bin directoruand makes
arrangemenks fo e1eclte

List_andand explain the Dnix ile ypes

An he NIX has dividedles iio three_

categorles
)Ordinary le i also called as r2qularle
containsonly data as _stream
charackers.
Direckory ile i tontalnsles and other
Llb-directories.
3)Deviceleall devices and neripherals are
represented b s
*CRDINARY EILE [Reqular
the mcst commpn e HPC
Ordinoryle Hoelcan be dfeled nto
too pe
1) leat tle
e- and Java prcgiom rles shell and pxl
Sripts.
i) Bina l
Mpunix commands, eccutable ildbinar
pictuies 0und and vidcoiles auc
 MY PAGE
Date 1
DIRECTORY fILt
A diiector contains no dala but heep40
dealls the iles and subdirectories ihat
coniatns
Adicco1yle tontains an entr4 pr evert
le and &ubdineclor ies thal t t houses
yOLL
wll
have20 le5
a directory In here

wlll
be 20 entries
în the direcory
ach entry has tuo0 componen
the ilename
) a uniajue identificaion numberor ifa_
ile ordirecor
*DEVICE EILE
Installing Soiaareom D-ROMPrinting
iles and backing up dada iles to tape
Al these ocHvites are perormed y rending
OY riHng the erepresenting the device
Aduantage o deviceile is tha someo
the Commands Sed accessan rdinary
i l e also LaDr Lwth device l

5 Tablea?n relaHve and absolute pathnanmes in UNIY2

ABOLUTEPATHNAMES
shous e's localion ith rerence jo
i. Toot.
ihe top
1 simp Squcnce aector
names paratcd by clashes
:9 home /kumar
Supptse t o placed n /usi and ant to
he le login-sq which i pl&senm fn
in
a.Ltt
horne/kumarLe an give the pathname a
the trle
cat/home/kumar/login.sq
character_o a p a d h y me s
IR theirst
the ile's Jocation must be determined or
pathname s s caled
root (the rst ). such
a

an absolute pathname
a Paric
particular
I you kno the locaHono5
Command dOL an precede its
its name olth
the complete paBh.
daBe reside in /bin_[or lusr/bin).
-Since
the absolute pathname _
can use
Lbin ldate
2020
Jhu Sep 1 09:39 55 131
BELATIYE PATHNAME
Relctivepathfs deined as the Dath
related to thepresentoorking clfrectlu lpac
starts at uour currenE _directory
neverstartá oith a /
pathnamewhich specifiesthe theloccition_o
A and
a i l e sing theáymbols

single dot_represents the current directors

direckory
tod dots)-_representá the parent
Assume that we are n homelkumar Iprojs
Jclata /text o2 Can_uSR 06 an ardumenf
P a r e n t directóry
to cd to move to the parent
/home/kumar/progs./data as
pad
Zhomelhumar/progs/ data/ text
cd
pwd
honeIeumarprogs dala relafive
the
move to home Can USe
path name as
 Date
puoc
/home/humar /pis
ad/ moves co levels u p
pd
home

oaplain root login and types Super uSer

commands o privilege and_permissions

s he ONIX ástem provides a specia lpginname

r the exchusive use o the administrator
ls_calleds0ot hisaseount doesn need io
be separately erected but ames with_evers
Sustem 1 passuoord is qenerally e t at
the time o installaion othe sustem Cand

has to be NSed
LSed on l0gging- In
ecoming the super t Ingtn me
lbgin root
PassiDrd: * **_** *Enter

*lhe prompt_o oor fs E

Onco aLl login a r 0 OLLar placed în
roots home direckors Depending an he system
this dtiectoyculd be oot
AcministhaHyo tommands are 1esiden n sbin
and usr/sbi mbdern SLStemns and in clder
34stem resides n elc
Rocts PATH 1is ineludes dchalled path or
ample
/sbin :/bin :/us1/sbin /us1/bin lus1/dt Ibin

PeLoming ihe OUper LLSer ustng du Command

Becornin
 suAcqurring3Uperuglrstatus status
Any User can acauire
tommand
HpekstOYsuperuser

if hey
shohus
know the IDO
with the su LSerabc beco
paáaord. jor example t h e omes
superUser_în thfs 0 a
a

PasswoLd;* pais.aord or0ot uzer

pod
homelabc
tchange
directoryoloesn'
hough the current
prompt indicates
that abe no haa_
the
poLoerso aSuperuseY D bein_r6otis_homa
dîrectory on uperuser 0in USeSu - ,

* Userls 2gien rush to the administraior_with

the
the complaint thaBa program hasstopped
running he administrato irs triesunnina
in environment Qu_commmnd
asimulated
Lwhen_USed witha-minus)recreates he
uSer'senvironment without the login -passLord
rOu te
su abc
* his_sequence exacukes abc S proile and
Hemporarily_creates abcis enviremmentsL_ runs
ina deparate_Sub-shell Go this mode is
terminated by b hittingchl-d or using x

43 Tablain the le related Commands such a5

cat mv rm p we and od.