Path Fit1 Module 3 No Evaluation

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-PATHF1-1STSEM-2020-2021
College of Teacher Education

Bambang Campus
DEGREE COURSE NO. PATHF1

PROGRAM
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Physical Activities Towards Health and
Fitness 1
YEAR LEVEL 1st Year TIME FRAME 4 hrs WK NO. 7-8 IM NO. 3
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Interrelationship of support and movement of the body
II. LESSON TITLE: Skeletal System, Joints and Muscular System
III. LESSON OVERVIEW: Movement is everywhere! In this chapter you’ll find out the parts and
functions of your musculoskeletal systems – systems that help you walk, run, dance and enjoy a
certain movement.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

pThe students should be able to:
1. identify the basic anatomy and physiology of the body;
2. distinguish the functions of the different body parts and
3. promote injury prevention of the musculoskeletal system.
V. LESSON CONTENT
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT OF THE BODY

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the
body. Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percent of a person’s body weight.
An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones because
some of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up.
There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer and
has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis to accommodate for
pregnancy and child birth.
MAJOR BONE AND BONE GROUP

Regardless of age or sex, the skeletal system can be broken down into
two parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Axial skeleton anatomy

The adult axial skeleton consists of 80 bones. It’s made up of the bones
that form the vertical axis of the body, such as the bones of the head,
neck, chest, and spine.
Skull bones
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
Cranial bones. The eight cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
Facial bones. There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 13

“In accordance with section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, The copyrighted works included in
this material may be reproduced for educational purposes only not for commercial distribution.”
Auditory Ossicles
The auditory ossicles are six small bones found within the inner ear canal in the skull. There are three
auditory ossicles on each side of the head, known as the:
 malleus (hammer)
 incus (anvil)
 stapes (stirrup)
They work together to transmit sound waves from the surrounding environment to the structures of the
inner ear.

Hyoid
The hyoid is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It serves
as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments in the neck.
Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up 26 bones. The first 24 are all
vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone).

The 24 vertebrae can be further divided into the:
 Cervical vertebrae. These seven bones are found in the head
and neck.
 Thoracic vertebrae. These 12 bones are found in the upper
back.
 Lumbar vertebrae. These five bones are found in the lower
back.

The sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the
body while sitting. They also serve as attachment points for various ligaments.

Thoracic cage
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and
12 pairs of ribs. These bones form a protective cage around
the organs of the upper torso, including the heart and lungs.

Some of the ribs attach directly to the sternum, while others are
linked to the sternum via cartilage. Some have no attachment
point and are referred to as “floating ribs.”

Ribs Anatomy FUN FACT: The hyoid is a horseshoe-shaped bone in
the throat, situated between the chin and the thyroid
How many ribs? cartilage. It's also the only bone in the human body not
24 ribs (12 pairs) connected to another bone.
3 Types
True Ribs
False Ribs
Floating Ribs

FUN FACT: The biggest joint

in your body is your knee. At
the knee joint, three bones
connect: your femur, tibia, and
patella. Those three large bones
require an equally large joint to
connect them. That’s why your
knee is the largest joint in your
body.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON ANATOMY

There are a total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. It consists of
the bones that make up the arms and legs, as well as the bones that
attach them to the axial skeleton.
Pectoral girdle
The pectoral girdle is where the arms attach to the axial skeleton. It’s
made up of the clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
There are two of each of these — one for each arm.

Upper limbs
Each arm contains 30 bones, known as the:
 Humerus. The humerus is the long bone of the upper
arm.
 Radius. The radius is one of two long bones of the
forearm, found on the thumb side.
 Ulna. The ulna is the second-long bone of the forearm,
found on the pinky finger side.
 Carpals. The carpals are a group of eight bones found in
the wrist area.
Metacarpals. The metacarpals are five bones found in the middle area of the hand.
 Phalanges. The phalanges are 14 bones that make up the fingers.

Pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle, commonly known as the hips, is where
the legs attach to the axial skeleton. It’s made up of two
hipbones — one for each leg.
Each hip bone consists of three parts, known as the:
 Ilium. The ilium is the top portion of each hip
bone.
 Ischium. The ischium is a curved bone that
makes up the base of each hip bone.
 Pubis. The pubis is located in the front part of
the hip bone.

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

ANTERIOR (FRONT) POSTERIOR (BACK)

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

The skeletal system’s main function is to provide support for the body. For example, the spinal column
provides support for the head and torso. The legs, on the other hand, support and bear the weight of the
upper body while a person stands.
But the skeletal system has several additional functions, including:

 Protecting internal organs from injury. For example, the skull protects the brain, while the thoracic
cage protects the heart and lungs.
 Allowing for movement. Muscles attach to bones through tendons. This connection allows the body to
move in many different ways.
 Producing blood cells. The soft bone marrow inside of many bones produces red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
 Storing minerals and nutrients. Bones can store and release minerals, including calcium and
phosphorus, which are important for many bodily functions. Additionally, adipose (fat) tissue that can be
used as energy can be found in part of the bone marrow.

FACTORS INFLUENCING BONE HEALTH

Controllable Factors
1. Nutritional Status/Diet
Maintaining a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D can increase your risk of getting osteoporosis or
bone-density loss.
2. Physical Activity
People who live a sedentary lifestyle are also at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis. Similarly, to
muscle strength, bones require physical activity to maintain strength, density, and resilience.
3. Body Weight
Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential when it comes to bone health. Being underweight can
increase your risk of fractures and bone loss as you continue to age.
4. Tobacco and Alcohol Use
Tobacco use can reduce bone mass and increase your chances of experiencing fractures and breaks.
Heavy alcohol consumption can also have the same effects on bone density.
Uncontrollable Factors
5. Gender
Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. This is because women have smaller bones
and lose bone density more rapidly than men due to hormone changes that occur during menopause.
6. Age
As you age, your bones gradually become thinner and weaker; your body may begin to absorb calcium
and phosphates from your bones rather than storing them there. Hormonal changes with age, such as
drops in estrogen and testosterone levels, also have the potential to cause bone loss.
7. Ethnicity
People of Asian and European descent are more likely to get osteoporosis than other ethnic groups. This
is especially true for women of Asian and European ancestry. Other ethnic groups are also at risk, such as
those of African and Latino descent, however, the risk is lesser.
8. Family History
Having an immediate family member who has broken a bone or has osteoporosis may also increase your
risk. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), if one of your parents has
experienced a broken bone, you may need to be screened earlier on for osteoporosis.
JOINT
Connective tissue: A material
The area where two bones are attached for the purpose of permitting body made up of fibers forming a
parts to move. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and framework and support structure
cartilage. for body tissues and organs.
Connective tissue surrounds many
The human body has three main types of joints. They’re categorized by the organs.
movement they allow:
 Synarthroses (immovable). These are fixed or fibrous joints. They’re defined as two or more bones
in close contact that have no movement. The bones of the skull are an example. The immovable
joints between the plates of the skull are known as sutures.
 Amphiarthroses (slightly movable). Also known as cartilaginous joints, these joints are defined as
two or more bones held so tightly together that only limited movement can take place. The vertebrae
of the spine are good examples.
 Diarthroses (freely movable). Also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial

fluid enabling all parts of the joint to smoothly move against each other. These are the most prevalent
joints in your body. Examples include joints like the knee and shoulder.
Types of freely movable joints
There are six types of freely movable diarthrosis (synovial) joints:
1. Ball and socket joint. Permitting movement in all directions, the ball
and socket joint features the rounded head of one bone sitting in the
cup of another bone. Examples include your shoulder joint and your
hip joint.
2. Hinge joint. The hinge joint is like a door, opening and closing in one
direction, along one plane. Examples include your elbow joint and your
knee joint.
3. Condyloid joint. The condyloid joint allows movement, but no

rotation. Examples include your finger joints and your jaw.
4. Pivot joint. The pivot joint, also called the rotary joint or trochoid joint,
is characterized by one bone that can swivel in a ring formed from a
second bone. Examples are the joints between
your ulna and radius bones that rotate your forearm, and the joint between the first and second vertebrae
in your neck.
5. Gliding joint. The gliding joint is also called the plane join. Although it only permits limited movement, it’s
characterized by smooth surfaces that can slip over one another. An example is the joint in your wrist.
6. Saddle joint. Although the saddle joint does not allow rotation, it does enable movement back and forth
and side to side. An example is the joint at the base of your thumb.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A muscle is a group of muscle tissues which contract together to produce a force. A muscle consists of fibers
of muscle cells surrounded by protective tissue, bundled together many more fibers, all surrounded in a thick
protective tissue. A muscle uses Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to contract and shorten, producing a force on
the objects it is connected to.
 Muscle fibers are held together by connective tissue, enclosed in “fascia”.

 Muscles must have proper oxygen and nutrition to function properly.
Four Properties of Muscle Tissues

1. Contractility is the ability of muscle cells to forcefully shorten. For instance, in order to flex (decrease
the angle of a joint) your elbow you need to contract (shorten) the biceps brachii and other elbow flexor
muscles in the anterior arm. Notice that in order to extend your elbow, the posterior arm extensor
muscles need to contract. Thus, muscles can only pull, never push.
2. Excitability is the ability to respond to a stimulus, which may be delivered from a motor neuron or a
hormone.
3. Extensibility is the ability of a muscle to be stretched. For instance, let's reconsider our elbow flexing
motion we discussed earlier. In order to be able to flex the elbow, the elbow extensor muscles must
extend in order to allow flexion to occur. Lack of extensibility is known as spasticity.
4. Elasticity is the ability to recoil or bounce back to the muscle's original length after being stretched.
locomotion and other segmental manipulations.

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
1. Movement: Our body's skeleton gives enough rigidity to our body that skeletal muscles can yank and
pull on it, resulting in body movements such as walking, chewing, running, lifting, manipulating objects
with our hands, and picking our noses.
2. Maintenance of posture: Without much conscious control, our muscles generate a constant
contractile force that allows us to maintain an erect or seated position, or posture.
3. Respiration: Our muscular system automatically drives movement of air into and out of our body.
4. Heat generation: Contraction of muscle tissue generates heat, which is essential for maintenance of
temperature homeostasis. For instance, if our core body temperature falls, we shiver to generate more
heat
5. Communication: Muscle tissue allows us to talk, gesture, write, and convey our emotional state by
doing such things as smiling or frowning.
6. Constriction of organs and blood vessels: Nutrients move through our digestive tract, urine is
passed out of the body, and secretions are propelled out of glands by contraction of smooth
muscle. Constriction or relaxation of blood vessels regulates blood pressure and blood distribution
throughout the body.
7. Pumping blood: Blood moves through the blood vessels because our heart tirelessly receives blood
and delivers it to all body tissues and organs.
This isn't a complete list. Among the many possible examples are the facts that muscles help protect fragile
internal organs by enclosing them, and are also critical in maintaining the integrity of body cavities. For
example, fetuses with incompletely formed diaphragms have abdominal contents herniate (protrude) up into
the thoracic cavity, which inhibits normal lung growth and development. Even though this is an incomplete list,
an appreciation of some of these basic muscle functions will help you as we proceed.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
1. Skeletal muscle: This type of muscle creates movement in the body. There are more than 600
skeletal muscles, and they make up about 40 percent of a person’s body weight. When the
nervous system signals the muscle to contract, groups of muscles work together to move the
skeleton. These signals and movements are nearly involuntary, yet they do require
conscious effort. However, humans do not need to concentrate on individual muscles when
moving.
Did you know that...

Skeletal muscles only in one direction. For this reason, they
always come in pairs.one muscle in a pair contracts, to bend a
joint for example, its counterpart then contracts and pulls in the
opposite direction to straighten the joint out again. Without this
arrangement you wouldn't be able to straighten your legs when
you walk or bend your fingers to grip something.
2. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle. This type makes up the walls of the
heart and creates the steady, rhythmic pulsing that pumps blood through the body from signals
from the brain. This muscle type also creates the electrical impulses that produce the heart’s
contractions, but hormones and stimuli from the nervous system can also affect these impulses,
such as when your heart rate increases when you’re scared.

3. Smooth muscle: Smooth muscle makes up the walls of hollow organs, respiratory
passageways, and blood vessels. Its wavelike movements propel things through the bodily
system, such as food through your stomach or urine through your bladder. Like cardiac muscle,
smooth muscle is involuntary and also contracts in response to stimuli and nerve impulses.
ATTACHMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

A skeletal muscle attaches to bone (or sometimes other muscles or tissues)
at two or more places. If the place is a bone that remains immobile for an
action, the attachment is called an origin. If the place is on the bone that
moves during the action, the attachment is called an insertion. The triceps
brachii happens to have four points of attachment insertion the ulna and
origins (two on the humerus and one on the scapula).
Muscle Functional Roles

1. Prime movers - The prime
mover, sometimes called the agonist,
is the muscle that provides the
primary force driving the action.
2. Antagonist - An antagonist muscle is in opposition to a prime
mover in that it provides some resistance and/or reverses a given
movement.
Prime movers and antagonists are often paired up on opposite sides
of a joint, with their prime mover/antagonist roles reversing as the
movement changes direction.
3. Synergists. One or more synergists are often involved in an
action. Synergists are muscles that assist the prime mover in its role.
4. Stabilizers - Stabilizers act to keep bones immobile when
needed. Your back muscles, for example, are stabilizers when they are
keeping your posture sturdy.
THE MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
ANTERIOR (FRONT) POSTERIOR (BACK)
MUSCLES FUNCTIONS

Deltoids To lift and move the arms.
Pectorals To push away or swing and object like a tennis racket.
Biceps To bend or curl the arm toward your body.
Rectus Abdominus To curl and extend your body; to support your spine.
Quadriceps To extend your legs.
Trapzeius To help lift the arm to the side, help bend the neck, and
shrug the shoulders.
Gastrocnemius The calf muscle in the lower leg.
Function- To let you stand on your toes; to help you jump

and climb.
Triceps To extend the arm away from the body; to push.
Latissiumus Dorsi To climb or pull objects toward you as in tug of war.
Gluteals To help you stand, jump, and climb.
The largest muscles in your body
Hamstrings To bend your knees and help propel your body forward in
such activities as walking, running, jumping,.
Quadriceps The large, cable-like muscles in your front thigh.
Function- To extend your legs.
Gastrocnemius The main function of the gastrocnemius muscle is to

plantarflex your ankle. This means that as your gastroc
contracts, your ankle and toes point down. When walking,
running, or climbing stairs, the muscle works to flex your
ankle and propel you forward.
HOW MUSCLES PRODUCE MOVEMENTS

The functional units of a skeletal muscle are protein complexes called Sarcomeres.
 Sarcomeres consist of a Thick and Thin Filament, as well as protein dividers called Z-Disks.
 The Thin Filament is made up of the protein Actin, while the the Thick Filament is made up of Myosin.
 Myosin and and Actin are naturally attracted to each other, and must be separated in order to prevent
permanent contraction. To achieve this, a complex of Tropomyosin and Troponin proteins surround
and blocks the binding sites on the Actin proteins.
 When Calcium ions are released into the cell, the Calcium binds to the Troponin, causing it to release
its grip on the Actin. This reveals the binding sites, and Myosin attaches.
 When Myosin attaches to Actin, a change in conformation occurs, and you get what’s called the

power stroke. When thousands upon thousands (or millions upon millions) of these tiny power strokes
are performed, this causes the muscle to contract.
Exercise and Muscles When you exercise regularly, your muscles

may get bigger. Muscles increase in size with some types of
exercise, because their cells reproduce more rapidly in response to
the increased activity. Exercise also stimulates growth of individual
muscle cells, making them larger. You may have experienced sore
muscles during or after exercising. During exercise, chemicals can
build up in the muscles and make them cramp or ache. The muscle
soreness you feel a day or so after exercise is caused by damage to
the muscle fibers. The muscle fibers have been overstretched or
torn. Such injuries take time to heal, because the body must remove
injured cells, and new ones must form.
VI. ASSIGNMENT
Draw and label the basic structure of a bone highlighting the bone tissues found in https://bit.ly/3mXNQrg
Place Your drawing in a Long Bond paper with Borderline. (Name, Year and Section should be place on the
lower section of the Drawing.)
VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

BRING OUT THE ARTIST IN YOU! ACTIVITY 6
BROCHURE FOR SHARE! (Safe Handle and Response for Emergencies)
Create a bi-fold brochure of Musculoskeletal conditions/ injuries and their first aid.
A. What's on the cover page?
A.1 Title (Musculoskeletal Injuries and Its First Aid)
A.2 Name, Course, Section and Schedule
B. Choose 3 bone, joint and muscle injuries and/or conditions with its applicable first aid.
There is an available example on the material given by your instructor. Please review.
This activity will be graded according to the rubrics below:
Criteria Weight Professional Adequate Needs Work Unsatisfactory
Demonstrates in depth Demonstrates Demonstrates Lacks

understanding of understanding of little understanding of
topic the topic understanding topic
of topic
Accurately utilizes Employs research Reports only the
Content 50% researched information with an Employs most basic parts
information in the adequate degree of research of the
brochure accuracy information information
with a fair
degree of
accuracy
Written 30% Well organized content Content is organized Content lacks Unorganized
Presentation organization content
Attractive and well- Format is adequate
designed format Format is difficult Hard to follow
Message is sufficiently to follow and
Clear and easily understood Message difficult to
understood Computer generated poorly understand;

message with acceptable eye organized tendency to
appeal wander or
Computer generated Message not ramble
with strong visual clearly
appeal understood Handwritten or
computer
Computer generated with
generated but little organization
poorly or skill
designed
Imaginative; original Creativity is Little creativity No originality

acceptable used
Use of graphics make Graphics do not tie
Visual Appeal 20% the message “come Use of graphics Poor selection of in with the
alive” adequate to graphics message
present message

VIII. EVALUATION
Quiz will be administered online through Google Classroom/MS Teams.
IX. REFERENCES
a. Books
1. Jun C. Alave, (2016) Physical Education and Health, JFS Publishing Services, Pasay City,
Philippines.
2. Hoeger, W., Hoeger, S. 2007. Fitness and wellness (7th Ed.). USA. Human Kinetics Inc.
b. E-sources
1. Muir Orthopaedic Specialist, (2020). The Importance of Bone Health. Retrieved August 2020
from https://www.muirortho.com/orthopedic-blog/2019/december/what-affects-bone-health-/
2. Healthline, (2019), How Many Joints Are in the Human Body? Retrieved August 2020 from
https://www.healthline.com/health/how-many-joints-in-human-body#takeaway
Prepared by:
MAKEDA PAG-ASA R. YOUNG DIVINA B. BANGAYAN

Faculty Faculty
CLAYDON G. WIGAN JENKINS C. AMPAT

Faculty Faculty
RONNIE M. SADUESTE JONAR T. ZABALA

Faculty Faculty
Approved by:
JONAR T. ZABALA
Program Chair, BPEd


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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Teacher Education

DEGREE COURSE NO. PATHF1

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: Interrelationship of support and movement of the body

II. LESSON TITLE: Skeletal System, Joints and Muscular System

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT OF THE BODY

MAJOR BONE AND BONE GROUP

Axial skeleton anatomy

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 13

FUN FACT: The biggest joint

APPENDICULAR SKELETON ANATOMY

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 13

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 13

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

But the skeletal system has several additional functions, including:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 13

FACTORS INFLUENCING BONE HEALTH

 Diarthroses (freely movable). Also known as synovial joints, these joints have synovial

3. Condyloid joint. The condyloid joint allows movement, but no

 Muscle fibers are held together by connective tissue, enclosed in “fascia”.

Four Properties of Muscle Tissues

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 13

Did you know that...

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 13

ATTACHMENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

Muscle Functional Roles

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 13

Deltoids To lift and move the arms.

Pectorals To push away or swing and object like a tennis racket.

Biceps To bend or curl the arm toward your body.

Quadriceps To extend your legs.

Gastrocnemius The calf muscle in the lower leg.

Function- To let you stand on your toes; to help you jump

Triceps To extend the arm away from the body; to push.

Latissiumus Dorsi To climb or pull objects toward you as in tug of war.

Gluteals To help you stand, jump, and climb.

The largest muscles in your body

Quadriceps The large, cable-like muscles in your front thigh.

Function- To extend your legs.

Gastrocnemius The main function of the gastrocnemius muscle is to

HOW MUSCLES PRODUCE MOVEMENTS

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 13

Exercise and Muscles When you exercise regularly, your muscles

VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

BROCHURE FOR SHARE! (Safe Handle and Response for Emergencies)

Criteria Weight Professional Adequate Needs Work Unsatisfactory

Demonstrates in depth Demonstrates Demonstrates Lacks

understood Computer generated poorly understand;

Imaginative; original Creativity is Little creativity No originality

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 12 of 13

MAKEDA PAG-ASA R. YOUNG DIVINA B. BANGAYAN

CLAYDON G. WIGAN JENKINS C. AMPAT

RONNIE M. SADUESTE JONAR T. ZABALA

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 13 of 13

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