CHAPTER X Buckling in Columns

1
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
1. FAILURE OF COLUMNS
❑When a column is subjected to some
compressive force, the compressive
A structural member stress induced: P
=
subjected to an axial A
CHAPTER X

compressive force, ❑ If the force is generally increased, the

is called a “Strut”. As column will reach a stage, when it will be
subjected to the ultimate crushing stress.
per definition a strut Beyond this stage the column will
may be horizontal,
✓ fail by Crushing.
inclined or even
vertical. ❑Sometime not fail by crushing, but
A vertical Strut, used bending, buckling, this happens in the
case of long column, when will the
in building or frames column stars buckling we called
is called “Column”. ✓ Buckling load or
✓ Critical load or
✓ Crippling load 2
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
2. EULER’S COLUMN
THEORY
Euler derived an equation, for the
CHAPTER X
buckling load of long columns
based on the bending stress.
While deriving this equation, the
effect of direct stress is
neglected. This may be justified
with the statement that the direct
stress induced in a long column is
negligible as compared to the
bending stress. It may be noted
that
The Euler’s formula cannot be
used in the case of short
columns, because the direct
stress is considerable and
hence cannot be neglected.
Prof. Yassin Sallam
3. ASSUMPTION IN THE EULER’S
COLUMN THEORY
The following simplifying assumptions are
made in the Euler’s column theory:
❑ Initially the column is perfectly straight
❑ The load applied is truly axial
❑ The cross-section of the column is
uniformly throughout its length
❑ The column materials is perfectly
elastic, homogenous and isotopic
❑ The column obeys Hook’s law
❑ The length of the column is very long
as compared to its cross-sectional
dimensions.
❑ The shortening of column, due to
direct compression (very small) is
neglected.
❑ The failure of column occurs due to
buckling alone. 3
 Buckling in Columns

4. TYPE OF END CONDITIONS OF

COLUMNS OF EULER
CHAPTER X

A. Both Ends Hinged

B. Both Ends Fixed

C. One End is Fixed and the other Hinged

D. One End is Fixed and the other Free

4
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
4.a. COLUMN WITH BOTH ENDS HINGED
Consider a column AB of length , l hinged at both of its ends A P
and B, carrying a critical load at B. As a result of loading.
Let the column deflect into a curve from A to B, as shown in Fig.
CHAPTER X

B
P : critical load on the column
y : deflection of the column at x.
•Moment due to the critical load P
M = − Py
•The deflection equation is:
d2y
EI 2 = M
dx
d2y
l = le
EI 2 = − Py or
dx
d2y P P
+ y = 0 ……….(1) =2
dx 2 EI EI y
d2y  2
2

+  y=0
dx 2 x
•The general solution of the differential equation (1) is
y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) ………...…….(2)
A 5
C1 and C 2 are the constants of integration
 Buckling in Columns
y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. )
The conditions of displacement:
When
x=0 give  y=0
x=l give  y=0
x=0 give  dy / dx = 0
CHAPTER X

We know that : Sin 0 = 0 and Cos 0 = 1

Using 1st conditions of displacemen

When x = 0 give  y=0

Then the equation (2) becomes:

y = C1 sin(0) + C2 cos(0)
0 = 0 + C2 x 1
C2 = 0

Using the2nd condition of displacement:

When x=l give  y=0

Then the above equation becomes:

y = C1 sin l = 0 C1 = 0
sin (l ) = 0
sin (l P / EI ) = 0 6

 Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

P
 =l = 0,  , 2 , 3
EI
CHAPTER X

Taking the least significant value  =

l P / EI = 
P
l2 = 2 Or
EI
2
P= .EI
l 2

 
2

P =   .EI
l

7
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

b. COLUMN WITH BOTH ENDS FIXED P

Consider a column AB of length l , fixed at
Mo
both of its ends A and B, carrying a critical
load at B.
CHAPTER X

l/4
As a result of loading. Let the column
deflect into as shown in Fig.
P : critical load on the column
y : deflection of the column at x
M : Fixed end moments at A and B.
0
l
l 2
= le
Moment due to the critical load P
M 1 = − Py
Total moment : y
M = M o − M 1 = M o − Py
x
l/4

Mo 8
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
The deflection equation is M = M o − M 1 = M o − Py
d2y
EI 2 = M P

dx Mo
CHAPTER X

d2y
EI 2 = M o − Py or l/4
dx
d2y P Mo P
+ y= =2
dx 2
EI EI EI l l
= le
2
d2y 2 Mo
+ y =
2 …………….(1)
dx 2
P y

•The general solution of the differential equation (1) is x

l/4
M o ..…...(2) Mo
y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) +
P
C1 and C 2 are the constants of integration, 9
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
The conditions of displacement:
x=0 give  y=0 Mo
When x=l give  y=0 y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) +
P
x=0 give  dy / dx = 0
Using 1st conditions of displacement
CHAPTER X

When x=0 give  y = 0

Then the equation (2) becomes:
M
y = C1 sin(0) + C2 cos(0) + o
  P
0 1

Mo Mo
0 = 0 + C2 x1 + C2 = −
P P
Using the 3rd condition of displacement:
When x=0 give  dy / dx = 0
Then the equation (2) becomes:
dy
= C1 cos x − C2 sin x
dx
0 = C1 cos(0) − C2  sin (0) C1 = 0
  
1 0
Can be written the equation (2):
M M
y = 0 x sin( x. ) − o cos( x. ) + o
 P P
0

Mo 10
y= [1 − cos( x. )]
P Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Mo
y= [1 − cos( x. )]
P
Using the2nd condition of displacement: P
When x = l Give  y=0
Mo
M
y = o [1 − cos( l )]
P l/4
CHAPTER X

M
0 = o [1 − cos( l )]
P
Mo
[1 − cos( l )] = 0
P
Then
[1 − cos(l )] = 0 , or l
l 2
= le
cos( l ) = 1

That mean l = 0, 2 , 4 , 6 ,.... y

Taking the least significant value  =2  x

l/4
l P / EI = 2 
2   
2

or P=4 .EI P=  .EI Mo

P
l2
=4 2 l 2
l/2 11
EI Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
P

2
M = − Py y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) P =    .EI l = le

l y

P
A

Mo

l/4

2
Mo  
M = M o − M 1 = M o − Py y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) + P =   .EI l
l

l/2
= le
P 2

x
l/4
12
Prof. Yassin Sallam
Mo
 Buckling in Columns

4.c. COLUMN HINGED AT ONE END AND FIXED AT THE OTHER

Consider a column AB of length l , fixed at A and hinged at B,
carrying a critical load at B. P
CHAPTER X

Let the column deflect into as shown in Fig. R B

P : Critical load on the column
y : Deflection of the column at x
M 1 : Fixed end moments at A
R : Horizontal reaction at B
•Moment due to the critical load P l
M 1 = − Py y
•Moment due to the fixed end
M o = R(l − x) l/4 x
Total moment
M = M o − M1
A
M1
= R(l − x) − Py Prof. Yassin Sallam
13
 Buckling in Columns
The deflection equation is
d2y
EI 2 = M
dx
d2y P
EI 2 = R(l − x) − Py
CHAPTER X

dx R B
d2y P l−x P
+ y = R =2
dx 2 EI EI EI

d2y R 2
+  2
y =  (l − x) …………………….(1)
dx 2
P
•The general solution of the differential equation (1) is
R l
y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) + (l − x) …...…….(2)
P
y
C and C
1 2 are the constants of integration,
The conditions of displacement:
When Give l/4 x
x=0  y=0
x=l Give  y=0 A
x=0 Give  dy / dx = 0 M
14
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Using 1st conditions of displacement
R
When x=0 Given  y = 0 y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) +
P
(l − x)

Then the equation (2) becomes:R l P

y = C1 sin(0) + C2 cos(0) +
  P
CHAPTER X

Rl
1
Rl
R B
C2 = −
0 = 0 + C2 x1 + P
P
Using the 3rd condition of displacement:
When x=0 Given  dy / dx = 0
Then the equation (2) becomes:
dy R l
= C1 cos x − C2 sin x −
dx P R
R C1 = y
Then 0 = C1 cos(0) − C2  sin (0) −
   P
1 0
P
Substituting values of C1 and C2 to the equation (2): l/4 x
 R  R l  R
A
y =   sin(x) −  cos( x ) + (l − x)
 P   P  P
M
R 1
y = [ sin(x) − l cos(x) + (l − x)] 15
P  Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Using the 2nd condition of displacement: y=
R 1
[ sin(x) − l cos(x) + (l − x)]
P 

When x=l Give  y=0

0=
R 1
[ sin(l ) − l cos(l ) + 0]
P
P 
CHAPTER X

1
sin(l ) = l cos(l )
R B

sin(l )
=l
cos(l )

( tan(l ) = l 

l
l P / EI = 4.5 rad
2 P
l = 20.25 (20.25  2 2 ) y
EI 2
 l/4 x
P=2 .EI
l2
A
  
2
2
  P=
P = 2  EI  EI M
l/ 2 
16
l Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

4.d. COLUMN FIXED AT ONE END AND FREE AT THE OTHER

Consider a column AB of length l , fixed at A and free at B, e P
B B’
carrying a critical load at B.
CHAPTER X

Let the column deflect into as shown in Fig. y

P : Critical load on the column
y : Deflection of the column at x. l
•Moment due to the critical load P x

d2y
EI 2 = M
dx 2l = le
M = P (e − y )
= Pe − Py
The deflection equation is
d2y
EI 2 = Pe − Py
dx 17
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
or d2y
EI 2 = Pe − Py e P
dx B B’
2
d y P Pe
+ y= P
dx 2
EI EI =2
EI
y
CHAPTER X

2
d y
2
+  2 y =  2e ….…….……….(1) l
dx
x

•The general solution of the differential equation (1) is

y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) + e 2l = le
C1 and C 2 are the constants of integration,

The conditions of displacement:

When x = 0 Given  y = 0
x=l Given  y = e
x=0 Given  dy / dx = 0
18
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Using 1st conditions of displacement
y = C1 sin( x. ) + C2 cos( x. ) + e
When x=0 Give  y=0

Then the equation (2) becomes:

y = C1 sin(0) + C2 cos(0) + e
CHAPTER X

 
0 1
C 2 = −e
0 = 0 + C2 x1 + e
Using the 3rd condition of displacement:
When x=0 Give  dy / dx = 0

Then the equation (2) becomes:

0 = C1 cos(0) − C2  sin (0)
  
1 0
C1 = 0
Then
Substituting values of C2 and C1 to the equation (2):
y = −e. cos( x ) + e
y = e 1 − cos( x ) 19
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Using the2nd condition of displacement: y = e 1 − cos( x )

When x=l Given  y = e e P

e = e [1 − cos(l )] B B’

cos(l ) = 0
CHAPTER X

 P  y
cos l =0

 EI  l
That is mean  P   3 5
x
l = ,
 EI  2 2 , 2 , ........
 
 2l = le
Taking the least significant value =
 2
l P / EI =
2 2
P  
l2 =  or
EI  2 
2 2
1   
P =   EI P =   EI
4 l  2l  Prof. Yassin Sallam
20
 Buckling in Columns
4.e. EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF COLUMN
In the previous articles, we have derived the relations for crippling load under
various conditions;
CHAPTER X

Euler’s formulas

Ends conditions Effective length

Initial General Formula
le = ( K ) l

 
2

 
2

P =   .EI P =   .EI l
l l

 
2

P = 4   .EI
  
P =
2
l
 .EI 2
l l/2   2
P =   EI
 
2

P = 2   .EI
  
P =
2
 le  l
 .EI
l  l/ 2  2
1  
2 2

P =   .EI
4 l 
P =   .EI 2l
 2l 
21
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
(a) (b) (c) (d)
CHAPTER X

Prof. Yassin Sallam 22

 Buckling in Columns
5. SLENDERNESS RATIO
A column under the crippling load, takes place about the axis of least
resistance. Substituting: 2
I ,  
2
 
I = A r or
2
r= P =   EI or P =   EI
 Kl  l 
CHAPTER X

, Where A e

r : The least radius of gyration of the section,

I : The moment of inertia
A : The cross-section area of the column
lK le l
The slenderness ratio : Slendernes s = = = e
r r I/A
The above Euler's general equation, can be written as term of slenderness

2 2
    
P =   EI  P =   EA
 le   le / r 
le
Where : the slenderness 23
r Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

6. LIMITATION OF EULER’S FORMULA

2
P   
❑The crippling stress:  c = =   E
A  le / r 
le
❑ The crippling stress will be high, when the slenderness is small
CHAPTER X

r
❑ The crippling stress cannot more the crushing stress of the column materials:

a) The crushing stress of mild steel is 320 MPa = 320 N / mm 2

b) Young’s modulus for mild steel is 200 GPa = 200 x10 3 N / mm 2

❑ Equating the crippling stress and crushing stress:

2
    2 x 200 x103
320 =   E =
l
 e / r ( le / r ) 2
2
 le   x 200 x10
2 3 le
  = = 78.8  80
r 320 r
le
a) If  80 the column is long (Euler’s formula is valid)
r
le
b) If  80 the column is short (Euler’s formula is not valid) 24
r Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Example (1)
A steel rod 5 m long and of 40 mm diameter is used as a column, with one
end fixed, and the other free. Determine the crippling load by Euler’s formula
Take E = 200 GPa
Solution:
CHAPTER X

Length:
actual l = 5 m = 5 x103 mm

effective le = 2 l = 10 x10 3 mm (one end fixed, and the other free)

Diameter d = 40 mm
Elasticity modulus E = 200 GPa = 200 x10 N / mm
3 2

 .d 4
➢ Moment of inertia I=
64
 x(40) 4
=
64
= 125.664 x103 mm 4
2
 
➢ Crippling load P =   EI
 le 
  
2

P= 3 
x 200 x103 x125.66 x103
 10 x10  25
= 2480 N = 2.48 kN Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Example (2):
A hollow alloy tube 4 m long with external and internal diameters of 40 mm and 25
mm respectively was found to extend 4.8 mm under a tensile load of 60 kN,
Find the buckling load for the tube with both ends pinned
CHAPTER X

Determine the safe load on the tube

Take: factor of safety as 5
Solution:

Length: actual l = 4 m = 4 x103 mm

effective le = l = 4 x10 3 mm (Both pinned = hinged)

External diameter D = 40 mm

Internal diameter d = 25 mm

Extended l = 4.8 mm

Tensile load P = 60 kN = 60 x103 N

26
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
a) Buckling Load for the tube:

A= (D2 − d 2 )
➢ Section Area 4

= [(40) 2 − (25) 2 ] = 765.8 mm 2
4
CHAPTER X


➢ Moment of inertia I = (D4 − d 4 )
64

= [(40) 4 − (25) 4 ] = 106 500 mm 4
64
l 4.8
➢ Strain of the tube = = = 0.0012
l 4 x10 3
 P 60 x103 ( =  .E )
➢ Modulus of elasticity E= = = = 65290 N / mm 2
 A 765.8 x0.0012
2
 
➢ Buckling load P =   EI
 le 
  
2

P= 3 
x 65291 x 106500 = 4289 N = 4.29 kN
 4 x10 
b) Safe Load for the tube:
Buckling Load 4288
P( safe) = = = 858 N = 0.858 kN
Factot of safety 5
Prof. Yassin Sallam 27
 Buckling in Columns
Example (3)
A steel rectangular structure tube TS 152x76, with a wall thickness of
12.7 mm, is used as a 6 m long column. It has pinned ends, and its weak
axis is fully braced by a masonry curtain wall, as shown in Fig.
Determine the critical buckling load. Take, E = 200 GPa
CHAPTER X

Solution:
Length
Actual l = 6 m = 6 x10 3 mm
Effective le = l = 6 x10 3 mm (both pinned = hinged)

E = 200 GPa = 200 x103 N / mm 2

➢ Moment of inertia
From the table (1), of Appendix (1)
I = 10.7 x106 mm 4
2
 
➢ Critical load P =   EI
 le 
  
2

P= 3 
x 200 x103 x10.7 x106
 6 x10 
= 586693N = 587 kN Prof. Yassin Sallam 28
 Buckling in Columns

Example (4)
A  y = 250 MPa , W 250 x 89 in Figure, is 6 m long and has beams framing
in at the top such that the top is pinned. It must carry a load of 1250 kN. Will
the lower end have to be pinned or fixed can it be merely a pin connection?
CHAPTER X

Solution:
P = 1250 kN = 1250 x10 3 N
From the table (1), Appendix (1):
ry = 65.1 mm
A = 11400 mm 2 le Kl
Solve for the maximum Slenderness: r = r 6 m
permitted by this loading,  must be at least equal to:
P
c =
A
1250 x103
c =
11400
 c = 109.6 = 110 MPa 29
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

a) Slenderness: ( Both ends hinged )

le l
=K
r r
CHAPTER X

le 6 x103
= 1x = 93
r 65.1

The column is long

b) Slenderness: ( One end fixed and

one end hinged ) 6 m
le l
=K
r r
le 1 6 x103
= = 65.2
r 2 65.1
The column is short
30
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
Example (5)
A steel pipe column has one end fixed and one end free. It has an outside
diameter of 60.3 mm and an inside diameter of 52.5 mm. It supports an axial
load of 45 kN.
Determine the actual length l of this column can reach without buckling.
CHAPTER X

Outside diameter D = 60.3 mm

Inside diameter d = 52.5 mm K = 2 fixed and one end free

➢ Moment of inertia I =  ( D 4 − d 4 )
64

= (60.3) 4
− (52.5) 4  = 276 x103 mm 4
64
➢ Actual length
2
   2 EI / P
P =   EI l=
 Kl  K
( x 200 x10 x 276 x103 ) / 45 x103
2 3

l=
2 31
l = 1740 mm = 1.74 m Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
7. EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR COLUMNS
There are some formulas we can use:
❑ Rankine’s formula
❑ Johnson’s formula
❑ Parabolic formula
CHAPTER X

❑ Straight line formula

1 1 1
RANKINE’S FORMULA = +
Pr Pc Pe

Where Pr : Crippling load by Rankine’s formula

Pc =  c A : Ultimate load
2
 
Pe =   .EI : Crippling load by Euler’s formula
 le 
➢ For Short Columns
Pe : will be very high,
1
 1
: be quite negligible as compared to
Pe Pc
➢ For Long Columns
Pe : will be very small, 
1 1 32
P
: be quite considerable as compared to P Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns
➢ Rankine’s formula
1 1 1
= +
Pr Pc Pe
1 Pc + Pe
= or
Pr Pc .Pe
CHAPTER X

Pc .Pe Pc
Pr = =
Pc + Pe 1 + ( Pc / Pe )

 c .A
Pr = I = Ar 2
1 +  c A (le /  EI )
2

 c. A  c. A
Pr = =
   A l  1 + a (le / r )
2 2

1 +  2 c  e2 
E A r 

a

 c. A
Pr =
for+some
2
Where: The constant of Rankine 1 a (lmaterials
e / r)
 c : crushing stress of the column material
c
A : Cross-section of the column Material  c (MPa ) a=
  2E
a = 2 c : Rankin’s constant Wrought iron 250 1/9 000
 E Cast-iron 550 1/1 600
le : (Equivalent = effective) length of the column Mid steel 320 1/7 500
r : Least radius of gyration Timber 40 1/750
 Buckling in Columns
Example (6)
A hollow, cylindrical steel column, of 38 mm, external diameter and 2.5 mm
thick. The length of column is 2.3 m and hinged as its both end.
a) Find the Euler’s crippling load
b) Determine the crippling load by Rankine’s formula.
CHAPTER X

Take: a = 1 / 7500 ,  c = 335 MPa and E = 205 GPa

Solution: 38 mm
2.5 mm

External diameter D = 38 mm
Thickness t = 2.5 mm
Interior diameter d = 38 − (2 x 2.5) = 33 mm
Length of the column le = l = 2.3 m = 2.3 x10 3 mm
Crushing stress  c = 335 MPa = 335 N / mm 2
Constant of Rankine a = 1/ 7500
34
E = 205 GPa = 205 x10 N / mm
3 2
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Buckling in Columns

❑ Euler’s Crippling Load ❑ Rankine’s Crippling Load


 A= (D2 − d 2 )
I= (D − d )
4 4
4
64
CHAPTER X


 = [(38) 2 − (33) 2 ]
= [(38) 4 − (33) 4 ] 4
64 = 278.8 mm 2
= 44 139 mm 4 r= I/A

 
2 44139
= = 12.6 mm
Pe =   EI 278.8
 le 
 c. A
  
2 Pr =
Pe =  1 + a (le / r ) 2
3 
x 205 x103 x 44139
 2.3x10  335 x 278.8
Pr =
Pe = 16881 N 1  2.3x103 
2

1+  
= 16.88 kN 7500  12.6 
 17 kN Pr = 17160 N
= 17.16 kN 35
Prof. Yassin Sallam
 Area Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Designation 2 6 4 3 3 6 4 3 3
(mm ) (x10 mm ) (x10 mm ) (mm) (x10 mm ) (x10 mm ) (mm)
TS102x51x6.4 1670 1.95 38.5 34.3 0.64 25.2 19.6
TS152x76x12.7 4610 10.7 141 48.3 3.51 92.3 27.7
TS178x127x6.4 3570 15.6 175 66 9.28 146 50.8
C 230 x 30 3800 25.3 221 81.8 1.01 19.2 16.3

Buckling in Columns C 250 x 44.6

W 150 x 37.1
5690
4740
42.9
22.2
339
274
86.9
68.3
1.64
7.12
27.0
91.9
17.0
38.9
W 200 x 52 6650 52.9 511 89.2 17.7 174 51.6
W 200 x 59 7550 60.8 582 89.7 20.4 200 52.0
W 200 x 100 12700 113 990 94.2 36.9 351 53.9
CHAPTER X

W 250 x 58 7420 87 690 108 18.7 185 50.2

W 250 x 67 8580 103 805 110 22.2 218 50.9
W 250 x 73 9290 113 895 110 38.9 306 64.2
W 250 x 89 11400 142 1090 112 48.3 377 65.1
W 250 x 149 19000 259 1840 117 86.2 655 67.4
W 310 x 52 6650 119 747 134 10.2 122 39.2
W 310 x 79 10100 177 1160 132 39.9 315 62.9
W 310 x 97 12300 222 1440 134 72.4 477 76.7
W 310 x 117 15000 276 1750 136 89.9 587 77.4
W 310 x 143 18200 347 2150 138 112 728 78.4
W 310 x 179 22800 445 2670 140 144 918 79.5
W 310 x 202 25700 516 3050 142 166 1050 80.4
W 360 x 122 15500 367 2020 154 61.6 480 63.0
W 360 x 134 17100 416 2340 156 151 818 94.2
36
W 360 x 818 Prof.105000 3930
Yassin Sallam
15300 193 1360 6190 114