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Center of Gravity
• Locates the resultant weight of a system of particles
• Consider system of n particles fixed within a region of
space
• The weights of the particles can be replaced by a
single (equivalent) resultant weight having defined
point G of application
Center of Gravity
• Resultant weight = total weight of n particles
WR = W
• Sum of moments of weights of all the particles about x,
y, z axes = moment of resultant weight about these
axes
• Summing moments about the x axis,
x WR = ~
x1W1 + ~
x2W2 + ... + ~
xnWn
• Summing moments about y axis,
yW = ~
R yW + ~
1 1 y W + ... + ~
2 2 yW n n
Center of Gravity
• Although the weights do not produce a moment about
z axis, by rotating the coordinate system 90° about x
or y axis with the particles fixed in it and summing
moments about the x axis,
z WR = ~z1W1 + ~
z2W2 + ... + ~
znWn
• Generally,
~
xm ~
ym ~
zm
x= ;y = ,z =
m m m
Center Mass
• Provided acceleration due to gravity g for every
particle is constant, then W = mg
~
xm ~
ym ~
zm
x= ;y = ,z =
m m m
• By comparison, the location of the center of gravity
coincides with that of center of mass
• Particles have weight only when under the influence of
gravitational attraction, whereas center of mass is
independent of gravity
Center Mass
• A rigid body is composed of an infinite number of
particles
• Consider arbitrary particle having a weight of dW
x= ~
xdW
;y = ~
ydW
;z = ~
zdW
Centroid of a Volume
• Consider an object subdivided into volume elements
dV, for location of the centroid,
xdV
~
ydV
~
zdV
~
x =V ;y =V ;z = V
dV dV dV
V V V
Centroid of an Area
• For centroid for surface area of an object, such as
plate and shell, subdivide the area into differential
elements dA
~
xdA ~
ydA zdA
~
x=A ;y = A ;z = A
dA dA dA
A A A
Centroid of a Line
• If the geometry of the object takes the form of a line,
the balance of moments of differential elements dL
about each of the coordinate system yields
xdL
~
ydL
~
zdL
~
x=L ;y = L ;z = L
dL dL dL
L L L
dL
dy
dx
Differential element
Located on the curve at the arbitrary point (x, y)
Area and Moment Arms
For differential length of the element dL
2
dx
dL = (dx )2 + (dy )2 = + 1 dy
dy
Since x = y2 and then dx/dy = 2y
dL = (2 y )2 + 1 dy
The centroid is located at
x = x, ~
~ y=y
Integrations
x dL
~ 1
0 x 4 y + 1 dy
2 1 2
y 4 y 2 + 1 dy
x= L = = 0
dL
1 1
L
0 4 y 2 + 1 dy 0 4 y 2 + 1 dy
0.6063
= = 0.410m
1.479
ydL 1 y 4 y 2 + 1 dy
~
y=L = 01
dL 4 y 2 + 1 dy
0
L
0.8484
= = 0.574m
1.479
~
xW ~
yW ~
zW
x= y= z=
W W W
Moment Arms
• Establish the coordinate axes and determine the
coordinates of the center of gravity or centroid of each
part
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
9.2 Composite Bodies
Composite Parts
Plate divided into 3 segments.
Area of small rectangle considered “negative”.
Moment Arm
Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and
indicated in the diagram.
Summations
~
xA − 4
x= = = −0.348mm
A 11.5
~
y A 14
y= = = 1.22mm
A 11.5
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Exercise 9–10. Determine the area and the centroid
(x, y) of the area.
Surface Area
• Area of a surface of revolution = product of length of
the curve and distance traveled by the centroid in
generating the surface area
A =θ r L
Volume
• Volume of a body of revolution = product of generating
area and distance traveled by the centroid in
generating the volume
V =θ r A
Solution
Surface Area
Generated by rotating semi-arc about the x axis
For centroid, r = 2R / π
π
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Solution
Volume
Generated by rotating semicircular area about the x axis
For centroid,
r = 4 R / 3π
For volume,
V =θ ~r A;
V = 2π πR 2 = πR3
4R 1 4
3π 2 3
yρ ( x, y )dA ydV
y= A
= V
ρ ( x, y)dA dV
A V
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
9.5 Fluid Pressure
FR = ρdA = dV = V
A V
dV V dV V
1 Pa = 1N/m2
Hence
FR = FRe + FR = 88.3kN + 66.2kN = 154.5kN