Module 4: Section

Properties of Structural
Members
Center of Gravity & Center of Mass
 The center of gravity G is a point which
locates the resultant weight of a system of
particles.
 The weights of the particles are
considered to be a parallel force system.
 The system of weights can be replaced by
a single (equivalent) resultant weight
acting at the Center of Gravity.
2
 n
Total weight, WR = W
i 1
i

Thus, using the moment equation, we

can write

x location:
x RWR  ~x1W1  ~x2W2  ~x3W3  ...~xnWn

y location:
y RWR  ~y1W1  ~y 2W2  ~y3W3  ...~y nWn

z location:

z RWR  ~z1W1  ~z 2W2  ~z3W3  ...~z nWn

3
 The coordinate 𝑥 𝐺 , 𝑦𝐺 , 𝑧𝐺 , is called the center of gravity for
the system
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥 𝑖𝑊𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑦 𝑖𝑊𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑧 𝑖𝑊𝑖
𝑥= 𝑛 𝑦= 𝑛 𝑧= 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖

𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 = coordinates of the center of gravity

𝑥 𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 = coordinates of the ith particle

mi = weight of the ith particle

4
 Since W = mg, we can immediately deduce
that
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥 𝑖𝑚𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑦 𝑖𝑚𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑧 𝑖𝑚𝑖
𝑥= 𝑛 𝑚 𝑦= 𝑛 𝑚 𝑧= 𝑛 𝑚
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑖

𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 = coordinates of the center of mass

𝑥 𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 , 𝑧𝑖 = coordinates of the ith particle

mi = mass of the ith particle

5
Center of Gravity
 Let us imagine that a continuous body is made up
of an infinite number of particles, each possesses
an infinitesimal weight, δWi → 0 but δWi ≠ 0.
 Following the previous derivation, we can write
∞ lim 𝑥 𝑑𝑊 𝑥𝛾𝑑𝑉
𝑖=1 𝑥 𝑖𝑊𝑖 𝛿𝑊→0 𝑉
𝑥𝐺 = ∞ 𝑊 = =
𝑖=1 𝑖 lim 𝑑𝑊 𝛾𝑑𝑉
𝛿𝑊→0 𝑉

• This equation is also an equation for the center of

gravity of a body, where γ is the specific weight of the
body (weight per unit volume). The same goes for y and
z coordinates.
6
Centroid
 The centroid C is a point which defines the
geometric center of an object.
 The geometric center of an object is independent
of the force or weight of the body.
 It depends entirely on the complexities of the
shape of the object.
 Also, the location of the geometric center does
not necessarily have to be within the object; it can
be located off the object in space.

7
Centroid of a Volume

𝑉
𝑥 𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑦𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑧𝑑𝑉
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑧=
𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
𝑑𝑉
8
Centroid of an Area

𝐴
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝐴
𝑦𝑑𝐴 𝐴
𝑧𝑑𝐴
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑧=
𝐴
𝑑𝐴 𝐴
𝑑𝐴 𝐴
𝑑𝐴
9
Centroid of a Line

𝐿
𝑥 𝑑𝐿 𝐿
𝑦𝑑𝐿 𝐿
𝑧𝑑𝐿
𝑥= 𝑦= 𝑧=
𝐿
𝑑𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝐿

10
Example 4-1 (Centroid of a line):

Locate the centroid of the line shown.

Solution:

11
Example 4-1 (Centroid of a line) (cont’d):

y = 0.574 m
x = 0.410 m

12
Example 4-2 (Centroid of an area: Triangle, dA=xdy):

Locate the centroid of the area shown

For the horizontal infinitesimal area, dA,
𝐝𝑨 = 𝒙𝐝𝒚
Relation between y and x
𝑦−ℎ ℎ−0 ℎ
Gradient = = 𝑦−ℎ =− 𝑥
𝑥−0 0−𝑏 𝑏
𝒉
𝒚= 𝒃−𝒙
𝒃
𝒃
Rearrange the formula, 𝒙 = 𝒉−𝒚
𝒉

𝒃
Therefore, 𝒅𝑨 = 𝒉 − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒉

Also, the centroid of the infinitesimal area dA is

given by 𝑥, 𝑦 where
𝟏 𝟏 𝒃
𝒙= 𝒙 = 𝒉−𝒚 and
𝟐 𝟐 𝒉
𝒚=𝒚 13
Example 4-2 (Centroid of an area: Triangle, dA=xdy) (cont’d):

ℎ 𝑏
ℎ1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑦 ℎ − 𝑦 d𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 0 2 ℎ
ℎ−𝑦
ℎ
ℎ − 𝑦 d𝑦 𝐴 0 ℎ
𝑥= 𝐴
= 𝑦= =
ℎ𝑏 ℎ𝑏
𝑑𝐴 ℎ − 𝑦 d𝑦 𝑑𝐴 ℎ − 𝑦 d𝑦
𝐴 0 ℎ 𝐴 0 ℎ

ℎ𝑦2 𝑦3 ℎ
ℎ−𝑦 3 ℎ ℎ −
𝑏 ℎ
ℎ−𝑦 2𝑑𝑦 0
ℎ𝑦−𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 2 3 0
2ℎ 0 𝑏 3 −1 0 = =
= ℎ = ℎ
ℎ−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ℎ−𝑦 2 ℎ
ℎ−𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2ℎ ℎ−𝑦 2 ℎ 0
0 2 −1 0
2 −1 0

𝑏 0 −ℎ3 1 3ℎ𝑦2−2𝑦3 ℎ
0 1 3ℎ3−2ℎ3
= = − ℎ = −
3ℎ 0 −ℎ2 3 ℎ−𝑦 2
0 3 0 −ℎ2

𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒃 = h
𝟑
𝟑

14
Example 4-3 (Centroid of an area: Triangle, dA=ydx):

Locate the centroid of the area shown

For the vertical infinitesimal area, dA,
𝐝𝑨 = 𝒚𝐝x
dA
Relation between y and x
𝒉 𝒃
h 𝒚= 𝒙 𝒙= 𝒚
𝒃 𝒉
𝒉
Therefore, 𝒅𝑨 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒃

Also, the centroid of the infinitesimal area dA is

b given by 𝑥, 𝑦 where
𝒙 = 𝒙 = and
𝟏
𝒚= 𝒚
𝟐

15
Example 4-3 (Centroid of an area: Triangle, dA=ydx) (cont’d):

𝑏 𝑏 𝑦 𝑏 ℎ 2
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑥𝑦d𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑦d𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥= 𝐴
= 0 𝐴 0 2 0 𝑏
𝑏 𝑦= = =
𝑑𝐴 𝑦d𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑏
𝑦d𝑥 2 𝑏 ℎ
𝐴 0 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 0 𝑏

𝑏 ℎ 𝑏 2 𝑥3 𝑏
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 2 𝑥3 𝑏
0 𝑏 0 3 0
= 𝑏 ℎ = 𝑏 = 𝑥2 𝑏 =
ℎ 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
ℎ 3 0
0 𝑏
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 2𝑏 𝑏 2𝑏 𝑥 𝑏
2
2 0 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑏3
𝑏3
3
= 𝑏2 =
ℎ 3
2𝑏 𝑏2
2
2

𝟐
= 𝒃 =
𝟏
𝒉
𝟑
𝟑

16
Example 4-4 (Centroid of an exparabolic area):
Locate the centroid of the area shown in the figure.
For the infinitesimal area, dA,
𝐝𝑨 = 𝒚𝐝x
Given y = x2
Therefore, 𝒅𝑨 = 𝒙𝟐𝒅𝒙
h
Also, the centroid of the infinitesimal area
dA is given by 𝑥, 𝑦 where
𝒙 = 𝒙 = and
𝟏
𝒚= 𝒚
b 𝟐

17
 Example 4-4 (Centroid of an exparabolic area) (cont’d):

𝑏 𝑏 𝑦 2 𝑏 4
𝑥4 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑥 d𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑦= 𝐴
=
0 2 = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑥. 𝑥2d𝑥 4 0 𝑑𝐴
𝑏 2
𝑥 d𝑥 2 𝑏 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥= 𝐴
= 0
𝑏 2 = 𝑏 𝐴 0 0
𝐴
𝑑𝐴 0
𝑥 d𝑥 𝑥3
3 0
𝑥5 𝑏
1 5 0
𝑏4 = 𝑥3 𝑏
2
4
= 𝑏3
3 0

3
3 2
= 𝑏
𝟑 10
= 𝒃
𝟒 𝟑
= 𝒉 (as y = x2, h = b2)
𝟏𝟎

18
Composite Bodies
 Real engineering structures are very
complicated.
 How do we find the centroid?

 We can cut the body into several pieces of

simpler “bodies” of standard shapes, like
square, rectangle, triangle, circle etc, and
analyze them separately, and finally put all
the result together.

19
20
Example 4-5 (Centroid of a composite area – T shape):
Locate the centroid C of the cross-sectional area for the T-beam
shown. All dimensions are in cm.
8 Solution:
The section is symmetry about the y-axis so that x = 0. Locate C
0, 𝒚𝟏 at the symmetrical axis with 𝑦 from the bottom (reference axis)
3 1
The area is segmented into two rectangles
C Segment, i Ai (cm2) 𝒚𝒊(cm) Ai𝒚𝒊 (cm3)

10 0, 𝒚𝟐
11.5 Area of individual Centroid of First moment of
segment individual segment individual area wrt
wrt the bottom to bottom reference
reference axis axis
5
2 = (8) (3) = 0.5(3) + 10 = (24)(11.5)
1
2 = 24 = 11.5 = 276

𝐴𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 2
= (2) (10) = 0.5(10) = (20)(5)
𝑦= = 20 =5 = 100
𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑖 = 24 + 20 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 276 + 100
376
= = 44 = 376
44
94
= = 8.8.5454 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒎
11 21
Example 4-6 (Centroid of a composite area – arbitrary shape):
Locate the coordinates of the centroid of
the composite area shown below

2cm

1cm

2cm 3cm
2cm

22
Example 4-6 (Centroid of a composite area – arbitrary shape) (cont’d):
y 𝑥=
𝐴𝑥 𝑖 𝑖
Solution: 𝐴𝑖
The area is divided into −4 8
three segments as shown = =− = −0.348
11.5 23
2
94
2cm = = 8.8.5454
C (-0.348, 1.22) 11
C2
= 𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒎
C3 𝐴𝑖 𝑦 𝑖
1 𝒚2
1cm C1 𝒙2 𝑦=
𝒚3 𝐴𝑖
𝒚1 𝒙3 3 x 14 28
= =
11.5 23
1cm 2cm 3cm
𝒙1 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Segment, i Ai (cm2) 𝒙𝒊(cm) 𝒚𝒊(cm) Ai𝒙𝒊 (cm3) Ai𝒚𝒊 (cm3)
= (1)(1) = 0.5(-1) + (-2) = 0.5(1) = (1)(-2.5) = (1)(0.5)
1
= 1.0 = -2.5 = 0.5 = -2.5 = 0.5
= (2)(3) = 0.5(-2) = 0.5(3) = (6)(-1) = (6)(1.5)
2
= 6.0 = -1.0 = 1.5 = -6 =9
= 0.5(3)(3) = (1/3)(3) = (1/3)(3) = (4.5)(1) = (4.5)(1)
3
= 4.5 = 1.0 = 1.0 = 4.5 = 4.5
𝐴𝑖 = 1 + 6 + 4.5 𝐴𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 = −2.5 + −6 + 4.5 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 0.5 + 9 + 4.5

= 11.5 = -4 = 14 23
Example 4-6 (Centroid of a composite area – arbitrary shape)
(Deduction): y
𝐴𝑥
Solution: 𝑖 𝑖
𝑥=
The area is divided into 𝐴𝑖
1 three segments as shown −4 8
2 = =−
11.5 23
2cm C2
C1
C (-0.348, 1.22) = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟖 cm

𝒚2 𝒙1 C3
𝒚1 𝐴𝑖 𝑦 𝑖
1cm 𝑦=
𝒙2 𝒚3 𝐴𝑖
𝒙3 3 x 14 28
= =
11.5 23
1cm 2cm 3cm
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Segment, i Ai (cm2) 𝒙𝒊(cm) 𝒚𝒊(cm) Ai𝒙𝒊 (cm3) Ai𝒚𝒊 (cm3)
= (3)(3) = 0.5(-3) = 0.5(3) = (9)(-1.5) = (9)(1.5)
1
= 9.0 = -1.5 = 1.5 = -13.5 = 13.5
= (1)(2) Note: Area = 0.5(-1) - 2 = 0.5(2) + 1 = (2)(-2.5) = (2)(2)
2 is always
= 2.0 +ve. = -2.5 =2 = -5 =4
= 0.5(3)(3) = (1/3)(3) = (1/3)(3) = (4.5)(1) = (4.5)(1)
3
= 4.5 = 1.0 = 1.0 = 4.5 = 4.5
𝐴𝑖 = 9 − 𝟐 + 4.5 𝐴𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 = −13.5 − −𝟓 + 4.5 𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 13.5 − 𝟒 + 4.5

= 11.5 = -4 = 14 24
Moments of Inertia of an Area
 In the preceding sections, we compute the
centroid for an area by using the first
moment of the area about an axis, i.e.,
∫xdA.
 Here, we are considering the second
moment of an area given as

• These formulas are sometimes referred to as the

moment of inertia for the area.
25
 Instead of computing the second moment
of area about an axis, we can also
consider the second moment of area
about the pole O, and is referred to as the
polar moment of inertia, given
mathematically as

• The unit for the second moment of area is

[length]4.

26
Parallel-Axis Theorem
 If the second moment of area is known
about an axis passing through its centroid,
we can use that information to compute
the second moment of area about a
corresponding parallel axis.
 This is known as the Parallel-Axis
Theorem.
 We now derive the formula.
27

C area
Consider an infinitesimal
area δA, therefore
The second moment of
area about its centroidal x-
axis is:
𝑰𝒙′ = 𝒚′𝟐 𝒅𝑨
C is the centroid of the area
x & y are centroidal axes (axes
passes through the centroid)
dy = distance between X-axis which is
parallel to centroidal x-axis of the
dx = distance between Y-axis which is
parallel to the centroidal y-axis of
the area.
The second moment of area about the X-axis is:
𝐼𝑋 = 𝑦 ′ + 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
= 𝑦 ′2 + 2𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝐴
= 𝑦 ′ 2 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝑦2 𝑑𝐴
= 𝐼𝑥′ + 0 + dy2 A (as 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 = 0)
Therefore
𝑰𝑿 = 𝑰𝒙′ + Ady2 28
Example 4-7 (Moment of inertia - Rectangle):
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area shown with
respect to (a) the centroidal x’-axis, and (b) the xb-axis.
For the infinitesimal area, dA,
𝐝𝑨 = 𝒃𝐝y
a) To it centroidal x-axis
ℎ/2
𝑰𝒙′ = 𝒚′𝟐 𝒅𝑨 = −ℎ/2
𝒚′𝟐𝒃𝐝y

ℎ
𝑦′3 2
=𝑏
3 −ℎ
xb 2
3 3
𝑏 ℎ ℎ
= − −
3 2 2
𝑏 ℎ3
=
3 4
𝒃𝒉𝟑
=
𝟏𝟐

(second moment of area of rectangle wrt its centroidal

x-axis)
29
Example 4-7 (Moment of inertia - Rectangle)(Cont’d):
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area shown with
respect to (a) the centroidal x’-axis, and (b) the xb-axis.
b) To it base xb-axis
ℎ 2
𝑰𝒙𝒃 = 𝑦′ + 𝑑𝐴
2
2
ℎ ℎ
= 𝑦 ′2 + 2𝑦 ′ + 𝑑𝐴
2 2
′2
ℎ ′
ℎ2
= 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + 2 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐴
2 4
ℎ2
xb = 𝐼𝑥′ + 0 + 𝐴 (A = area of the rectangle)
3 2
4
bh ℎ
= + 𝑏ℎ
12 4
3 3
bh 𝑏ℎ
= +
Check Ixb using Parallel Axis 12 4
Theorem, 𝒃𝒉𝟑
𝑰𝑿 = 𝑰𝒙′ + Ady2 =
𝟑
bh3 ℎ 2
= + 𝑏ℎ (second moment of area of rectangle wrt its base xb-
12 2
bh3 𝑏ℎ3 axis)
= +
12 4
𝒃𝒉𝟑
=
𝟑
30
 Example 4-8 (Moment of inertia – Parallel Axis Theorem):
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area shown with respect
to x1-, x2-, x3- and x4-axes.
x3 Using Parallel Axis Theorem,
𝑰𝒙𝟏 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏
(30)(120)3 𝒃𝒉𝟑
= + 30 120 60 2 (𝑰𝒙′ = )
12 𝟏𝟐
60 mm
𝒅𝒚𝟑 = 90

= (4.32 × 106 ) + (12.96 × 106)

x2 = 17.28 × 106 mm4
𝒅𝒚𝟐 = 30

𝑰𝒙𝟐 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟐

C
120 mm (30)(120)3 2
= + 30 (120) 30
12
= (4.32 × 106 ) + (3.24× 106)
𝒅𝒚𝟏 = 60

90 mm = 7.56 × 106 mm4

𝒅𝒚𝟒 = 105

𝑰𝒙𝟑 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟑

x1 (30)(120)3
= + 30 (120) 90 2
12
30 mm = (4.32 × 106 ) + (29.16× 106)
45 mm = 33.48 × 106 mm4
x3
𝑰𝒙𝟒 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟒
(30)(120)3 2
= + 30 (120) 105
12
= (4.32 × 106 ) + (39. 69× 106)
= 44.01 × 106 mm4 31
Example 4-9(Moment of inertia – Parallel Axis Theorem):
The area of the arbitrary area below is 5400 mm2 and its second moment of area of 𝐼𝑥 1 =
8.505 × 106 mm4. Calculate the second moment of area of the area with respect to x2- and
x3-axes. C is the centroid of thex area.
3
Using Parallel Axis Theorem,
𝑰𝒙𝟏 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏
𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙𝟏 − 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏
90
x1 = 8.505 × 106 − 5400 30 2
= (8.505 × 106 ) - (4.86 × 106)
C 30 = 3.645 × 106 mm4

𝑰𝒙𝟐 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟐

= (3.645 × 106 ) + (5400)(75)2
75
= (3.645 × 106 ) + (30.375 × 106)
x2 = 34.02 × 106 mm4

𝑰𝒙𝟑 = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑨𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟑

= (3.645 × 106 ) + (5400)(90)2
= (3.645 × 106 ) + (43.74 × 106)
= 47.385 × 106 mm4

32
Example 4-9(Moment of inertia – Parallel Axis Theorem)(cont’d):
The area of the arbitrary area below is 5400 mm2 and its second moment of area of 𝐼𝑥 1 =
8.505 × 106 mm4. Calculate the second moment of area of the area with respect to x2- and
x3-axes. C is the centroid of thex area.
3
[OR]
Using Parallel Axis Theorem,
𝐼𝑥 1 = 𝐼 𝑥 ′ + 𝐴𝑑𝑦21
90
x 𝐼 𝑥 ′ = 𝐼𝑥 1 − 𝐴𝑑𝑦21 ………(1)
1

C 30 Similarly, 𝐼 𝑥 ′ = 𝐼𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑑𝑦22 …….(2)

Equate (1) & (2)
𝐼𝑥 1 − 𝐴𝑑𝑦21 = 𝐼𝑥 2 − 𝐴𝑑𝑦22
75 𝑰𝒙𝟐 = 𝑰𝒙𝟏 + 𝑨 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏
= 8.505 × 106 + 5400 752 − 302
x2 = 8.505 × 106 + 25.515 × 106
= 34.02 × 106 mm4

𝑰𝒙𝟑 = 𝑰𝒙𝟏 + 𝑨 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏

= 8.505 × 106 + 5400 902 − 302
= 8.505 × 106 + 38.88 × 106
= 47.385 × 106 mm4
33
Moment of Inertia for Simple Areas with
respect to centroidal axes
bd 3
db 3
1. Rectangle: I xx  I yy 
12 12

bh 3 hb 3
2. Triangle:
I xx  I yy 
36 36
r 4
3. Circle: I xx  I yy 
4
r 4
4. Semicircle: I xx  0.11r 4 I yy 
8
5. Quarter Circle: I xx  I yy  0.055r 4

34
Example 4-10 (Moment of inertia – An area (integration)):
Determine the moments of inertia for the cross-
section shown about the x-axis.

I x   y 2 dA   y 2 (100  x)dy
A A

200
 y 2

I x   y 100 
2
dy
0  400 
200 200
1
I x  100  y dy 
2
 dy
y 4
dx
0
400 0

I x  107  10 6 mm4

35
 Moment of Inertia of a composite area
with respect to centroidal axes
y If the composite area can be sub-divided into various areas,
from 1….to…..n
yn
dxn

𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙′ 𝟏 + 𝑰𝒙′ 𝟐 + 𝑰𝒙′ 𝟑 + 𝑰𝒙′ 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒙′ 𝒏

Cn xn where
n
𝐼𝑥 ′ 1 is the second moment of area for area 1 wrt to x-axis
𝐼𝑥 ′ 2 is the second moment of area for area 2 wrt to x-axis
dyn
𝐼𝑥 ′ 𝑛 is the second moment of area for area n wrt to x-axis

y4 y5 and
C x 𝑰𝒙′𝟏 = 𝑰𝒙𝟏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟏
𝑰𝒙′𝟐 = 𝑰𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟐
C4 x4 C5 x5
dy2 𝑰𝒙′𝒏 = 𝑰𝒙𝒏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝒏
dy1
4 5 y2 y3
y1
1 dx1
dx2 3 Similarly for
C2 x2 C3 x3 𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚′ 𝟏 + 𝑰𝒚′ 𝟐 + 𝑰𝒚′ 𝟑 + 𝑰𝒚′ 𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒚 ′ 𝒏
x1
C1 𝐼𝑦′ 1 is the second moment of area for area 1 wrt to y-axis
2
𝐼𝑦′ 2 is the second moment of area for area 2 wrt to y-axis
𝐼𝑦′ 𝑛 is the second moment of area for area n wrt to y-axis
C1, C2,…Cn – centroid of each individual area
x1, x2, …xn – centroidal x-axis of each individual area and
y1, y2, …yn – centroidal x-axis of each individual area 𝑰𝒚′𝟏 = 𝑰𝒚𝟏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝟏
𝑰𝒚′𝟐 = 𝑰𝒚𝟐 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝑰𝒚′𝒏 = 𝑰𝒚𝒏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝒏
Example 4-11 (Moment of inertia – Composite area):

Determine the moments of inertia for the cross-

section shown about its centroidal axes.
y Divide the composite area into 3 areas.
The centroid of the area is at the
100 mm intersection of x and y axes.
Using Parallel Axis Theorem,
dx1 = 250
The distance of the centroid of
C1
individual areas wrt C.
1 dy1 = 200 𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑰𝒙′ + 𝑰𝒙′
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝟐
C 𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙𝟏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝒚𝟏
x
𝟏
2 100 300 3 2
= + 100 300 200
12
3 dy3 = 200 = 1425 × 106 mm4
𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟐
C3 𝟐
600 100 3 2
= + 600 100 0
12
= 50 × 106 mm4
𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙𝟑 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝟑
dx3 = 250 𝟑
100 300 3 2
= + 100 300 200
12
= 1425 × 106 mm4
𝑰𝒙′ = (1425 + 50 + 1425) × 106
37
= 2900 × 106 mm4
 Example 4-11 (Moment of inertia – Composite area) (Cont’d):
𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚′ + 𝑰𝒚′ + 𝑰𝒚′
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚𝟏 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝟏
𝟏
300 100 3 2
= + 300 100 250
12
= 1900 × 106 mm4
𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚𝟐 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝟐
𝟐
100 600 3 2
= + 100 600 0
12
= 1800 × 106 mm4
𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚𝟑 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝟑
𝟑
300 100 3 2
= + 300 100 250
12
= 1900 × 106 mm4
[OR] 𝑰𝒚 = (1900 + 1800 + 1900) × 106
Coordinate of C 𝑥, 𝑦 = (0, 0) = 5600 × 106 mm4
Segment, i Ai (mm2) 𝒙𝒊(mm) 𝒚𝒊(mm) 𝑑𝑥𝑖 (mm) 𝑑𝑦𝑖 (mm) 𝑰𝒙′ (× 106 mm4) 𝑰𝒚′ (× 106 mm4)
𝒊 𝒊

𝒙𝒊 coordinate 𝒚𝒊 coordinate Distance btw yi Distance btw xi

of centroid Ci of centroid Ci and centroidal and centroidal 𝑰𝒙′ = 𝑰𝒙𝒊 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒚𝒊 𝑰𝒚′ = 𝑰𝒚𝒊 + 𝑨𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒙𝒊
for Area Ai for Area Ai y-axis x-axis 𝒊 𝒊
= 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒊 = 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒊
= (100)(300) = -250 = 200 = |0 – (-250)| = |0 – (200)| 100 300 3
2
300 100 3
2
+ 30000 200 + 30000 250
1 = 30000 = 250 = 200 12 12
= 1425 = 1900

= (600)(100) =0 =0 = |0 – 0| = |0 – 0| 600 100 3

2
100 600 3
2
2 + 60000 0 + 60000 0
= 60000 =0 =0 12 12
= 50 = 1800

= (100)(300) = -250 = 200 = |0 – (-250)| = |0 – (200)| 100 300 3

2
300 100 3
2
+ 30000 200 + 30000 250
3 = 30000 = 250 = 200 12 12
= 1425 = 1900

𝑰 𝒙′ = 𝐼 𝑥 ′ 𝑰 𝒚′ = 𝐼 𝑦 ′ 38
𝑖 𝑖
= 1425 + 50 + 1425 = 1900 + 1800 + 1900
= 2900 × 106 mm4 = 5600 × 106 mm4
Example 4-12 (Moment of inertia – Composite yarea) (cont’d):

6 cm 3 cm
Determine Moment of
Inertia, I with respect to
(a) xx and yy axes, 6 cm
(b) its centroidal x and y x
axes
6 cm

39
 Example 4-12 (Moment of inertia – Composite area) (cont’d):
y
6 cm 3 cm
Determine Moment of dx2 = 1 + 6 = 7

Inertia, I with respect to 1 dx1 = 3

(a) xx and yy axes, 6 cm

C1 2

dy1 = 3
C2 dy2 = 2 x
dy3 = 2 C3
6 cm
dx3 = 6
3

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥1 + 𝐼𝑥2 + 𝐼𝑥3

1 3 1 1 1 1
= 6 6 + (6)(6)(3)2 + 3 6 3
+ (3)(6)(2)2 + 9 6 3
+ (9)(6)(2)2
12 36 2 36 2
= 648 cm4

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦1 + 𝐼𝑦2 + 𝐼𝑦3

1 3 1 1 1 1
= 6 6 + (6)(6)(3)2 + 6 3 3
+ (6)(3)(7)2 + 6 9 3
+ (6)(9)(6)2
12 36 2 36 2
= 1971 cm4

40
 Example 4-12 (Moment of inertia – Composite area) (cont’d):
Determine Moment of Inertia, I with respect to
(b) its centroidal x and y axes
y
Segment, i Ai (cm2) 𝒙𝒊(cm) 𝒚𝒊(cm) Ai𝒙𝒊 (cm3) Ai𝒚𝒊 (cm3)
dx = 4.625
= (6)(6) = 0.5(6) = 0.5(6) = (36)(3) = (36)(3)
1 = 36 =3 =3 = 108 = 108

= 0.5(6)(3) = (1/3)(3) + 6 = (1/3)(6) = (9)(7) = (9)(2)

2
=9 =7 =2 = 63 = 18
C (4.625, 1) x
= 0.5(9)(6) = (2/3)(9) = (1/3)(-6) = (27)(6) = (27)(-2) dy = 1
3 = 27 =6 = -2 = 162 = -54

𝐴𝑖 333 37 𝐴𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑦 𝑖
𝑥= = = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎 = 108 + 63 + 162 = 108 + 18 + (-54)
= 36 + 9 + 27 72 8
72
= 72 𝑦= = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 = 333 = 72
72 [OR]
Using Parallel Axis Theorem for
Segment, i Ai (cm2) 𝑑𝑥𝑖 (cm) 𝑑𝑦𝑖 (cm) 𝑰𝒙′ ( cm4) 𝑰𝒚′ (cm4) overall composite area,
𝒊 𝒊
3
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼 𝑥 ′ + 𝐴𝑑𝑦2
= |4.625 – 3| = |1 – 3)| 6 6 6 6 3
1 + 36 2 2 + 36 1.625 2 𝐼𝑥 ′ = 𝐼𝑥 − 𝐴𝑑𝑦2
36 = 1.625 =2 12 12
= 252 = 203.0625 = 648 [from part (a)] – (72)(1)2
= |4.625 – 7| = |1 – 2| 3 6 3 6 3 3 = 648 – 72
+ 9 1 2 + 9 2.375 2 = 576 cm4
2 9 = 2.375 =1 36 36
= 27 = 55.265625
= |4.625 – 6| = |1 – (-2)| 9 6 3 2 6 9 3 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦 ′ + 𝐴𝑑𝑥2
3 + 27 3 + 27 1.375 2
𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝐼𝑦 − 𝐴𝑑𝑥2
27 = 1.375 =3 36 36
= 297 = 172.546875 = 1971 [from part (a)] – (72)(4.625)2
𝑰 𝒙′ = 𝐼 𝑥 ′ 𝑰 𝒚′ = 𝐼𝑦 ′ = 1971 – 1540.125
𝑖 𝑖
72 = 430.875 cm4
= 430.875 cm4
= 252 + 27 + 297
= 431 cm4
= 431 cm4 41
= 576 cm4