Engines, Motors, and

Mobility
[ME F317]
BITS Pilani Dr. Saket Verma
Department of Mechanical Enginerring
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Lecture No.: 1
Introduction to IC Engines, Motors
and Mobility
Engines
What is an ‘Engine’?
“An engine is a device which transforms
one form of energy into mechanical energy”
e.g. Hydraulic turbines (potential – mechanical)
Electric motor (electric – mechanical)
Petrol engine (chemical – mechanical)
What is a ‘Heat Engine’?
“Heat engine is a device which transforms Hydraulic engine
the thermal energy into mechanical energy.”
e.g. Steam engine and Petrol engine

Steam engine
3
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Internal combustion engines
External combustion engine:
“External engines are those in which a
working liquid/fluid is heated through the external
source(outside the engine) which on expansion acts
on the mechanism of engine to provide motion.”
e.g. Steam engine, Sterling engine, Rankine cycle

IC Engine:
“The engine gets it's motive force from the
combustion or the burning of mixture of fuel and
oxygen inside an engine. The part of engine where
combustion occurs is known as Piston-cylinder
(combustion chamber).”
e.g. Spark ignition engine & Compression ignition
engine

4
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Fig.: Working principle of steam engine.

5
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Fig.: The world’s oldest steam engine Fairy
Queen. These engines can be seen at national
rail museum in the Capital. Railway ministry is
trying to revive them for touristic purposes.

6
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Fig.: Sterling engine working principle
Fig.: 4-cylinder Sterling engine model

7
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Working fluid = Steam

Fuel = Coal

Fig.: Steam power plant and steam turbine

What do you call a Gas Turbine?

8
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Comparison of IC engine with
EC engines

Advantages Disadvantages
• Simplicity • It can only utilize high
• Lower cost grade fuels (can not use
• High power to weight solid fuels, such as coal)
ratio • Relatively lower efficiency
• Portability – suitable for as compared to EC
vehicular applications engines.
• Reciprocating engines
have lower speed limit
due to vibration issues.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 11
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Classification of reciprocating
IC engines

Otto cycle engine.

(SI engine or Gasoline engine)

Cycle of Operation
Diesel cycle engine.
(CI engine or Diesel engine

2-stroke engine
Number of strokes per
cycle
4-stroke engines

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Classification of reciprocating
IC engines
Liquid fuels
(gasoline, diesel, alcohol,
kerosene)
Type of Fuel Used
Gaseous fuels
(CNG, LPG, blast furnace gas
and biogas)

Spark ignition (SI)

Method of ignition
Compression
ignition (CI)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Classification of reciprocating
IC engines
Low speed

Operating speed Medium speed

High speed

Air cooled
Method of Cooling
Water cooled

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Classification of reciprocating
IC engines

Field of application

Stationary Automotive Marine Aero- Locomotive

engines engines engines engines engines

Based on the design components

of the engine
Single and Type of Number of Piston orientation
(horizontal,
multi combustion valves per vertical, V-
cylinder chamber cylinder shaped)

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Historic perspective
Automobiles have been around for more than 100
years
– 1769 Cugnot built a steam tractor in France.
– 1860 Lenoir built an internal combustion gas
engine (coal gas-air mixure).
– 1876 Otto improved the gas engine.
– 1885 Daimler developed a petrol engine and fitted
it to a bicycle.
– 1885 Benz fitted his petrol engine to a three
wheeled carriage.
– 1893 First diesel engine was test run by Rudolf
Diesel.
– 1901 The first Mercedes took to the roads.
– 1954 Bosch introduced fuel injection for cars.
– 1966 California brought in legislation regarding air
pollution by cars
– 1987 The solar powered ‘Sunraycer’ travelled 3000
km.
– 1988 California’s emission controls aim for use of
zero emission vehicles (ZEVs).

16
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Problems associated with IC
engines
The development of internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles, and especially
automobiles, is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology.
However…

Depletion of oil
Global warming Energy security
reserves

Air pollution

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Typical emissions from IC
Engine vehicles

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Solution?

Fuel cell vehicles

Electric and hybrid electric

mobility

Alternative fuels in IC engines

(biogas, alcohols, biodiesel etc.)

Improvement of IC Engine
technology

19
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Why Electric and Hybrid Power
Trains are better than IC Engines?
Fuel
Energy Thermal Energy Mechanical
(Chemical
conversion energy conversion energy
energy)

Electrical Direct Energy Mechanical

energy Conversion energy

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Why Electric and Hybrid Power
Trains are better than IC Engines?

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Why Electric and Hybrid
Power Trains?
• Taking into account traffic flow, the greenhouse effect, pollutant
emission, and noise emission, it seems that electric mobility is
the best alternative for transport in urban areas.
This is under the assumption that:

Source of Electricity is Battery Technology is The post use problems and

cumulatively less polluting, matured and on board recycling of battery related
such as Renewables storage is enough waste will be handle wisely

Even if not, then pollution Battery should provide Various heavy metals are
at local level can be enough storage/range. used which if not handled
reduced in cities. properly will cause sever
pollutions

22
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Mobility

• The term ‘mobility’ has broader meaning which indicates

‘ability to move’ due to access to various means of
transportation.
• Transportation is the act of moving goods or people.
• Mobility is the ability to freely move or be moved.
• Therefore, mobility indicates adequate means of transportation,
which is not only restricted to ‘ownership of the vehicles’ but also
includes public transport, shared mobility, mobility-as-a-service
(MaaS) and other technological interventions for improved
movement of the goods and people.
• In even broader terms, the quality of transportation is some times
included in the definition - It means people being able to access safe,
swift, environmentally friendly and affordable transport options for
education, culture, employment and leisure.
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
What is the future of mobility?

Source: Mobility 2030: Transforming the mobility landscape. How consumers and businesses can seize the benefits of the mobility
revolution Thriving on disruption series

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

THANK YOU