LITERATURE_Midterm

Sir Moises Marion Tabora

COVERAGE:
 Karagatan (Regional Literature)
 Hiligaynon Literature
 Major Genre of Philippine Literature
 Creative Nonfiction
TYPE OF EXAM:
“Regional Literature”
KARAGATAN
- Ito ay itinuturing na matandang anyo ng panitikan.
- Tinatawag itong tulang padula sapagkat ang mga ito ay nasusulat ng padula at ginagampanan ito ng
tauhan.
- Ito ay isang larong may paligsahan sa tula.
- Ang kuwentong ito ay batay sa alamat ng singsing ng isang dalaga na nahulog sa gitna ng dagat.
- Pakakasalan ng dalaga ang binatang makakakuha ng singsing.
- Ginaganap ang laro sa bakuran ng isang bahay.
* Purpose of Tagalog literary writers in the development of Tagalog literature is to promote national
consciousness of Filipinos all over the country, they were promoting the regional identity of Tagalog literature.
ILOCANO LITERATURE
- Pertains to the literary works of Ilocano ancestry regardless of the language used.
- The terms “Iloko” and “Ilocano” are different.
- Iloko – means language.
- Ilocano – means ethnicity of the people who speak the Iloko language.
- One of the several regional literatures.
- One of the most active tributaries to the general Philippine literature.
- Ancient Ilocano poets expressed themselves in folk and war songs.
* Dallot – improvised, verified & at times impromptu long poems delivered in sing-song manner.
Earliest known Iloko poems
- romances translated from Spanish by Francisco Lopez.
 Study of Iloko poetry (Gramatika Ilokana) published in 1895.
 Based on Lopez’s Arte de la Lengua Iloca, earlier published in 1627, but was probably written before
1606.

Pedro Bucaneg
- Collaborated with Lopez in the translation of Doctrina into Iloko.
- First known Ilocano poet.
- Father of Ilokano poetry and literature.
- Blind since childhood.
- Biag ni Lam-ang – known work.

Biag ni Lam-ang
- Means “Life of Lam-ang”.
- 17th century.
 - Published in El Ilocano, December 1889 to February 1890.
Leona Florentino
- known as the Mother of Philippine Women’s Literature.
Manuel Arguilla
- wrote the anthology “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife”.
HILIGAYNON LITERATURE
Hiligaynon – is known to be the land of beautiful songs & chants.
Visayan culture & tradition
- became the inspiration of the Hiligaynon writers.
Traditional forms
- riddles, proverbs & ritual chants paved the way for developing other genres of literature i.e. songs &
other literary forms.
Folk songs: ili-ili or lullaby; a cradle song played & sung to develop communication skills to the children.
 Ambahan – a traditional poetic expression of the syllabic script.
 Siday – a long poem delivered by two poets representing two families before marriage.
 Balitaw – a love song delivered by a man & a woman – done in a manner of debate.

Hiligaynon writers – believed in ritual chants delivered by healers to please diwatas, anitos & other supernatural
beings.
 Asoy – a term used for a legend narrating stories of folk heroes in the region.
Prominent Hiligaynon Writers
Flavio Zaragoza Cano – the prince of Visayan poets & wrote “The Rhymes”.
Serapion Torre – known as the First King of Hiligaynon Novel.
Magdalena Jalandoni – was one of the most prolific Filipino writers.

CEBUANO LITERATURE
- Started with the other forms of oral literature like folklore, fables & legends.
- During the American literary period, Cebuano writers – wage propaganda to express their thoughts
about the betrayal of hopes & concerns about American restriction on freedom of expression.

Vicento Sotto – the father of Cebuano Literature; his work Maming.

 Maming – the first written Cebuano.

Ang Suga – appeared as the medium publication of the Cebuano writers.

MARANAO LITERATURE

- Is largely floating & meant to be sung on different occasions.

- It is greatly influenced by Islam as their religion.
Works:

Folk tale (tutul)

Love songs (tubad-tubad)
Sayings & proverbs (pananaro-on)
Drama (sowa-i)
Riddles (antoka)
Epic poetry (darangan)

Muslim cultural community – affects the region’s literary style & form.

Literature – is meant to be recited, and the community portrays a big role in its development of it.

TAGALOG LITERATURE

- It is the literature used in most parts of Luzon. Those who use this type of literature are coming from
Southern Luzon, Central Luzon, and Metro Manila or NCR.

The Main Themes of Philippine Literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and socio-
political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions.

BACKGROUND HISTORY

Tagalog Region

- is the birthplace of a rich tradition of Philippine culture in language, politics, economy, and literature.
- Considering this rich and envigorating cultural matrix, it's not surprising that it is the Tagalog region that
was destined to be the birthplace of historic men in Philippine politics, culture, and literature.

* The first printing press was established in Manila. This gave way to the publication of the first book,
Doctrina Christiana in 1593. The Bible was first translated into Tagalog in Barlaan and Josephat in 1708 and
1712.

Pasyon - The life of Christ in the epic tradition. And was written in Tagalog by Gaspar Aquino de Belen and
Fr. Mariano Pilapil.

- The literary tradition in the Tagalog region is especially outstanding in oral literature like a
riddle, proverbs, and native songs.

Tagalog Literature in Present Time

Tagalog Literature
 - Is blending of the elements of Spanish, American, and Filipino culture, sometimes with one of them
predominant but never alone.
- Soul of Tagalog Literature: a harmonious blending of native and foreign elements which makes up
present-day Tagalog Literature.

Why do we need to study literature?

- Not just learning but keeping alive the cultural variations of ancestors.

Writers – have a talent for bringing the past back to life with emotive language and metaphor…

NOTABLE PEOPLE AND WORKS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Marcelo H. Del Pilar – Master of Tagalog Language.

Jose Rizal – Popular for his 2 novels (Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo).
Carlos P. Romulo - an author and the foremost diplomat of the Philippines.
Francisco Balagtas – fondly called “Balagtas”, known work is Florante at Laura.
Amado V.Hernandez - poet, playwright, and novelist, is among the Filipino writers who practiced
"committed art".
Carlos Buolosan - a Filipino American author, poet, and activist.

NOTABLE WORKS IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

 El Filibusterismo (The Traitor)

 Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)
 Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang)
 Ibong Adarna
 Florante at Laura
 Doctrina Christina

MAJOR GENRE OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

- The art of literature is not being described by words but in relation to form, content, and author’s style
Genre – refers to the art used by literary authors to categorize a certain literary composition.

- It may be determined by literary technique, tone, content & length.

- It conforms to the manner, forms & styles used by the writers to expose themselves in their writings.

POETRY

- A literary typewritten in verse that makes up stanzas.

- Consists of language with strong musical quality where words are highly-charged with meaning.
 - Are written in lines grouped into stanzas.
- it contains measure, rhyming or sound pattern & tone.
- Different classes of poetry are meant to be recited in order to reveal its sound patterns & thought units.

Elements of Poetry

1. Sense – it is revealed through words, images & symbols.

a. Diction – this refers to the denotative & connotative meanings of the line of poetry.
b. Images and Sense Expressions – refers to the choice of words used.
2. Sound – refers to the creative use of words by poets to imitate sounds.
a. Rhythm – the order alternation of strong & weak elements in the flow of sound and silence.
b. Meter – refers to the duration, stress or number of syllables per line.
c. Rhyme scheme – the formal arrangement of rhymes in a stanza of the whole poem.
3. Structure – refers to the arrangement of words & lines to fit together & the organization of the parts
from the whole.
a. Word order – the natural arrangement of words in each verse.
b. Punctuation – the use of punctuation marks to clearly indicate emotions.
c. Shape – refers to the poet’s choice of contextual & visual design, omission of spaces,
capitalization & lower case.
4. Tone – refers to the poet’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject, toward the reader, or toward himself.
5. Voice – refers to the speaking person in poetry where specific characters are not indicated as the
speaker.

Classes of Poetry

 Lyric Poetry
- a kind of poetry that expresses emotions, mood & reflection of the musical language of the poet.
- it is short, simple & easy to understand.
a) Ode – a majestic type of lyric poetry with an expression of enthusiasm & dignity to someone loved.
b) Elegy – a lyric poem with the subject matter of death; represents a deep feeling of grief.
c) Song – a short lyric poem that is intended to be sung & has a particular melodious quality required by
the singing voice.
 Narrative Poetry – a long descriptive poem that narrates a story in a sequential order about life & events that
may be real or imaginary.
a) Epic – a long narrative poem that tells stories about the life, quests & adventures of a supernatural
hero.
 b) Ballad – a form of narrative poetry that is considered to be the simplest & shortest form; its verses
suggest significant events meant to be sung.

FICTION

- Refers to any imaginative fact & idea of life; the characters & settings are purely works of the author’s
mind & may or may not happen in real life.
- Themes & conflicts raised in some stories are similar in a real-life context.

Types of Fiction

 Chick lit
- a fiction that addresses issues of modern womanhood; often humorously and light-heartedly.
- popular in the late 1990s.
- sometimes includes romantic elements but is considered a subcategory of the romance novel.
 Flash fiction
- an example of extreme brevity; no widely accepted definition of the length of the category.
- impose caps as low as 300 words; others consider 1000 words to be flash fiction.
 Speculative fiction
- it is more fantastical fiction genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, weird fiction, supernatural
fiction, superhero fiction & dystopian fiction, and apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction.
 Novel
- a lengthy narrative story separated into a series of chapters; possesses complexity of plot & has the
capacity to introduce numerous characters in different parts of the story; contains more elaborate
settings.

 Short story
- a short narrative that focuses on a single plot & characterized by its different elements.
Elements of a Short Story:
1) Setting – refers to the time, place & condition in which the story takes place.
2) Characters- persons, animals, or things moving around the plot of the story.
3) Plot – refers to the series of actions & events in the story.
Parts of a plot:
o Exposition – sets the mood of the story wherein characters, setting &
background are introduced.
 o Rising Action – part of the plot that marks the onset of the major conflict in the
story.
o Climax – the part that builds the highest tension & considered to be the story’s
biggest point of interest.
o Falling Action – marks the revelation & realization of the characters leading to
the resolution of the story’s main conflict.
o Denouement – the final resolution & outcome of the story.

4) Mood – refers to the atmosphere & tone of the story.

5) Theme – pertains to the central idea which conveys truths & values according to the author’s
purpose.
6) Symbols – images & objects used in the story; stand for something.

CREATIVE NONFICTION

- it is expository in nature and deals with facts & reality which aims to explain a theory, idea, and a point
of view.
- Uses literary styles & techniques to create a factually accurate narrative.
- It contrasts with other nonfiction such as technical writing or journalism, which is also rooted in
accurate fact but not written in service to its craft.

Examples:

Autobiography – a story of a person’s life written by himself; from his own point of view according to
his personal style… written from a person’s memory of his past.
Biography – a story of a life of a real person written by someone else; it records the actions & recreates
the personality of an individual’s life.
Essay - a piece of writing which is often written from an author’s point of view.

LITERARY DEVICES IN LITERATURE

 - Are called literary techniques pertaining to the conventions & structures employed in different literary
writings.
- Refers to the specific, deliberate constructions or choices of language which an author uses to convey.
1) Aphorism – a concise statement that contains subjective truth or observation.
2) Chekhov’s Gun – refers to the insertion of an apparently irrelevant object early in a selection to which the
purpose is revealed later.
3) Cliffhanger – creates an open ending in the story by leaving the conflict unresolved. Its purpose is to draw
the audience back to the future episode for the solution.
4) Epiphany – it creates a sudden revelation or insight usually with a symbolic role in the narrative.
5) Figures of Speech – these are creative group of words used beyond its literal meaning to enhance sense of
impression & intensify ideas.
6) Flashback – it is a general term for altering sequences of events in the story; taking characters back to the
beginning of the tale for instance.
7) Flashforward – it is also called a Prolepsis; it is an interjected scene that temporarily jumps the narrative
forward in time.
8) Foreshadowing – pertains to hinting at events to occur later.
9) Juxtaposition – it involves using two themes, characters, phrases, words or situations together for
comparison contrast or rhetoric.
10) Rhetorical Question – it is posing a question without expecting something in reply to create persuasive
effects to its readers.