Effective flange width of T Beams 406.3.2.

2 Isolated non-prestressed T-beams in which the Two Cases of T Beam Action

flange is used to provide additional compression area
shall have a flange thickness greater than or equal to Case 1: N.A. in the flange
𝟎. 𝟓𝒃𝒘 and an effective flange width less than or equal to
𝟒𝒃𝒘 .

406.3.2.3 For prestressed T-beams, it shall be permitted

to use the geometry provided by Sections 406.3.2.1 and
Actual distribution of flexural stress across the flange 406.3.2.2.

Type of Beam Effective flange width, 𝒃𝒇

𝒃𝒘 + 𝟏𝟔𝒉𝒇
Case 2: N.A. in the web
Interior Beam Least of: 𝒃𝒘 + 𝒔𝒘
𝒃𝒘 + 𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟒
𝒃𝒘 + 𝟔𝒉𝒇
Assumed distribution of flexural stress in design Spandrel Beam Least of: 𝒃𝒘 + 𝒔𝒘 Τ𝟐
406.3.2.1 For non-prestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or
𝒃𝒘 + 𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟏𝟐
composite slabs, the effective flange width 𝒃𝒇 shall include the 4𝒃𝒘
Isolated Beam Max. of:
beam web width 𝒃𝒘 plus an effective overhanging flange width (but 𝒉𝒇 ≥ 𝒃𝒘 /𝟐)
in accordance with Table 406.3.2.1, where 𝒉𝒇 is the slab thickness Forms of various T beam cross-sections
and 𝒔𝒘 is the clear distance to the adjacent web.
Table 406.3.2.1 effective flange
Dimensional Limits for width bf effective flange width bf
Effective Overhanging Flange Width for T-Beams
Effective overhanging flange width, hf
Flange location
beyond face of web
Each side of
𝟖𝒉𝒇 d
Least of: 𝒔𝒘 Τ𝟐
web
𝓵 𝒏 Τ𝟖 spandrel beam interior beams
𝟔𝒉𝒇
One side of web Least of: 𝒔𝒘 Τ𝟐 𝒃𝒘 𝒔𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒔𝒘 𝒃𝒘
𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟏𝟐
Example 5.1 Analysis of T Beams
Compute effective Flange Width, bf
Let Ac be the area of concrete in compression:
Determine the design
strength of the T beam f
b is the least of:
bw + 16hf = 250 + 16(100) = 1,850 mm
FH : Σ C =T
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 Ac = As fy
shown with𝒇′𝒄 = 28 MPa
bw + sw = 250 + 1,250 = 1,500 mm 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟖)𝑨c = (6×616)420
and fy = 420 MPa. The
beam has a 9-m span bw + 𝓵𝒏 /4 = 250 + 9,000/4 = 2,500 mm
𝑨𝒄 = 65,224 mm2 < 1,500(100)
and is cast integrally Check for As,min: Note: when the flange is ⸫ a < 100 mm
in tension, b is taken as
with a floor slab that is As,min = 1.4 bwd for f’c < 31 MPa the lesser ofw b and 2b 1,500 a = 65,224 mm2
100 mm thick. The fy f w

1.4 (250) a 43.48 a = 43.48 mm

clear distance between A s,min = 600 = 500 mm 2 𝒄 = β = 0.85
420 1
webs is 1.25 m. width of tension side. = 51.16 mm < 3d
⸫ 𝜖t > 0.005,  = 0.90
As = 6 (616) 8
= 3,696 mm2 > As,min , ok! 0.003 𝜖t = 0.003 d −1
𝜖t
OR =
d-c c c
bf = 1,500 mm 0.003 0.85𝒇′𝒄 = 0.003 600 −1
c a 𝑪 51.16
100 approx. 𝜖t = 0.03218 > 0.005,
∴  = 0.90
600 d-c d-a
2 Mn Σ M C : Mn = T d - a
2
Mn = (6×616)420 600 - 43.48
6-28 mmø 2
Mn = 𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 kN∙m
𝜖t >> 0.005 𝒇𝒚 𝑻 Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎(𝟖𝟗𝟕. 𝟔)
Mn = 𝟖𝟎𝟕. 𝟗 kN∙m
250 mm
 Example 5.2 Analysis of T Beams
Let Ac be the area of concrete in compression:
Compute the design strength of the T
beam shown with𝒇′𝒄 = 28 MPa and fy = ΣF H: C=T
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 Ac =
As f y
420 MPa. 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟖)𝑨c =(8×804)420
Check for As,min: 𝑨𝒄 = 113,506 mm2 > 75,000
⸫ a > 100 mm
As,min = 1.4 bwd for f’c < 31 MPa 350a+ (750-350)100 = 113,506
yf
As,min = 1.4 (350)750 = 875 mm2 a = 210.0 mm
420 a 210.0
width of tension side. 𝒄= = 0.85 = 247.1 mm < 3 d ⸫ 𝜖t > 0.005,  = 0.90
As =8(804) β1 8
= 6,432 mm2 > As,min , ok! 𝜖t 0.003 750
OR = 𝜖t = 0.003 dc − 1 = 0.003 247.1 − 1
d-c c
bf =750 mm approx. 𝜖 = 0.006106 > 0.005,  = 0.90
0.003 0.85𝒇𝒄
′
t

100 𝑪𝒇 𝑪𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(28)(350×𝟐𝟏𝟎)= 𝟏, 𝟕𝟒𝟗, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝐍

c a 𝑪𝒘 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(28)(750−350)𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟓𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐍

750 Mn
ΣM : M = C
T n w 750 - a2 + Cf 750 - 100
210
2
100
d-c Mn =𝟏, 𝟕𝟒𝟗, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 750 - 2 + 𝟗𝟓𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 750 - 2
8-32 mmø Mn = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟗𝟒. 𝟕 kN∙m
𝜖t 𝑻 Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎(𝟏, 𝟕𝟗𝟒. 𝟕)
𝒇𝒚
350 mm Mn = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟏𝟓 kN∙m
 Example 5.4 Design of T Beams
When a = hf
Design a T beam for the floor system shown for which bw  Mn =  C d - a =  (0.85fc’ab) d - a
and d are given. MD = 110 kN∙m, ML = 140 kN∙m, 𝒇′𝒄 = 28 2 2
MPa and fy = 420 MPa, and simple span = 6 m.  Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 0.85(28)100(1,800) 450 - 100
2
hf =100mm  Mn = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝐤𝐍∙𝐦
Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
d=450mm = 1.2(110) + 1.6(140)
300 mm Mu = 356 kN∙m <  Mn ⸫ a < 100 mm
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
Mu for fc’ < 31 MPa,
Compute effective Flange Width, bf 𝑹n =
bd 2 As,min =
1.4
b d
bf is the least of: 356×106 fy w
bw +16hf = 300 + 16(100) = 1,900 mm = 1.4
0.90(1,800)(450)2 As,min = (300) 450
bw +sw =3,000 mm 420
= 1.0852 MPa
bw+𝓵𝒏 /4 = 300 + 6,000/4 =1,800 mm = 450 mm2
bf =1,800 mm 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 2Rn
ρ= 1- 1-
100
𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(28) 2(1.085)
= 1 - 1 - 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28)
450 𝟒𝟐𝟎
= 0.002646 𝟐, 𝟏𝟒3
𝒏= = 2.66
As 𝟖𝟎𝟒
𝑨𝒔 = ρ bd
= 0.002646(1,800) 450 provide 3 – 32 mm  bars
300 mm = 2,143 mm2 > As,min , ok!
 Example 5.5 Design of T Beams
Design a T beam for the floor system shown for which bw When a = hf
and d are given. MD = 270 kN∙m, ML = 580 kN∙m, 𝒇′𝒄 = 21  Mn =  C d - a =  (𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ab) d - a
2 2
MPa and fy = 420 MPa, and simple span = 5.4 m.  Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 0.85(21)75(1,575) 600 - 75
2
hf = 75mm  Mn = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟔𝟕 𝐤𝐍∙𝐦
d = 600mm Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML
= 1.2(270) + 1.6(580)
375 mm Mu = 1,252 kN∙m>  Mn ⸫ a > 75 mm
1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m 1.8 m
𝑪𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(21)(375a) = 𝟔, 𝟔𝟗𝟑. 𝟖a
Compute effective Flange Width, bf 𝑪𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(21)(1,575−375) 𝟕𝟓 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟔, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐍
bf is the least of:
bw +16hf = 375 + 16(75) =1,575 mm
bw +sw =1,800 mm ΣM : T Mn = Cw 600 - a + Cf 600 - 75
2 2
bw +𝓵𝒏 /4 = 375 + 5,400/4 =1,725 mm Mu =  Mn
1,252×106 =𝟎.𝟗𝟎 𝟔, 𝟔𝟗𝟑.𝟖a 600 - a +𝟏,𝟔𝟎𝟔, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 600 - 75
bf =1,575 mm 0.85𝒇′𝒄 2 2
𝑪𝒇 Solving for “a”: a = 137.0 mm
75 a 𝑪𝒘

600
Σ F : 𝑨 𝒇𝑻 == 𝟔,𝑪 𝟔𝟗𝟑.
H 𝒘+𝑪 𝒇
𝟖a + 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟔, 𝟓𝟎𝟎
Mn 𝒔 𝒚
𝑨𝒔 (𝟒𝟐𝟎)= 𝟔, 𝟔𝟗𝟑. 𝟖 (137.0) + 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟔, 𝟓𝟎𝟎
As 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟖 mm2
𝑻 𝟔, 𝟎𝟎𝟖 = 7.47 provide 8 – 32 mm  bars
𝒇𝒚 𝒏=
𝟖𝟎𝟒
375 mm
5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments 424.3.4 If flanges of T-beams are in tension, part of the
bonded flexural tension reinforcement shall be distributed
409.6 Reinforcement Limits over an effective flange width as defined in accordance
409.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in with Section 406.3.2, but not wider than 𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟏𝟎. If the
Non-Prestressed Beams effective flange width exceeds 𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟏𝟎, additional bonded
longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided in the outer
409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural portions of the flange.
reinforcement As,min shall be provided at every
section where tension reinforcement is required by
Provide As ≥ As,min within b’
analysis.
b’ ≤ 𝒃𝒇
409.6.1.2 As,min shall be the greater of (a) and (b), b’ ≤ 𝓵𝒏 Τ𝟏𝟎
except as provided in Section 409.6.1.3. For a
statically determinate beam with a flange in tension,
the value of bw shall be the lesser of bf and 2bw .
𝒇′𝒄
(a) 𝒃 𝒅
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝒘
𝟏. 𝟒
(b) 𝒃 𝒅
𝒇𝒚 𝒘
409.6.1.3 If As provided at every section is at least
one-third greater than As required by analysis,
Sections 409.6.1.1 and 409.6.1.2 need not be
satisfied. Compression Side
 Example 5.7 Analysis of Beams with Compression Steel
Determine the design moment
capacity of the beam shown with
ΣF H: C + Cs = T
Check ductility of beam:
625
𝜖t = 0.003 d − 1 = 0.003
𝒇′𝒄 = 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
𝟔, 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝒂 +𝟒𝟗𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟎 =𝟏, 𝟕𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 c 228.7 − 1
a = 194.4 mm 𝜖t = 0.005199 > 0.005,  = 0.90
C = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ab a 194.4
𝒄= =
C = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟏)𝒂(350)= 𝟔, 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝒂 β1 0.85
= 228.7 mm
ΣM :T Mn = C d - a + Cs d - d’
2
Assume 𝑨′𝒔 will yield: Mn = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟒𝟕. 𝟓(194.4) 625 - 194.4
Cs = 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒇′𝒔 - 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ) 2
Check if 𝑨′𝒔 yields: + 495,450 625 - 64
Cs = (2×616)(420 -0.85(21))= 𝟒𝟗𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝐍
T = As f y 𝜖𝒔′ 0.003 Mn = 𝟗𝟏𝟗. 𝟎 kN∙m
=
T = (4×1,018)420 = 𝟏, 𝟕𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍 c-d’ c Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (𝟗𝟏𝟗. 𝟎)
0.003 0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝜖𝒔 0.003 1 − d’
′ =
c Mn = 𝟖𝟐𝟕.1 kN∙m
64 𝜖𝒔′ 𝑪𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 = Es 𝜖𝒔′
c a 𝑪 d’
2-28 mmø 𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 −
c

700 𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 − 64

Mn 228.7
mm
561 𝒇′𝒔 = 432.1 MPa > fy
d-c
⸫ 𝑨′𝒔 yields (ok!)
4-36 mmø
Note: In general,
𝜖t 𝒇𝒚 𝑻
75 y
𝒇𝒔 = 600 1 − 𝒊 ≤ fy
350 mm 𝒊 c
 Example 5.8 Analysis of Beams with Compression Steel
Compute the design moment FH : Σ
C + Cs = T ΣF H: C + Cs = T
strength of the beam shown with 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝒂 +𝟐𝟒𝟖, 𝟖𝟏𝟎 =𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟎 (0.85𝒄)
𝒇𝒄 = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
′ a = 132.3 mm + 𝟑𝟔𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟓×106/c =𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟎𝟎
a 132.3 c = 160.8 mm
C = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ab 𝒄= =
β1 0.85 a = β1𝒄 = 0.85(160.8)
C = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(𝟐𝟖)𝒂(350)= 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟎𝒂 = 155.6 mm a = 136.7 mm
Assume 𝑨′𝒔 will yield:
Check if 𝑨′𝒔 yields: Check ductility of beam:
Cs = 𝑨′𝒔 ( 𝒇′𝒔 - 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 ) d 625
Cs = (2×314)(420 -0.85(28)) = 𝟐𝟒𝟖, 𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝐍 𝜖𝒔′ 0.003 𝜖t = 0.003 c − 1 = 0.003 160.8 − 1
=
T = As f y c-d’ c 𝜖t = 0.008660> 0.005,  = 0.90
T = (4×804)420 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐍 𝜖𝒔′ = 0.003 1 − d’ Cs = 𝟑𝟔𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟓×106/160.8
c
0.003 0.85𝒇′𝒄 𝒇′𝒔 = Es 𝜖𝒔′ Cs = 𝟐𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝐍
d’
𝜖𝒔′ 𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 − c
2-20 mmø
64
c a
𝑪𝒔
𝑪 64
ΣM :T
a
Mn = C d - 2 + Cs d - d’
𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 −
155.6 Mn = 𝟖, 𝟑𝟑𝟎(136.7) 625 - 136.7
𝒇′𝒔 = 353.2 MPa < fy 2
700 + 211,880 625 - 64
mm Mn
561 ⸫ 𝑨′𝒔 does not yields Mn = 𝟕𝟓𝟐. 𝟕 kN∙m
d-c
64 Mn = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 (𝟕𝟓𝟐. 𝟕)
𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 −
c Mn = 𝟔𝟕𝟕. 𝟒 kN∙m
4-32 mmø Cs = 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒇′𝒔 - 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 )
𝜖t 𝒇𝒚 𝑻 64
75 Cs = (2×314) 600 1 − - 0.85(28)
c
350 mm Cs = 𝟑𝟔𝟏, 𝟖𝟓𝟎 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟓×106/c
 Design of Beam with Compression Steel
b b 0.003 0.85𝒇′𝒄 b 0.003
d’ d’ C = 0.85𝒇′𝒄 ab d’ d’ 𝒇′𝒔 Cs = 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒇′𝒔 - 0.85𝒇′𝒄 )
c a c
𝑨′𝒔 𝑨′𝒔 𝜖𝒔′
d d d - 2a Mn 1 d d - d’ Mn 2
As As 1 As 2
𝜖s T1 = As1 fy 𝜖s T2 = As2 fy
fy fy
Mu Mu 1 Mu - Mu1

Tension Steel: Compression Steel: Value of 𝒇′𝒔 :

Assume ρ1: Mu - Mu1 =  Mn 2 Cs = T2 C = T1

Note: ρ1 ≤ 0.85𝒇 ′
𝒄 β 3 0.85𝒇′𝒄 ab = As1 fy
fy
1
8 Mu - Mu1 =  As 2 𝒇𝒚(d-d’) 𝑨′𝒔 (𝒇′𝒔 - 0.85𝒇′𝒄 ) = As 2 fy
As1 fy
As1= ρ1bd As2 fy 𝒂=
Mu - Mu1 0.85𝒇′𝒄 b
As2= 𝑨′𝒔 =
ρ𝟏 fy  𝒇𝒚(d-d’) 𝒇′𝒔 - 0.85𝒇′𝒄
Mu1 = ρ𝟏𝒇𝒚 1 - bd 2 a
𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄 𝒄=
β1
Finally,
d’
As = As1+ As2 𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 − c ≤ fy
Example 5.9 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam
Design a rectangular Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML Tension Steel:
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 3
beam for MD = 440 kN∙m = 1.2(440) + 1.6(540) Assume ρ1 = ρmax = β1 = 0.01806
𝒇𝒚 8
and ML = 540 kN∙m if 𝒇′𝒄 Mu = 1,392 kN∙m
As = ρ1bd = 0.01806(380)705 = 4,838 mm2
1
= 28 MPa and fy = 420 Assume a Singly Reinforced Beam: ρ𝟏 f y
MPa. The maximum Mu Mu =  ρ𝟏𝒇𝒚 1 - bd 2 = 1,084 kN∙m
d = 75 + 630 1 𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
permissible beam 𝑹n = = 705 mm
 bd 2
dimensions are shown Mu - Mu1
1,392×106 As = = 1,293 mm2
below. Use 32 mm  =
0.90(380) (705)2
2  𝒇𝒚(d-d’ )
bars. = 8.189 MPa As = As1+ As2 = 4,838 + 1,293 = 6,131 mm2
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 2Rn 𝒏=
𝟔, 𝟏𝟑𝟏
= 7.63 provide 8 – 32 mm  bars
ρ = 1- 1- 𝟖𝟎𝟒
75 𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 Compression Steel: 66
𝑨′𝒔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28) As1 fy 2-32mm
2(8.189) 𝒂= = 224.67 mm
= 1- 1- 0.85𝒇′𝒄 b
𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓(28)
800 a
mm = 0.02502 > ρmax = 0.01806 𝒄= 8-32mm
= 264.3 mm
630 ⸫ Design a Doubly Reinforced Beam: β1 57
66
𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 − d’ = 429.7 MPa > fy = 420 MPa
As 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 3 c
ρmax = β1
𝒇𝒚 8 As f y
95 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28) 3 𝑨′𝒔 = ′ 2 = 1,371 mm2
= (0.85) 𝒇𝒔 -0.85𝒇𝒄 ′
𝟒𝟐𝟎 8
380 mm ⸫ρmax = 0.01806 𝒏=
𝟏, 𝟑𝟕𝟏
= 1.71
provide 2 – 32 mm  bars
𝟖𝟎𝟒
Example 5.10a Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam
Determine the reinforce- Mu = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML Tension Steel:
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 3
ment required for a = 1.2(250) + 1.6(320) Assume ρ1 = ρmax = β1 = 0.01806
𝒇𝒚 8
rectangular beam if MD = Mu = 812 kN∙m As = ρ1bd = 0.01806(380)515 = 3,534 mm2
1
250 kN∙m and ML = 320 Assume a Singly Reinforced Beam: ρ𝟏 f y
kN∙m. 𝒇′𝒄 = 28 MPa and fy Mu Mu =  ρ𝟏𝒇𝒚 1 - bd 2 = 578.39 kN∙m
812×106 1 𝟏. 𝟕𝒇′𝒄
= 420 MPa. The beam 𝑹n = =
 bd 2 0.90 (380) (515)2
dimensions are shown Mu - Mu1
= 8.9519 MPa As = = 1,373 mm2
below. Use 32 mm  ten- 2  𝒇𝒚(d-d’ )
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
sion bars and 28 mm  ρ = 1- 1-
2Rn
As = As1+ As2 = 3,534 + 1,373 = 4,907 mm2
compression bars. 𝒇𝒚 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄
𝒏=
𝟒, 𝟗𝟎𝟕
= 6.10
provide 6 – 32 mm  bars
65 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28) 2(8.9519) 𝟖𝟎𝟒
= 1- 1- Compression Steel: 64
𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28)
𝑨′𝒔 As1 fy 3-28mm
= 0.028462 > ρmax = 0.01806 𝒂= = 164.11 mm
⸫ Design a Doubly Reinforced Beam: 0.85𝒇′𝒄 b Mn=807.6
515 a 6-32mm 
kN-m
64 𝒄= = 193.08 mm
β1 57
4-28mm 66
As
𝒇′𝒔 = 600 1 − d’ = 398.0 MPa < fy = 420 MPa
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 3 c
85 ρmax = β1
8 If As=7-32mm,
𝒇𝒚 6-32mm As f y
380 mm 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 (28) 3 57 𝑨′𝒔 = ′ 2 = 1,541 mm2 transition section
= (0.85) 66 𝒇𝒔 -0.85𝒇𝒄
′
𝟒𝟐𝟎 8
⸫ρmax = 0.01806 𝟏, 𝟓𝟒𝟏 provide 3 – 28 mm  bars
Mn=818.2 kN-m 𝒏=
𝟔𝟏𝟔
= 2.50