N level Science (physics) Formula Sheet

Chapter 1: Measurement
than 1m
nano → 10-9 → n
measuring tape
→ more → 0.1cm

b
metre rule 1m 0.1cm
-

micro → 10 → → 15cm to →
µ
-3
→ m Vernier caliper → to 15cm 0.01cm
Milli → to 0cm →

centi → 10-2 → c
micrometer
→ 0cm to 3cm → 0.001cm
screw
" gauge
deci → 10 → d
kilo → 103 → K
( zero
→ 100 M Actual
Reading Reading e r ro r )
-
=

mega →

"
10 G
giga → →

period → time taken for 1 complete oscillation .

Chapter 2: Kinematics Distance -

Time
graph
gradient of distance time graph =
velocity ot moving acceleration due -10 free fall
object
distance / m 10m15
.

Scalar →
magnitude only gradient of distance tune graph =
speed

Vector + direction
→ magnitude .

"
*.
↳ deceleration

Displacement → the
straight line distance not moving

from start to end .

↳
increasing speed
↳ acceleration .

Mls m
→ constant speed
distance -
speed =

↳ scalar .

f time /s
mis m

di-I.me?nt
- not
velocity = moving
↳ vector Speed time
graph
gradient = acceleration

area under distance travelled

graph
=
acceleration rate of change of
→
velocity
per unit time
⇐
.

m
/ s2 final velocity m/s
✓
,

☐ vector

(ad¥%¥n
.

initial Mls
velocity gradient acceleration

v-÷
- -
=

a =

÷ .
÷÷÷ .

Deceleration
/ Retardation = -
acceleration

& increasing
deceleration
""
"
decrease / .

g
acceleration deceleration
→ constant acceleration - area under
= distance .

eine ,

Chapter 3: Forces and Pressure 6) friction

0

4) contact forces us non-contact forces ↳ ①

oppose motion How to increase friction
1) no resultant force -
frictional forces ( pusher pull ] -

magnetic force ( push or

pull ) ② tend to oppose motion ①
or make surface
↳ rest
rough .

at rest remain at ↳ even when object at rest

tension ( putt ) gravitational force (PND ② Chalk
- ,
-

~☐ removes moisture
+here gy , , , be fianna , .

↳ constant speed remain constant speed electrostatic force force ③ Parachute

normal reaction force ( push] lpusnwpuii )
- -
.

↳ 2 surfaces in contact
2) Got Resultant force +
friction
-

ve friction Ve ④ increase the normal contact force

5) of the
↳ at rest start to m ove .
Drawing body diagram - cars are able to brake -

wear and tear How to reduce friction

and stop
↳ ① Ute ruler to draw arrow .

① lubricant / water / oil

constant speed
.

engine efficiency
.

things
-

1) increase speed ② object

are able to
② make surface
-

2) change direction
Beginning of arrow must touch the .

beheld up due to decreases .

smooth .

③ labels the forces ③ reduce the normal contact force .

3) decrease speed fn.g.ms

.

eg wearing ④ Ball
bearing
,

6N force
3)
normal reaction

q skirt
.

aim

¥]# 5N
up
f Fnet -4N-
✓
weight
7) Newton 3rd low
an

a=±m¥=*% .
if I slap your face with
q4N 30N

¥g→ 69N
Fnet
Right
68N your
face slap
my hand with

f
-

30N
4N A =
Im = = 6. 8m15
Conditions
① same
type of force
f- = ma
② same magnitude
A =
Im ③ total opposite direction

m = ④ Must be
acting on the same
body
Chapter 4: Mass Weight Density

① W Nlkg
mg~☐
=
→
1 gravitational
↳ field
weight changes mass does not
with location
change with strength .

N location .

Kg

② density =%÷me

③ inertia

(higher mess higher inertia

reluctance for
>
an object to more or

stop
moving

Chapter 5: Turning effects of forces egl :

1) moment =
force ✗
perpendicular distance

,penoo N

If
moment 20×5
[- 100 Nm CW
,

<→
92
:

perpendicular distance
2) Principled moment I
The sum of clockwise moment about a pivot is equal to the FIACW) 2oN_¢w)
sum of anti clockwise moment about the same pivot, when in ACW =cw
equilibrium

Acw
① ✗ F. = 20×5
F =
1,0¥ = ( ON

✗ Faccw) -

:¥j=Acw
Acw ego )

Acw &w ✓

20N @ W )
3) the greater the distance away from the pivot, the greater the moment. ACW =
cw
( Acw)

2=1--2×32
The greater the force applied, the greater the moment ACW =cw

1--1×3=20×1 Fa =
13.33N
4) large base more stable .

F=¥= g. ggµ

high
-
CG less stable .

'

ega :

5) "

⑦ ②
In Ein
'
! " '

3rd and 1st

to

/ / large base large base

medium base medium CG low
-

Iifabe
CG
neutral high CG u
small base
large base
high CG
high CG
Chapter 6: Energy Work Power
I

1) kE=£mv2

2)
↳

GPE
higher speed higher
=
mgh
,
KE

} Unit ,
]

↳ the the GPE

higher the
height ,
the
higher
3) work done F distance moved
✗
along force
=
.

O¥= Fd
°→F dit
✓wd ✗ wd ✓wd

ۃ
0/101<9 Ñ=¥=ao ]

E÷÷÷÷÷÷
1-
✗ GPE =
10×10×40
> GPETKE
=
4000 ]

= 2000 ]

= 2000 ]

V2 -_
400
✗
V
20mA
=

5) conservation of energy KE =
£mv2 .

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, -

It can only be transformed from one form 4000=1-2×10 ✗ v2
To another.
v2 = 800

V -
Two =
28.28mA

p=-§
→
5) energy . ]

→ time S

↳ power
,

.
w

Chapter 7: Kinetic model of matter

Chapter 8: Transfer of thermal energy

Chapter 9: Thermal properties of matter

Chapter 11: Waves

} refer to back .

→ speed of EM waves = 3×108 Mfs

C vacuum]

p speed , Mls

✓ f- wavelength ,m f-
☐
-
=
N =

↳
frequency Hz ↳
,

frequent ↳ periods
.

displacement displacement /
Hz

-
µ'm g~amP""dm distance time

wavelength ,
m
-peñd
wavelength ✗
Wavelength ✓
amplitude ✓
amplitude ✓
period ✓
period
.

✗
fnequer.iq/fnequengX
.
Chapter 12: Electromagnetic waves
① all transverse waves

② all travel at 3×10 Emts in vacuum

③ able to travel in a mediums

including vacuum

④ obey law at reflection

high f high R
low a X
ray low f
gamma → Uv → visible → in tared → microwave → Radio
^
¢ b d d d d
cancer sterilize optical remote
heating up long distance
fibre control
sunbed food communication .

Chapter 13: Sound solid

particles close together
#
are

330 Mls
↳
air → energy passed from one particle

(
to another is faster
1500 mls
liquid
on
→

liquid fair
solid than
solid → 4000 -
so> omfg .

p speed of sound in

liguidlair.fr
solid faster than
How sound is
produced .

① Drum striked → air

particles
are pushed together →
high pressure → compressor .

② Drum membrane
pulled back → air
particles are

pulled apart → low pressure rarefaction

③ a series of
compression and rarefaction is

formed → sound is
produced
a wave
.

ja
① got
-
air loud

far
→

② Vacuum start softer

loudness depends on
→ and gotten

③ total vacuum → no sound

amplitude
.

# sound needs a medium to travel .

-

pitch depends
-
on

:
# always factor
"

dingdong
"

in

compression
( the
#
distort
speed = .
*

distance
x
rarefaction .
Chapter 15 and 16: Current of electricity and D.C Circuits
① current = rate of flow of charge per unit
time

charge c

¥→
current ,

A ←
I =

→ time , s

② Potential difference amount of

energy required
to
bring
=

7- Coulomb Ot charge across

potential a
component
difference T
f-
→
energy I
V Pd = ,

→
charge C
③ R series
,

= R, t Ra t Rst maximum resistance

-
. -

Rpaiallel =
# # #t t t . . .
minimum resistance
} any R in between is

a combination
.

④ ypd.ir/Reis59uitienF.a Resistance of
{
a

component
✓
is the ratio
=
R T =] R =L
t
of the
potential difference
and the
-

current
flowery
⑤ Ohm 's Law through it

Ohmic conductor
obey Ohm 's law
straight .

non -

ohmic conductor do not ohm 's low

obey came
✓e
Ohmic

non ohmic
tiny
-

press

⑧
y '
I

PIX kngth
m

R
,

f A -D Cross sectional area

,
m2

Resistance SL

Iatffzxz
,
Chapter 17: Practical Electricity
kilowatt hour
→ kWh
→
Energy
① p =
-

time
↳ Kw - h
(
occurs at

high temp )
② Electrical → heat
energy
t
light
standard answer

① current flow through filament

② converts electrical to heat
energy
③ wire heats up , glow and light is produced
③ Electrical
power → Rate in which electrical
energy
is converted to other forms of
w ✓ energy
p
>

y →A
④ p =
✓ I

sub RI
V
¥
=
sub I =

→r ✓
P= I 212 p= In
-

←
R
w ↳a ← - r
w

⑤ Dangers
① V =
240 V
Damp environment
LD wet skin 1001
~ → I =
2.4 A T ( die )
↳
dry skin ~ 100,000 r → I =
0.0024A t ( no die)

② Damaged insulation

↳ exposed live
Danger wire

③
overheating of cable .

↳
large current →
high heat → wire insulation
.me It

d
possible fire
↳
overloading of sockets

↳ current drawn from main

supply is

high
↳ and fine
⑥ fuse
possible overheating .

↳
only can be used one time .

↳ thin wine →

in
heat
up → melt → Blown
/ fused
too much current

⑦ switch → turn on and off current

⑧ circuit breaker → reusable fare

→ control current flow .

⑨ Earth wine → O 5h ( low resistance)

-

LD current tend to
will path at
least Resistance .

↳ human survive
④
.

live → Brown

neutral →
Blue

ear th → Gree -
3 yet then .
Chp-17 : kinetic model of matter .

/
ñi÷÷¥÷÷÷¥÷;÷:*
.÷*/÷÷É÷÷÷÷ /
higher dens, -20kment .si .
vibrate

✗ no fixed Hixedvokemepitu
shape
liquid dose slide
""
compressible ( fixed w, ,
-

a
✗ no fixed snape_
weak ran.
. ..
.. at
✗ low
density high
speed .

higher temp avg KET

avg speed I
Chp-18 Transfer : of thermal Energy
1) FÉaÉTtoD
2) Conduction
↳ 2 matters must contact
be in
physical .

↳ Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through

a medium without any flow of the medium
↳ vacuum no conduction .

heat trouser

① HOT region
f- ③ pass kinetic
↳ high KE to
energy
② HOT particles the cold
coli dearth molecules .

the
neighbouring ④ cold molecules
hotter
molecules
gain energy
.

* metal free moving electrons

3) convection → fluid ( gas/ liquid ) > ① when heated

-0¥
② particle increase

③ volume increase

④ density =mw me
↳ decrease
⑤ float up

I
rises .

① When cooled
② particle decrease

③ volume decrease

④ density =mw÷me
↳ increase
⑤ sink .

④ Radiation
↳ solid Gas Vacuum all
, liquid ,
, can

I am old HOT
I
A) colour am

Black Good absber / y

emitter of radiation
.

White/ silver POOR absorber

/ emitter of radiation

B) surface area
Good
large surface area rough
-

small surface area smooth POOR -

c) Temperature difference
faster
.

high temp difference

low temp difference slower .
 9 : Thermal of matter
Chapter properties
1) internal
energy
of a substance is the total
energy
of all particles in the substance .

Likinetic t internal potential energy

-
-

due to the forces

of attraction .

↳ stronger force higher potential energy

the
depends on ↳ weaker force lower
potential energy

movement / speed
of particles .

2)

37

" "

÷÷÷÷É÷÷÷÷÷÷ # Heating
..

temp
5)
# cooling .

time