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GAS TURBINE
A gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that generates
power from gas spinning a turbine. The main goal of a gas turbine
is to pressurize air; this air then pushes the turbine, generating
energy.
𝑀
Pressure is given as, 𝑃 = . Therefore to increase pressure, we need
𝑉
to decrease the volume without reducing the mass, increase the
mass without reducing the volume or increase both. Gas expands
when heated, therefore heating gas would lead to an increase in
mass and, assuming volume is constant, there would be an increase
in pressure. This is the fundamental principle behind a gas turbine.
INTAKE:
Air enters the turbine through a weather case. The weather case
helps protect the filters from sun, rain and atmospheric
contaminants (e.g. debris). Inside the weather case are rows of self-
cleaning fillers, which clean the air. The filters are fitted with
differential pressure sensors, which give indication to the state of
the filters and whether they need cleaning. If the system detects
the filters are clogged, a contraflow stream of air is pushed
through the filters, one row at a time starting from the top.
COMPRESSION:
CHARLES ISIADINSO
COMBUSTION:
CHARLES ISIADINSO
Air leaves the 9E’s compressor and flows into the combustion
chamber at approximately 13.8 bar (200 psig) and 700 degree
Fahrenheit. The 9E has 14 annular reverse flow combustion
chambers mounted on the compressor discharge case. To start the
combustion process, air from the compressor reverse flows into the
combustion chamber through the flow sleeve, the speed of the
compressed air is reduced to a velocity suitable for the combustor.
Primary air (air from the compressor) flows into the combustion
chamber via primary holes in the liner (a super alloy container,
inside the annular can, which contains the combustion process).
Fuel is injected, through the fuel injector, into the liner; the
primary air, flows over the dome and swirlers, which generate
turbulence in the primary airflow, rapidly mixing the air and fuel.
The 9E has only two spark plugs, two flame detectors and crossfire
tubes, connecting all 14 cans; these make up the system used to
burn the air-fuel mixture. An ignition in one of the chambers
causes a pressure rise, in that chamber, forcing hot gas through the
crossfire tubes propagating the flame. Secondary, cooling and
dilution air flow into the liner, through respective holes,
completing the combustion process.
CHARLES ISIADINSO
Hot gas leaves the cans and flows through a transition piece,
shaped to channel the hot gas to stage one of 9E three-stage high
energy-per-stage turbine. High temperature gas does work on the
turbines and, since a rigid shaft connects the compressor and
turbines, the work done on the turbine causes the compressor to
turn, thereby continuing the process. By adding another turbine,
the 9E is capable of driving a rotor, which can then be used to
generate power.
The turbine buckets are in direct contact with the high-velocity and
high temperature stream. The firing temperature (temperature at
which the stream hits the buckets), and pressure of the stream
determine the life span of the buckets for any bucket material.
Increased firing temperature results in increased performance
gains; however, the bucket material determines the maximum
allowable firing temperature. To tackle this, the buckets are made
of super alloys with very high melting points. The 1st and 2nd stage
buckets are also air cooled via cooling holes through the cross
section of the buckets to help tackle firing temperature restrictions;
3rd stage buckets are not internally air-cooled. Integral shrouds and
fitted to the top of 2nd and 3rd stage buckets to provide damping
against vibrations.
CHARLES ISIADINSO
Gas from the nozzle applies a force on the buckets, which, in turn,
provides a torque to the rotor. The buckets are cooled with residual
air from the compressor.
EXHAUST:
The final stage of the process is emitting the exhaust fumes. Gas
from the turbines is directed into an axial or radial diffuser (radial
in the 9E), which carefully guides the gases out into a sound poof
chimney. Guide veins in the radial diffuser help direct the gases up
into the chimney.
REFERENCE:
1. Brain, Marshall. "How Gas Turbine Engines Work” 01 April
2000. HowStuffWorks.com.
<http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/tu
rbine.htm> [Accessed 16 June 2014]