NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL

VELAPPANCHAVADI,CHENNAI

A PROJECT REPORT ON

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MR. SUNDARMOORTHY Kapilesh Saami Nagesh
MRS. MALA
[DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY]
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Kapilesh Saami Nagesh a student of grade XII has
successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the

guidance of Mr. SUNDARMOORTHY & Mrs.R.MALA (Subject

teachers) during the year 2022-2023 in partial fulfilment of Biology practical

examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank our reverent Principal

Mrs.RANI THOMAS and our Biology faculties Mr.

SUNDARMOORTHY & Mrs.R.MALA for their

guidance and support in completing my project. Also I thank
Ms.P.SUDHA (Junior Lecturer) for her timely help and
encouragement for the successful completion of the project. Finally,
I thank all the facilitators who have provided all the facilities
required.

Kapilesh Saami Nagesh

Class:XII
Kapilesh Saami Nagesh
CLASS: XII

INDEX

PAGE NO.
S.NO
TOPIC
1.
Abstract

2.
What is Antibiotic Resistance

3.
Need of this Experiment

4.
Fighting Antibiotic Resistance:

5.
Material Required

6.
Observation

7.
CONCLUSIONS
Abstract:

An antibiotic is an agent that either kills or inhibits the growth of

a microorganism. The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by
Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to
describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is
antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high
dilution. This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but
that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices
and hydrogen peroxide). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial
compounds such as the sulfonamides. Many antibacterial
compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular
weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.

With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern

antibacterial are semi synthetic modifications of various natural
compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam
antibiotics, which include the penicillin (produced by fungi in the
genus Penicillium), the cephalosporin, and the carbapenems.
Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the
amino glycosides, whereas other antibacterial—for example, the
sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are
produced solely by chemical synthesis.

In accordance with this, many antibacterial compounds are

classified on the basis of chemical/biosynthetic origin into
natural, semi synthetic, and synthetic. Another classification
system is based on biological activity; in this classification,
antibacterial are divided into two broad groups according to their
biological effect on microorganisms: Bactericidal agents kill
bacteria, and bacteriostatic agents slow down or stall bacterial
growth.
What is Antibiotic Resistance?

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop the ability to survive

exposure to antibiotics that were previously effective at killing or inhibiting
the growth of those bacteria. This can occur through a variety of
mechanisms, such as the bacteria acquiring mutations that make them
resistant to the antibiotics, or through the bacteria acquiring genes that
encode for enzymes that can inactivate the antibiotics. Antibiotic
resistance is a major public health concern because it can make infections
caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria more difficult to treat, and can lead
to the spread of these infections to other people. Antibiotic resistance can
also lead to the development of more virulent strains of bacteria, which
are more likely to cause serious illness or death.

Need of this Experiment:

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more and more common. Antibiotics and

antimicrobial agents are drugs or chemicals that are used to kill or hinder
the growth of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes. Due to the prevalent

use of antibiotics, resistant strains of bacteria are becoming much more

difficult to treat. These "super bugs" represent a threat to public health

since they are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. Current

antibiotics work by disrupting so-called cell viability processes. Disruption

of cell membrane assembly or DNA translation are common modes of
operation for current generation antibiotics. Bacteria are adapting to these
antibiotics making them ineffective means for treating these types of
 infection. For example, Staphylococcus aureus have developed a single

DNA mutation that alters the organism's cell wall. This gives them the

ability to withstand antibiotic cell disruption processes. Antibiotic resistant

Streptococcus pneumoniae produce a protein called MurM, which

counteracts the effects of antibiotics by helping to rebuild the bacterial cell
wall.

Fighting Antibiotic Resistance:

There are several ways to address the problem of antibiotic resistance:

1. Antimicrobial Stewardship: This involves the careful and responsible use

of antimicrobials (including antibiotics) to ensure that they remain effective
for as long as possible. This includes only prescribing antibiotics when they
are truly necessary and using the most appropriate antibiotic for the specific
infection being treated.

2. Infection Control: Implementing good infection control practices, such as

proper hand hygiene and isolation of infected individuals, can help prevent
the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections.

3. Development of New Antimicrobials: There is a need for the development

of new antimicrobials to replace those that have become ineffective due to
resistance.

4. Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the issue of antibiotic

resistance and the importance of responsible antimicrobial use can help
reduce the unnecessary use of antibiotics and slow the development of
resistance.

5. Surveillance: Monitoring the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

and tracking the spread of these infections can help inform public health
efforts to control and prevent the spread of resistance.
Material Required:

1. Sterilized Petri dishes

2. Sterilized culture tubes with media

3. Transfer loops

4. Forceps

5. Flask

6. Beaker

7. Burner

8. Penicillin

9. Aureomycin

10. Hay

11. Alcohol

12. Agar

13. Starch

14. Distilled water

Experimental Procedure:

1. To 200ml of distilled water in a flask, I added 8 grams of agar powder

and 2 grams of starch. Then putting a few pieces of dry hay into the
medium I covered the flask with an Inverted beaker. Boiling the medium
for 5 minutes and then cooling the medium to room temperature. After that
placing the flask in a warm place. Within 2-3 days, formation of scum of
cloudy suspension appeared on the medium indicating the growth of
Bacillus subtilis.

2. Taking culture tubes with agar medium and heating the test tubes in
warm water to melt agar. Cooling each test tube so that I can hold it in my
hand and the agar remains liquid. After that removing the cotton plug and
I passed the mouth of the test tube through the burner flame twice.
Flaming the transfer loop after dipping it in alcohol and I let it cooled. After
that picking up a loop full of bacterial culture from flask and then I
transferred it to the warm agar in the culture tube. Flaming the loop and
the mouth of the culture tube and then I replaced the cotton plug. Rolling
the culture tube of warm agar between palms to I mixed the bacteria well
with agar.

*Transferring the bacteria should be done as quickly as possible.

3. After that I took sterilized petridishes. Removing the cotton plug and
flamed the mouth of the culture tube. Then I lifted the cover of the Petridish
at an angle 45 Degree and then quickly pouring the medium of the culture
tube into the bottom half the dish. Removing the culture tube and replacing
the cover tube into the bottom half of the dish. Removing the culture tube,
and replace the cover of the Petridish. Moving the covered Petridish along
the table top to distribute the medium evenly. Then I allowed the agar to
cool. After that I prepared two petridishes and marked them A & B.

4. I prepared Penicillin and Aureomycin solution by dissolving the

powdered drugs in distilled water. Then I cut down a few discs of filter
paper of 1 cm diameter. Then I soaked a disc in each of the penicillin and
Aureomycin solutions. Dipping the forceps in alcohol and the I passed the
forceps’ tip quickly over the burner flame. Using the sterilized forceps I put
Penicillin and Aureomycin soaked discs at two distant sites of Petridish A.
Considering Petridish B as control. Then I kept both the Petridishes
undistributed in warm place to allow the bacteria to grow. Then I observed
the Petridishes for several days.

Observation:

The area around the antibiotic discs in the Petridishes will be

clear. In other areas, colonies of bacteria will be observed. Then
I examined the clear area in each Petridishes for few more days.
A few very colonies may appear in the clear areas. These are the
colonies of resistant strains of the bacteria.

CONCLUSIONS:

Antibiotic drugs killed most of the bacterial strain, hence the

areas appeared clear. However, a few strains which were
resistant in the bacterial population survived and produced
colonies later. This proves the resistant strain to antibiotics were
present in the bacterial population.
Bibliography

 NCERT Book
 https://chat.openai.com/chat
 https://www.sciencebuddies.org/
 https://studiousguy.com/
 https://www.seminarsonly.com/
 https://www.1000sciencefairprojects.com

THANK YOU…..