Module 2:

Session Topic 4:
Data Management
PRELIM – 1ST Semester - A.Y. 2022 – 2023

Prepared by:
Dr. John Paolo P. Severino
Learning Objectives

1. Use variety of statistical tools and manage

numerical data;
2. Describe the Types of Random Sampling
Technique and
3. Illustrate the Data Organization and Presentations
Data Gathering
The following are some methods of collecting data:
1. Interview Method. The researcher make direct and
personal contact with the interviewee through asking series
of questions.

2. Questionnaire Method. The researcher distribute the

questionnaires either personally or by email and collects
them by the same process. However, the researcher cannot
expect all the mailed questionnaires to be retrieved, since
some respondents might ignore the survey.

3. Registration Method. This method of collecting data is

governed by our existing laws. The researchers gather data
from offices concerned, such as Philippine Statistics
Association - (PSA, the Commission of Election
(COMELEC) and alike.
Data Gathering
4. Experimental Method. This method of collecting data is
used to find out the cause and effect relationship of certain
phenomena under controlled conditions.

5. Observation Method. The researcher may observe

subjects individually or group of individuals to obtain data
and information related to the objectives of investigation.

6. Texting Method. The researcher may ask or invite

individuals to send text or opinions on certain issues or
send in their choices on their brand preferences on a
particular product using their cellphones.
Types of Random Sampling Technique
1. Lottery Sampling. This is also known as raffle. Each member
of the population is numbered on a piece of paper. The piece of
paper shall be identical (equal in size and weight) and rolled
evenly. They are placed in a lottery box and shaken very well.
The desired number of samples are drawn, one after the other,
with eyes away from it.
2. Stratified Sampling. It obtain samples by dividing the
population into strata (groups). If the desired sample is 50 and
there are 10 strata, then we obtain the sample proportionately
from each stratum. The bigger the strata, the more number of
sample are taken.
3. Cluster Sampling. This is sometimes called area sampling
because it is used for a large population. We select member of
the sample by area; then we select each by lottery sampling.
Types of Random Sampling Technique
4. Convenience Sampling. This is used because it is convenient
to the researcher. For example, a researcher may find out
which detergent is the most popular among household by
making on-line survey. The data is easily be obtained, the
accuracy of the data may not be reliable since not all the
household have internet connections.

5. Quota Sampling. In this method, the researcher uses the

proportions of different strata; and from the strata, selections
are done using quota.

6. Purposive Sampling. The researcher gets his sample from the

respondents purposely related or close to him.
Data Organization and Presentations
1. Nominal level of measurement classifies data in
non-overlapping scale. There is no ranking or meaningful
order among the categories.
(Ex. Course title taught such as English, Filipino,
Science or Mathematics)

In Survey Form:
Educational Attainment: (check only 1)
□ Elementary Graduate □ High School Level
□ High School Graduate □ College Level
□ College Graduate Others ________________
Data Organization and Presentations
2. Ordinal level of measurement classifies data into some
specified order or rank.
(Ex. Likert Scale in terms of Level of Agreement;5 – Strongly Agree;
4 – Agree;
3 – Slightly Agree; 2 – Disagree; 1 – Strongly Disagree

In Survey Form:
Data Organization and Presentations
3. Interval level of measurement specifies the precise
difference between or among the values or ranks.

In Survey Form:
Demographic Profile of the respondents in terms of their Age.
Age (in years):
□ 18 – 24
□ 25 – 31
□ 32 – 38
□ 39 and above
Data Organization and Presentations
4. Ratio level of measurement has the same characteristics
as the interval level; the only difference is that the ratio level
always starts from zero. In addition, the ratio level has always
the presence of units of measures.

Ex. Car A starts from Luneta and travels 90 km in one hour

Car B also starts from Luneta and travels 120 km in one
hour.

Conclusion:
The car B is 1 1/3 times faster than car A.
 Data Organization and Presentations
Other ways or forms to present data.

Textual form make use of words, sentences

and paragraphs.

Tabular form is a systematic presentation of

data in rows and columns.

Graphical form shows numerical values or

relationship in a pictorial form.
Statistical Tables
 Heading
 Box head
 Stub
 Footnote
 Source note
Graphical Presentation
Line Graph
 Accurate
 Simple
 Clear
 Attractive

Bar Graph
Graphical Presentation
Pie Graph

Pictogram
Thank You.