You are on page 1of 17

Study on bird’s & insect’s wing aerodynamics and comparison of its analytical value

with standard airfoil


Md. Nesar Ali, Mahbubul Alam, Md. Abed Hossain, and Md. Imteaz Ahmed

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1851, 020056 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4984685


View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984685
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1851/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics
Study on Bird’s & Insect’s Wing Aerodynamics and
&RPSDULVRQof ,WV$QDO\WLFDO9DOXHZLWK6WDQGDUG$LUIRLO
Md. Nesar Ali1, Dr. Mahbubul Alam2, Md. Abed Hossain3, Md. Imteaz Ahmed4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology (CUET)
Bangladesh
nesarali455@yahoo.com1, malam@cuet.ac.bd2, ahabir0911@gmail.com3, imteaz.me@gmail.com4

$%675$&7 )OLJKW LVWKHPDLQPRGHRI ORFRPRWLRQ XVHGE\PRVWRIWKHZRUOG


V ELUG LQVHFWVSHFLHV7KLVDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVWKH
PHFKDQLFVRIELUGIOLJKW, with emphasis on the varied forms of bird's & insect’s wings. 7KHIXQGDPHQWDOVRIELUGIOLJKWDUHVLPLODU
WRWKRVHRIDLUFUDIW)O\LQJDQLPDOVIODSWKHLUZLQJVWRJHQHUDWHOLIWDQGWKUXVWDVZHOODVWRSHUIRUPUHPDUNDEOHPDQHXYHUVZLWK
UDSLG DFFHOHUDWLRQV DQG GHFHOHUDWLRQV ,QVHFWV DQG ELUGV SURYLGH LOOXPLQDWLQJ H[DPSOHV RI XQVWHDG\ DHURG\QDPLFV/LIW IRUFHLV
SURGXFHGE\WKHDFWLRQRIDLUIORZRQWKHZLQJZKLFKLVDQDLUIRLO7KHDLUIRLOLVVKDSHGVXFKWKDWWKHDLUSURYLGHVDQHWXSZDUG
IRUFHRQWKHZLQJZKLOHWKHPRYHPHQWRIDLULVGLUHFWHGGRZQZDUG$GGLWLRQDOQHWOLIWPD\FRPHIURPDLUIORZDURXQGWKHELUG
V
& insect’s body in some species, especially during intermittent flight while the wings are folded or semifolded. Bird’s & insect’s
IOLJKWLQQDWXUHDUHVXEGLYLGHGLQWRWZRVWDJHV7KH\DUH8QSRZHUHG)OLJKW*OLGLQJDQG6RDULQJ 3RZHUHG)OLJKW)ODSSLQJ
:KHQJOLGLQJ ELUGV DQG LQVHFWVREWDLQ ERWK D YHUWLFDO DQG D IRUZDUG IRUFH IURP WKHLU ZLQJV :KHQ D ELUG  LQVHFW IODSV DV
RSSRVHGWRJOLGLQJLWVZLQJVFRQWLQXHWRGHYHORSOLIWDVEHIRUHEXWWKHOLIWLVURWDWHGIRUZDUGWRSURYLGHWKUXVWZKLFKFRXQWHUDFWV
GUDJDQGLQFUHDVHVLWVVSHHGZKLFKKDVWKHHIIHFWRIDOVRLQFUHDVLQJOLIWWRFRXQWHUDFWLWVZHLJKWDOORZLQJLWWRPDLQWDLQKHLJKWRU
WRFOLPE)ODSSLQJIOLJKWLVPRUHFRPSOLFDWHGWKDQIOLJKWZLWKIL[HGZLQJVEHFDXVHRIWKHVWUXFWXUDOPRYHPHQWDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJ
XQVWHDG\IOXLGG\QDPLFV)ODSSLQJLQYROYHVWZRVWDJHVWKHGRZQVWURNHZKLFKSURYLGHVWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHWKUXVWDQGWKHXS
stroke, which can also (depending on the bird's & insect’s wings) provide some thrust. Most kinds of bird & insect wiQJFDQEH
JURXSHG LQWR IRXU W\SHV ZLWK VRPH IDOOLQJ EHWZHHQ WZR RI WKHVH W\SHV 7KHVH W\SHV RI ZLQJV DUH HOOLSWLFDO ZLQJV KLJK VSHHG
ZLQJVKLJKDVSHFWUDWLRZLQJVDQGVRDULQJZLQJV ZLWKVORWV+RYHULQJLVXVHGE\VHYHUDOVSHFLHVRIELUGV+RYHULQJ ZKLFKLV
JHQHUDWLQJRQO\OLIWWKURXJKIODSSLQJDORQHUDWKHUWKDQDVDSURGXFWRIWKUXVWGHPDQGVDORWRIHQHUJ\2QWKHRWKHUKDQGIRU
SUDFWLFDONQRZOHGJHZHDOVRIDEULFate the various bird’s, insect’s ILJKWHUMHWZLQJE\XVLQJUDQGRPYDOXHRISDUDPHWHU WHVW
WKRVHDLUIRLOLQZLQGWXQQHO)LQDOO\IRUFRPSDULVRQ DFKLHYLQJDQDO\WLFDONQRZOHGJHZHDOVRWHVWWKRVHDLUIRLOPRGHOLQYDULRXV
VLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUH

Keywords )ODS 8QVWHDG\$HURG\QDPLFV*OLGLQJ6RDULQJ)ODSSLQJ

1RPHQFODWXUH
6\PEROV 0HDQLQJ
& FKRUGOHQJWK
&' GUDJFRHIILFLHQW
&/ OLIWFRHIILFLHQW
' GUDJ
/ OLIW
0 0DFKQXPEHU
9 $LUYHORFLW\
Į $QJOHRIDWWDFN
‫כ‬ OLIWWRGUDJUDWLR

7th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering


AIP Conf. Proc. 1851, 020056-1–020056-16; doi: 10.1063/1.4984685
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1525-6/$30.00

020056-1
 ,1752'8&7,21
$HURG\QDPLFV LVDEUDQFKRI IOXLGG\QDPLFVFRQFHUQHGZLWKVWXG\LQJWKHPRWLRQRIDLUSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQLWLQWHUDFWVZLWK
DVROLGREMHFWVXFKDVDQDLUSODQHZLQJ$HURG\QDPLFVLVDVXEILHOGRIIOXLGG\QDPLFVDQGJDVG\QDPLFVDQGPDQ\DVSHFWVRI
DHURG\QDPLFVWKHRU\DUHFRPPRQWRWKHVHILHOGV7KHWHUPDHURG\QDPLFVLVRIWHQXVHGV\QRQ\PRXVO\ZLWKJDVG\QDPLFVZLWK
WKHGLIIHUHQFHEHLQJWKDWJDVG\QDPLFVDSSOLHVWRWKHVWXG\RIWKHPRWLRQRIDOOJDVHVQRWOLPLWHGWRDLU)RUPDODHURG\QDPLFV
VWXG\LQWKHPRGHUQVHQVHEHJDQLQWKHHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DOWKRXJKREVHUYDWLRQVRIIXQGDPHQWDOFRQFHSWVVXFKDVDHURG\QDPLF
GUDJKDYH EHHQ UHFRUGHG PXFK HDUOLHU 0RVW RI WKH HDUO\ HIIRUWV LQ DHURG\QDPLFV ZRUNHG WRZDUGV DFKLHYLQJKHDYLHUWKDQDLU
IOLJKW ZKLFK ZDV ILUVW GHPRQVWUDWHG E\:LOEXU DQG 2UYLOOH :ULJKWLQ  6LQFH WKHQ WKH XVH RI DHURG\QDPLFV WKURXJK
PDWKHPDWLFDODQDO\VLV HPSLULFDO DSSUR[LPDWLRQVZLQG WXQQHOH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQGFRPSXWHU VLPXODWLRQV KDV IRUPHG WKH
VFLHQWLILF EDVLV IRU RQJRLQJ GHYHORSPHQWV LQ KHDYLHUWKDQDLU IOLJKW DQG D QXPEHU RI RWKHU WHFKQRORJLHV 5HFHQW ZRUN LQ
DHURG\QDPLFV KDV IRFXVHG RQ LVVXHV UHODWHG WRFRPSUHVVLEOH IORZ WXUEXOHQFH DQGERXQGDU\ OD\HUVDQG KDV EHFRPH
LQFUHDVLQJO\FRPSXWDWLRQDOLQQDWXUH0RGHUQDHURG\QDPLFVRQO\GDWHVEDFNWRWKHVHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\EXWDHURG\QDPLFIRUFHV
KDYHEHHQKDUQHVVHGE\KXPDQV IRUWKRXVDQGVRI\HDUVLQVDLOERDWVDQGZLQGPLOOV,Q6LU,VDDF1HZWRQEHFDPHWKH ILUVW
SHUVRQ WR GHYHORS D WKHRU\ RI DLU UHVLVWDQFH PDNLQJ KLP RQH RI WKH ILUVW DHURG\QDPLFLVWV 'XWFK6ZLVV PDWKHPDWLFLDQ 'DQLHO
%HUQRXOOLIROORZHGLQZLWK+\GURG\QDPLFVLQZKLFKKHGHVFULEHGDIXQGDPHQWDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQSUHVVXUHGHQVLW\DQG
IORZ YHORFLW\ IRU LQFRPSUHVVLEOH IORZ NQRZQ WRGD\ DV%HUQRXOOL
V SULQFLSOH ZKLFK SURYLGHV RQH PHWKRG IRU FDOFXODWLQJ
DHURG\QDPLF OLIW ,Q /HRQKDUG (XOHU SXEOLVKHG WKH PRUH JHQHUDO(XOHU HTXDWLRQVZKLFK FRXOG EH DSSOLHG WR ERWK
FRPSUHVVLEOHDQGLQFRPSUHVVLEOHIORZV7KH(XOHUHTXDWLRQVZHUHH[WHQGHGWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIYLVFRVLW\LQWKHILUVWKDOI
RIWKHVUHVXOWLQJLQWKH1DYLHU6WRNHVHTXDWLRQV7KH1DYLHU6WRNHVHTXDWLRQVDUHWKHPRVWJHQHUDOJRYHUQLQJHTXDWLRQVRI
IOXLGIORZDQGDUHGLIILFXOWWRVROYH >@

 %LUGV)O\LQJ0HFKDQLVP

2.1 Basic terms of aerodynamics


D $HURG\QDPLFIRUFHV
,WKDYHWZRGLIIHUHQWFRPSRQHQWV
L /,)7
LL '5$*

 E $1*/(2)$77$&.

2.2 Flight modes in nature


$QLPDOIOLJKWLQQDWXUHFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRPRGHV
L 8QSRZHUHG JOLGLQJDQGVRDULQJ
LL 3RZHUHG IODSSLQJ

 0HWKRGRORJ\

3.1 Airfoil selection

7KH PRVWLPSRUWDQWDQGHVVHQWLDOVWHSRIWKLVH[SHULPHQWLVWRVHOHFWDVXLWDEOHDLUIRLO ZKLFKWKHH[SHULPHQW


FDQEHGRQH:HVHOHFWDVXLWDEOHDQGVWDQGDUGDLUIRLOOLNH1$&$$PRGDLUIRLOZKLFKLVXVHGLQ$HUR/
$OEDWURVDLUFUDIWRI%DQJODGHVK$LU Force (BAF) since 1990’s. We also choose bird’s wing like ‘Dove’ wing and
insect’s wing like ‘Flies’ wing. The prime function of the wing is to JHQHUDWHOLIWIRUFH7KLVZLOOEHJHQHUDWHGE\
VSHFLDO ZLQJ FURVV VHFWLRQ FDOOHG DLUIRLO :LQJ LV D WKUHH GLPHQVLRQDO FRPSRQHQW ZKLOH WKH DLUIRLO LV WZR
GLPHQVLRQDOVHFWLRQ%HFDXVHRIWKHDLUIRLOVHFWLRQWZR RWKHURXWSXWVRIWKHDLUIRLODQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHZLQJDUH
GUDJDQGSLWFKLQJPRPHQW7KHZLQJPD\KDYHDFRQVWDQWRUDQRQFRQVWDQWFURVVVHFWLRQDFURVVWKHZLQJ
7KHUHDUHWZRZD\VWRGHWHUPLQHWKHZLQJDLUIRLOVHFWLRQ

 $LUIRLOGHVLJQ
 $LUIRLOVHOHFWLRQ

020056-2
7KHGHVLJQRIWKHDLUIRLOLVDFRPSOH[DQGWLPHFRQVXPLQJSURFHVVDQGQHHGVH[SHUWLVHLQIXQGDPHQWDOV
RIDHURG\QDPLFV 6LQFHWKHDLUIRLOQHHGVWREHYHULILHGE\WHVWLQJLWLQDZLQGWXQQHO >@

)LJ:LQJ*HRPHWU\

3.2 Dove and Flies wing fabrication


:HGUDZWKH SDWWHUQ RI'RYHDQG)OLHVZLQJ in ‘SOLIDWORS’ as we consideUHGWKHWRSYLHZRIWKDWZLQJDV
WKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKRVHZLQJ At the time of wing fabrication we don’t use any conventional parameter of airfoil
geometry. We just fabricate the bird and insect wing but all these wing has definite parameter like length is ‘171
mm’ and width is ’94 mm’ and the average height of these two in ‘3.2 cm’. Since those wing has a lot shape error
EXWZHDUHWU\LQJWRPLQLPL]HWKDWSUREOHPDVRXU PDLQWDUJHWLVWRUHSOLFDWHWKRVHZLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\ORRNOLNHD
'RYHDQG)OLHVZLQJ

)LJ'RYHZLQJ

020056-3
)LJ)OLHV:LQJ

3.2 Computational study

7KH GUDZLQJ RI PRGHO ZLQJ SDWWHUQ DQG LWV VLPXODWLRQ LV GRQH E\ WKH VLPXODWLRQ VRIWZDUH QDPHG
‘SOLIDWORKS’. 7KHPRGHO RI1$&$$PRG$PRGHOLQ6ROLG:RUNVZDVFUHDWHGIURPWKHGDWDWDNHQIURP
8,8&DLUIRLOGDWDEDVH>@

3.3 Simulation setup

7KHPRGHOwas made using the ‘Curves using XYZ point’ function as shown in EHORZILJXUH &KRUGOHQJWKZDV
WDNHQPPDQGVSDQZDVWDNHQ PPIRUWKHFRQYHQLHQFHRIXVLQJWKHDLUIRLOLQZLQGWXQQHO

)LJ1$&$$PRG$LUIRLO

020056-4
)LJ'RYHZLQJ

)LJ: Fly’VZLQJ

7KHVLPXODWLRQZDVUDQXVLQJWKHVHSDUDPHWHUV)OXLGZDVDVVXPHGLQFRPSUHVVLEOHDQGWKHIORZZDVWDNHQODPLQDU
)OXLG$LU
7HPSHUDWXUH.
3UHVVXUH3D
$LU9HORFLW\PV
$LU'HQVLW\.JP
6XUIDFH$UHDPPRUP
3URWRW\SH0DWHULDO%HHFKZRRG *DPDKU 
7KH 62/,':25.6 VRIWZDUH )ORZ 6LPXODWLRQ LV EDVHG XSRQ WKH XVH RI &DUWHVLDQEDVHG PHVKHV DQG DXWRPDWLF
PHVKLQJV\VWHPZLOOFUHDWHPHVKLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHVSHFLILHGPLQLPXPJDSVL]HPLQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVDQG
UHVXOWUHVROXWLRQOHYHO

 ([SHULPHQWDO6HWXS

7KHLPSRUWDQWHOHPHQWVIRUH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXSZHUHDPRGHOSURWRW\SHDQRSHQORRSVXEVRQLFZLQGWXQQHOD
IRUFH EDODQFH IRU PHDVXULQJ VKHDULQJ IRUFHV DQG DOORZV WKH RULHQWDWLRQ WR EH FKDQJHG GXULQJ WKH H[SHULPHQW
SUHVVXUHWDSVDQGPXOWLWXEHPDQRPHWHU

020056-5
4.1 Prototype

$ SURWRW\SH PRGHO DLUIRLO RI 1$&$ $ PRG 'RYH ZLQJ )OLHV ZLQJ ZDV EXLOW IRU ZLQG WXQQHO
H[SHULPHQWZLWKWKHSUHGHILQHGFKRUGOHQJWK PP DQGVSDQ PP RIHDFKDLUIRLO 7KHSURWRW\SHZDVEXLOWLQ
WKH ZRUNVKRS RI 0HFKDQLFDO GHSW RI &8(7 %HHFK ZRRG *DPDKU  ZDV XVHG DV PDWHULDO WR PDNH WKRVH DLUIRLO
PRGHO7KHSURWRW\SHLVVKRZQLQILJ

D  E  F 

)LJ  D 1$&$$PRG E 'RYHZLQJ F )OLHVZLQJ

4.2 Wind tunnel testing


$ ZLQGWXQQHO LVDGHYLFH XVHGLQ DHURG\QDPLFUHVHDUFKWRVWXG\WKHHIIHFWVRIDLUPRYLQJSDVWVROLGREMHFWV
$ZLQGWXQQHOFRQVLVWVRIDWXEXODUSDVVDJHZLWKWKHREMHFWXQGHUWHVWPRXQWHGLQWKHPLGGOH$LULVPDGHWRPRYH
SDVW WKH REMHFW E\ D SRZHUIXO IDQ V\VWHP RU RWKHU PHDQV 7KH WHVW REMHFW RIWHQ FDOOHG DZLQG WXQQHO PRGHO LV
LQVWUXPHQWHG ZLWK VXLWDEOH VHQVRUV RU D KRQH\FRPE ZDV HPSOR\HG LQ IURQW RI WKH WHVW VHFWLRQ WR UHGXFH IORZ
WXUEXOHQFH DQG LQFUHDVH PHDVXUHPHQW DFFXUDF\ WR PHDVXUH DHURG\QDPLF IRUFHV SUHVVXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ RU RWKHU
DHURG\QDPLFUHODWHGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KHDGYDQFHVLQFRPSXWDWLRQDOIOXLGG\QDPLFV &)' PRGHOOLQJRQKLJKVSHHG
GLJLWDO FRPSXWHUV KDV UHGXFHG WKH GHPDQG IRU ZLQG WXQQHO WHVWLQJ +RZHYHU &)' UHVXOWV DUH VWLOO QRW FRPSOHWHO\
UHOLDEOHDQGZLQGWXQQHOVDUHXVHGWRYHULI\&)'SUHGLFWLRQV>@

D  E 

)LJ D :LQGWXQQHOVFKHPDWLF E :LQG7XQQHORI&8(7ODEXVHGIRUFRPSOHWLRQRIH[SHULPHQW

020056-6
4.3 Experimental setup

,QWKLVH[SHULPHQWZHZLOOXVHDZLQGWXQQHOWRH[SORUHWKHHIIHFWRIOLIWDQGGUDJRQDQDLUIRLO$IOXLGIORZLQJ
SDVWDERG\LQWKLVFDVHDQDLUIRLOKDVDIRUFHH[HUWHGRQLW/LIWLVGHILQHGWREHWKHFRPSRQHQWRIWKLVIRUFHWKDWLV
SHUSHQGLFXODU WR WKH RQFRPLQJ IORZ GLUHFWLRQ 7KH GUDJ IRUFH LV WKH RSSRVLWH RI OLIW ZKLFK LV GHILQHG WR EH WKH
FRPSRQHQW RI WKH IOXLGG\QDPLF IRUFH SDUDOOHO WR WKH IORZ GLUHFWLRQ :H ZLOO H[SORUH KRZ WKH DQJOH RI DWWDFN
changes the amount of lift the airfoil experiences. The angle of attack (Į) is the angle between flow and the chord
OLQH7KHFKRUGOLQHLVDVWUDLJKWOLQHEHWZHHQWKHPRVWIRUZDUGSRLQWDQGPRVWDIWSRLQWRIWKHERG\:HZLOODOVR
VWXG\WKHHIIHFWVRIYHORFLW\RQOLIWLIWKHDQJOHRIDWWDFNLVNHSWFRQVWDQWDQGYHORFLW\LQFUHDVHGZHZRXOGH[SHFWDQ
LQFUHDVHLQOLIW:HZLOOPHDVXUHWKHDLUIRLOOLIWDVDIXQFWLRQRIYHORFLW\7KHGUDJFRHIILFLHQW &' DQGOLIWFRHIILFLHQW
&/ DUHIXQFWLRQVRIGLPHQVLRQOHVVSDUDPHWHUVVXFKDV5H\QROGVQXPEHU 5H 0DFKQXPEHU 0D )URXGHQXPEHU
(Fr) and relative roughness of the surface (İ/l). The lift and drag coefficients are mostly dependent on the shape of
WKH DLUIRLO 1$&$ $ PRG PRGHO RI '29( ZLQJ  )OLHV ZLQJ DUH QRQV\PPHWULFDO DLUIRLO 7KH VKDSHV RI
DLUIRLOSOD\DKXJHUROHRQWKHDPRXQWRIOLIWDQGGUDJJHQHUDWHGDQGZLOOEHVHHQGXULQJH[SHULPHQW 7KHSURWRW\SH
ZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKVXUIDFHSUHVVXUHWDSV7KHVHSUHVVXUHSLSHVZHUHFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHPXOWLWXEHPDQRPHWHU
YLDWXEHV3UHVVXUHZDVPHDVXUHGIURPUHFRUGHGPDQRPHWHUKHLJKWPHDVXUHPHQWVXVLQJNHURVHQHDVZRUNLQJIOXLG

4.4 Pressure distribution across the airfoil

$HURG\QDPLF IRUFHV UHVXOW IURP WKH SUHVVXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ RYHU WKH VXUIDFH 2QH XVHIXO ZD\ WR HYDOXDWH WKH
DHURG\QDPLFIRUFHVLVWRXVHSUHVVXUHWDSVWRUHFRUGWKHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWRLQWHJUDWHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQWRILQG
WKHQHWIRUFH)RUOLIWWKLVLQWHJUDWLRQLV FRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSUHVVXUHGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQZKLOHIRU
drag the horizontal pressure distribution is important. You can see from the image how the surface “pushes back”
ZLWK D IRUFH DJDLQVW WKH SUHVVXUH ZKLFK DOZD\V DFWV QRUPDO WR WKH VXUIDFH 6XUIDFH FXUYDWXUH LV LPSRUWDQW WZR
PHFKDQLVPV DUH XVHG WR JHQHUDWH /LIW 7KH ILUVW LV DQ DV\PPHWULF SURILOH DERXW WKH FKRUG – GHILQHG LQ SUHYLRXV
VOLGH 7KLVLVRIWHQXVHGIRUVXEVRQLFIOLJKWDSSOLFDWLRQV7KHVHFRQGLVWRLQFOLQHWKHDLUIRLO DWDQDQJOHUHODWLYHWR
horizontal, which is usually the “relative wind angle”. For low values of this angle (angle of attack) the flow
UHPDLQVDWWDFKHGRQERWKVXUIDFHV)RUKLJKHUDQJOHVRIDWWDFNVHSDUDWLRQRFFXUVWKDWLQFUHDVHVGUDJDQGUHGXFHV
OLIW (YHQWXDOO\ WKH DLUIRLO DQG YHKLFOH  UHDFKHV D VWDOO FRQGLWLRQ ZKHUH WKH SUHVVXUH GLVWULEXWLRQ RQ WKH WRS DQG
ERWWRPDUHHTXDO

 ([SHULPHQWDO'DWD

5.1 Theoretical lift force comparison

7KHWDEOHJLYHQEHORZVKRZWKDWWKHWKHRUHWLFDOYDOXHWKDWLQGLFDWHVWKHGLIIHUHQWDHURG\QDPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI
'RYHZLQJ)OLHVZLQJ 1$&$$DLUIRLO,QWKRVHSUHVVXUHGLVWULEXWLRQWDEOHZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHWKHRUHWLFDO
OLIWIRUFHRI1$&$$PRGDLUIRLOKDVWKHJUHDWHUYDOXHWKDQWKHWZRSURWRW\SHDLUIRLOOLNH'RYH )OLHVZLQJ
7KHWKHRUHWLFDOOLIWIRUFHRI1$&$$PRGLV1PZKHUHDVWKHRWKHUWZRDLUIRLORI'RYH )OLHVZLQJ
PRGHO  LV  1P DQG  1P 7KLV YDOXH LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH 1$&$ $ PRG DLUIRLO KDV WKH JUHDWHU
IO\LQJDELOLW\WKDQRWKHUWZRSURWRW\SHDLUIRLODQGDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDW)OLHVZLQJLVPRUHIO\LQJHIILFLHQWWKDQ'RYH
ZLQJ

020056-7
 E   F 

)LJ7KHRUHWLFDOOLIWIRUFHRI D 1$&$$PRG E 'RYHZLQJ  F )OLHVZLQJ

5.2 Comparison with analytical value of airfoil

2XUPDLQWDUJHWLVWRFRPSDUHWKHDQDO\WLFDOYDOXHRIWKRVHSURWRW\SH'RYH)OLHVZLQJ 1$&$$
PRGDLUIRLO$VZHSURFHHGLQJRXUSURMHFWZRUNILUVWO\ZHFDOFXODWHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOYDOXHWKDWZHJHW IURPZLQG
WXQQHOPDQRPHWULFUHDGLQJDWGLIIHUHQWDQJOHRIDWWDFNUHVSHFWLYHO\)RUIXUWKHUPRUHDQDO\VLV
we test those prototype airfoil pattern in simulation software like ‘solidworks’ for actual value.

D   E 

F   G 

020056-8
H   I 

)LJ2YHUDOODQDO\WLFDOUHVXOWRI D  E 1$&$$PRGDLUIRLO F  G 'RYHZLQJ H  I )OLHVZLQJ

 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ

7KHWDUJHWZHUHVHWDVSHUREMHFWLYHDQGWKHVLPXODWLRQZDVGRQHIRUDQXPEHURIDQJOHRIDWWDFNVWDUWVIURP
ƒWRƒ7XUEXOHQWDQGODPLQDUIORZ ZHUHVWDUWHGWRVHSDUDWHE\DSRLQWRIWUDQVLWLRQRUVHSDUDWLRQSRLQWDVWKH
DQJOHRIDWWDFNLVLQFUHDVHGZLWKFRUUHVSRQGLQJYHORFLW\DQGWHPSHUDWXUHWKHSRUWLRQRIWKHXSSHUDLUIORZWKDWLV
WXUEXOHQWDOVRLQFUHDVHV)ORZVHSDUDWLRQDFURVVDLUIRLORFFXUVZKHQWKHERXQGDU\OD\HUWUDYHOVIDUHQRXJKDJDLQVWDQ
DGYHUVHSUHVVXUHJUDGLHQWWKDWWKHVSHHGRIWKHERXQGDU\OD\HUUHODWLYHWRWKHREMHFWIDOOVDOPRVWWR]HUR7KHIOXLG
IORZEHFRPHVGHWDFKHGIURPWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHREMHFWDQGLQVWHDGRIWDNHVWKHIRUPVRIHGGLHVDQGYRUWLFHV7KLV
IORZVHSDUDWLRQFDQRIWHQUHVXOWLQLQFUHDVHGGUDJDQGFRUUHVSRQGLQJOLIWSDUWLFXODUO\SUHVVXUHGUDJZKLFKLVFDXVHG
E\WKHSUHVVXUHGLIIHUHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQEHWZHHQWKHOHDGLQJDQGWUDLOLQJVXUIDFHVRIWKHREMHFWDVLWWUDYHOVWKURXJK
WKHIOXLGRYHUDLUIRLO7KHUHDUHPDQ\SDUDPHWHUVOLNH5H\QROGVQXPEHUWKLFNQHVVUDWLR0DFKQXPEHUDQJOH
of attack, drag polar equation, Prandtl’s number etc. But here performance of the airfoil was calculated by only
FRQVLGHULQJOLIWDQGGUDJIRUFHIRUGLIIHUHQWDQJOHRIDWWDFNZLWKFRUUHVSRQGLQJDLUYHORFLW\ZLWKVDPHWHPSHUDWXUH
)URPOLIWDQGGUDJFRHIILFLHQWOLIWDQGGUDJIRUFHZDVPHDVXUHGDOVROLIWGUDJUDWLRFDOFXODWHGDVZHOO

NACA 64A012 mod (Velocity Contour)

(a)

E 

020056-9
F 

G 

H 

I 

)LJ9HORFLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRI1$&$$PRGDLUIRLOIRUDQJOHRIDWWDFN D   E  F  G  H 


I UHVSHFWLYHO\

020056-10
Dove Wing (Velocity Contour)

D 

E 

G 

020056-11
H 

 I 

)LJ9HORFLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRI'RYHZLQJ PRGHO DLUIRLOIRUDQJOHRIDWWDFN D   E  F  G  H 


I UHVSHFWLYHO\

Fly’s Wing (Velocity Contour)

 D 

E 

020056-12
F 

G 

H 

I 

)LJ9HORFLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRI)OLHVZLQJ PRGHO DLUIRLOIRUDQJOHRIDWWDFN D   E  F  G  H 


I UHVSHFWLYHO\

020056-13
1RUPDOO\ IRU QHJDWLYH SUHVVXUH IRU XSSHU VXUIDFH PDQRPHWHU UHDGLQJ VKRXOG EH SRVLWLYH DQG IRU ORZHU VXUIDFH
PDQRPHWHU UHDGLQJ VKRXOG EH QHJDWLYH %XW LQ WKLV H[SHULPHQW IRU DOO WDSSLQJ SRLQWV PDQRPHWULF UHDGLQJV ZHUH
SRVLWLYH7KLVRFFXUUHGIRUWKHZKROHVL]HWKDWJLYHVULVHWRPDQRPHWULFSUHVVXUH7KHUHIRUHWKHZKROHFXUYHVKLIWV
XSZDUGV7KHOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'LVDPHDVXUHRIWKHDHURG\QDPLFHIILFLHQF\RIDQDLUSODQHRUWKHDLUFUDIWSDUWLFOH
,W RQO\ PDNHV VHQVH WKDW PD[LPXP DHURG\QDPLFV HIILFLHQF\ VKRXOG EH OHDG WR PLQLPXP WKUXVW UHTXLUHG 6R LW LV
LPSRUWDQWWRVKRZWKHOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'RIWKRVHWKUHHDLUIRLO

L 

LL 

)LJ$QJOHRIDWWDFNYVOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'IRU1$&$$PRG L H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOW LL VLPXODWLRQUHVXOW

020056-14
L 

LL 

)LJ $QJOHRIDWWDFNYVOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'IRU)OLHVZLQJ L H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOW LL VLPXODWLRQUHVXOW

L 

020056-15
LL 

)LJ$QJOHRIDWWDFNYVOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'IRU'RYHZLQJ L H[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOW LL VLPXODWLRQUHVXOW

)URPJUDSKZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHOLIWWRGUDJUDWLR/'ZKLFKNQRZQDVDHURG\QDPLFHIILFLHQF\LVJUHDWHULQ1$&$
$PRGDLUIRLOWKHQWKHRWKHUWZRPRGHO 'RYH )OLHVZLQJ 6RZHFDQDVVXPHWKDW1$&$$DLUIRLO
KDVKLJKHUIO\DELOLW\WKDQSURWRW\SH'RYH )OLHVZLQJ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGRXUH[SHULPHQWKDVVRPHHUURUEHFDXVH
RXUSURWRW\SHPRGHOLVQRWSURSHUPDGHWRDQDO\]H'XULQJRXUH[SHULPHQWZHXVHDQDORJRUPDQXDOZLQGWXQQHOWR
WHVWSUHVVXUHGLVWULEXWLRQDFURVVWKHDLUIRLOOLIWDQGGUDJIRUFHRILW7HVWLQJDLUIRLOLQZLQGWXQQHOLVYHU\H[SHQVLYH
DQGFRVWO\DQGDOVRWLPHFRQVXPLQJDVZHOO8VLQJWKLVDQDORJZLQGWXQQHOZHKDYHVRPHH[SHULPHQWDOHUURU2QWKH
2WKHUKDQGWKHSURWRW\SHPRGHOWKDWZHEXLOWLVQRWSURSHULQGLPHQVLRQ7KLVLVWKHDOVRUHDVRQZK\ZHKDYHVRPH
H[SHULPHQWDO HUURU %HVLGHV WKH ZLQG WXQQHO ZDV YHU\ ROG 0DFK QR   DQG WKH GDWD FROOHFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH KDV
become ineffective. Today’s wind tunnel use digital force measurement system and pressure sensors for
SUHVVXUH PHDVXUHPHQWDQGWKDWZLQGWXQQHOV\VWHPPDNHYDOXHWKDWDXWRSORWLQWKHJUDSK,QPRVWRIWKHFDVHWKH\
DUH LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK D FRPSXWHU YLD VRIWZDUH 6R WKH\ FDQ FDOFXODWH GDWD LQ PRUH DFFXUDWH OHYHO WKHQ DQDORJ ZLQG
WXQQHOV\VWHP

 &RQFOXVLRQ5HPDUNV

$LUFUDIWGHVLJQDQGDLUFUDIWPDQHXYHUSRZHUDUHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSOHPHQWHGILHOGWKDWIXOO\XWLOL]HVWKHODZV
DQGSULQFLSOHVRI$HURG\QDPLFV7KHPDLQXVHRIERWKWKHZLQGWXQQHOWHVWLQJDQG&)'VLPXODWLRQLQVWHDGRIRQO\
RQHZLOOKHOSDQ\RQHWRJHWWKH ZKROHLGHD7KHREMHFWLYHVRIWKLVH[SHULPHQWZHUHIXOOILOOHGDOWKRXJKWKHUHDUH
PLQRUHUXFWDWHV 7KLVSURMHFWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKHIROORZLQJV

D 7KHOLIWFRHIILFLHQWLQFUHDVHVZLWKWKHLQFUHDVHRIDQJOHRIDWWDFNDQGEHFRPHVKLJKHVWEHIRUHDFKLHYLQJWKHVWDOO
DQJOH

E 6WDOODQJOHDWJLYHQSDUDPHWHUZDVƒ

F )URPWKHDERYHFDOFXODWLRQDQGJUDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQZHFDQVD\WKDW1$&$$PRGDLUIRLOKDVJUHDWHU
DHURG\QDPLF IO\LQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFWKDQRWKHUWZRSURWRW\SH'RYH )OLHVZLQJDLUIRLO

5()(5(1&(6
 KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$HURG\QDPLFV
 KWWSIDFXOW\GZFHGXFKDSWHU, ‘Daniel Webster College’:LQJ'HVLJQ
 KWWSZZZDLUIRLOWRROVFRPDLUIRLOGHWDLOV"DLUIRLO QDLUIRLO
 KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL:LQGBWXQQHO

020056-16

You might also like