Impact of Load Shedding on Frequency
and Voltage System
1
Irrine Budi S., 2Aziz Nurdiansyah, 3Abraham Lomi
*
Electrical Engineering, National Technology Institute, Malang, Indonesia
1
irrine_elektro@lecturer.itn.ac.id, 2aziz_simpel@yahoo.co.id, 3abraham@itn.ac.id
Abstract – System ability to continuously supply load is
very important. One of the factors that influence that system
ability is frequency and voltage stability. Frequency and
voltage stability need to be considered during electrical power
planning and operating to avoid system instability that can
cause system blackout. Load shedding need to be done to
restore the system into normal condition after interference or
system instability. This research discusses impact of load
shedding on frequency and voltage system.
Keywords - Frequency Stability; Voltage Stability; Load
Shedding; Impact of Load Shedding.
I. INTRODUCTION
Reliability, quality and stability are requirements for
an electrical power system to be said as a good system.
System must be able to continuously give electrical power
supply with frequency and voltage value that is suited with
regulation and must be able to return to the normal condition
during disturbance.
Several conditions that cause the changing of
frequency are short circuit disturbance, generator loss,
sudden load changing etc. Varied load changing influence
system stability. If required power more than power that
was generated by generator, then those generator’s
frequency will be decrease. That condition not only
influence frequency but also voltage [1]. Frequency and
voltage stability greatly influence system stability.
Continuous frequency and voltage’s decrease [1] can
cause system total blackout. Therefore, further action need
to be done so that system frequency back to stable condition
at allowed level. Load shedding is one of the actions that
must be done to solve those frequency and voltage decrease.
Load shedding have several method to release load
gradually until system frequency and voltage return into
normal condition or to determine which part of load that
must be released. One of load shedding method is PV and
QV Curve method.
This research will discuss impact of load shedding on
frequency and voltage system. The simulation was done
using ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) Power
Station to know whether system stability back to normal or
not after load shedding during disturbance.
From the simulation of this research is expected to
have an operator picture that will be done when there is
978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
instability in the system, and release the load in accordance
with the calculation results to restore the system back to
normal conditions.
II. METODOLOGY
A. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Electrical power system stability is electrical power
system ability to return into balance condition after
disturbance [2]. In operation of power system at any time
there will be a change of capacity and load. That changing
caused generator must adjust its capacity to supply load
power changing through governor and excitation control. If
it is not done, then system power balance will be disrupted.
The Power balance between generator and load is one of the
stability measures of electrical power system.
1) Frequency Stability
Frequency stability refers to power system ability to
maintain a stable frequency when there is imbalance
between generator and load [2].
2) Voltage Stability
Voltage stability refers to power system ability to
maintain stable voltage at every bus after disturbance [2].
B. LOAD SHEDDING
Load shedding is an effort to prevent system instability.
This instability will cause frequency and voltage’s decrease
and system phase angle instability. Those instabilities due to
load increasing, the loss of transmission channel, the failure
of generator and other components [3-5].
Load shedding is an ability to change the amount of
power that is consumed by certain load bus [6].
Loss generator can be happened because of disturbance
at generator that cause generator must stop operate. This
will cause generator capacity decrease and not enough to
supply required load from all the customer or supply varied
load, which mean that at the certain time, load will be on
peak position, and at the other time, load will be on normal
position. When load on peak position, generator can not
supply those load so that cause system instability.
System load has to be released immediately when
system not stable. This must be done to prevent total
blackout [5]. Beside that, system recovery will need many
days.
C. PV AND QV ANALYSIS n
Qi  VV
i j Yij *sin( ij  ij ) (3)
There are several loads shedding method [4-5]. This j 1
research will use PV and QV Curve Analysis.
So, for general equation, voltage sensitivity at every bus is :
1) PV Curve Analysis
dQi n

PV Curve Analysis is the connection between active  VV i j Yij *sin( ij  ij ) (4)
dVi j 1
power (P) and voltage (V). In this analysis, there are the
lack of power and voltage in several critical busses [1,7] To predict this amount of load, there must be a
when the system experience disturbance that cause reciprocal consideration from voltage sensitivity as a small
frequency deviation or voltage changing or both. part of the amount of reciprocity of voltage sensitivity. This
The amount of disturbance can be calculated from reciprocity was considered because reciprocity will be
swing equation, where in this equation there are the rate of smaller for higher slope so that the amount of load that will
change of frequency and voltage changing [8]. This be released will be lower. Therefore, it can be said that,
calculation will determine the amount of load that will be dV  dQ 
released. The different between generated power and loaded  1/  (5)
power should be calculated as follows: dQ  dV 

2 H df dQi  n 
 Pm  Pe  Pdiff (1) i j Yij *sin  ij  ij  
 1/ VV (6)
f 0 dt dVi  j 1 

Where : = Normal Frequency Equation above gives fractional values of voltage

sensitivity at every bus. Direct connection between the
H = Inertia Moment constant
amount of released load and value at every bus is
= The rate of change of frequency
(the amount of released load from every bus). The
= Individual mechanic axis power
of each machine for all the addition of values from all the busses is :
machines in the system.
= Individual electrical power of n
dVi  dV dV dV 
 dQ   1  2  ...  n  (7)
each machine for all the j 1 i  dQ1 dQ2 dQn 
machines in the system.
Load that will be released at every bus is a small part
= The different between generated of load total that need to be released for maintain system
power and loaded power. balance. fraction values at every bus is connected
From equation above, the connection between frequency with total amount that is calculated and proportional to load
and power incompatibility can be obtained so that we can total fraction that is released at every bus. The following is
determine the amount of disturbance. the representation :

2) QV Curve Analysis dVi

dQi
QV Curve Analysis is one of the ways to investigate (for every bus i) (8)
dV1 dV2 dV
voltage instability problem in the system. Voltage at critical   ...  n
bus is plotted to reactive power at that bus. QV Curve is the dQ1 dQ2 dQn
connection between reactive powers (Q) and accepts voltage
So, complex power equation (S) is :
(V2) for value difference of active power (P). [1,7]
To determine the amount of load that will be released  dVi 
 
at every bus, voltage sensitivity at every bus has to be  dQi 
noticed. QV analysis is done by the following way [8]. The Si  Pdiff (9)
 n dVi 
equation for active and reactive power is :  
n
 j 1 dQi 
Pi  VV
i j Yij *cos( ij   ij ) (2)
j 1 Where : = Voltage Sensitivity

= Reciprocity of voltage sensitivity

978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
 Table III show data from power of each load
= Admittance
Two scenario of disturbance simulation will be
= Complex Power performed at IEEE-9 Bus System, which is :
1. Generator loss
III. IMPACT OF LOAD SHEDDING SIMULATION AT IEEE-9 2. Bus loss
BUS SYSTEM WITH ETAP POWER STATION
Generator that will be released is generator 3 and bus that
In this simulation will be seen the impact of load will be released is bus 9. After performing the disturbance,
shedding on frequency and voltage system, simulation will frequency and voltage at every bus will be noted. The
be performed at IEEE-9 Bus System with ETAP Power following are frequency and voltage data at every bus after
Station. The following are data at IEEE-9 Bus system that disturbance :
will be used to load shedding simulation using PV and QV a. Disturbance of generator loss (G3-Off)
analysis :
TABLE IV. FREQUENCY DATA AT EVERY BUS

Duration Fault
Bus 1s 3s 5s 7s 10 s
F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz)
Bus 1 49,03 47,14 45,44 44,02 42,54
Bus 2 49,08 47,12 45,42 43,95 42,57
Bus 3 49,06 47,19 45,43 43,98 42,56
Bus 4 49,04 47,16 45,43 44 42,55
Bus 5 49,05 47,18 45,43 43,99 42,56
Bus 6 49,05 47,17 45,43 43,99 42,56
Bus 7 49,07 47,2 45,42 43,97 42,57
Bus 8 49,06 47,19 45,42 43,97 42,56
Bus 9 49,06 47,19 45,43 43,98 42,56
Fig. 1. Single Line Diagram Example of IEEE 9 Bus
Table IV show frequency data from every bus during
disturbance of generator loss for 10 second. From that table,
Figure 1 show the picture of single line of IEEE – 9 Bus.
we can see that all busses experience frequency decrease
TABLE I. GENERATOR DATA during 3 until 10 second disturbance.

Generation TABLE V. VOLTAGE DATA EVERY BUS

Variable
G1 G2 G3
Power (MW) 247,5 163,2 108,8 Duration Fault
Voltage (KV) 16,5 18 13,8 Bus 1s 3s 5s 7s 10 s
Frequency (Hz) 50 V (%) V (%) V (%) V (%) V (%)
Inertia moment 6,632 2,312 1,632 Bus 1 103,54 102,41 100,67 98,74 95,29
Bus 2 101,71 99,45 96,91 94,87 90,18
Bus 3 101,61 99,82 97,6 95,67 91,41
Table I show data from generator which is power, voltage, Bus 4 101,89 100,38 98,41 96,54 92,66
frequency and inertia moment. Bus 5 99,12 97,36 95,24 93,45 89,32
Bus 6 100,29 98,7 96,66 94,81 90,84
TABLE II. DATA Bus 7 101,48 99,43 97,04 95,09 90,57
Bus 8 100,26 98,31 96,01 94,11 89,72
Line R1 X1 Y1 θ Bus 9 101,61 99,82 97,04 95,67 91,41
Line 1 5,29 37,47117 0,0002773 81,96
Line 2 8,993 40,55667 0,0002489 77,49 Table V show voltage data from every bus during
Line 3 16,928 70,97417 0,0004821 76,58 disturbance of generator loss for 10 second. From that table,
Line 4 20,631 74,94167 0,0005639 74,60 we can see that bus that experience critical condition is bus
Line 5 6,2951 44,436 0,0003293 81,93
3 during 3 second disturbance.
Line 6 4,4965 31,74 0,0002348 81,93

Table II show data from transmission line which is

resistance, reactance, admittance, and theta angle.

TABLE III. LOAD DATA

Load Power (MVA)

Load A 135,532
Load B 92,449
Load C 102,637

978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
 Table VII show voltage data at bus (1-2,4-8) during 10
second disturbance of bus loss. From that table, we can see
that bus that experience critical condition is bus 5 and bus 8
during disturbance.

Fig. 2. Frequency Decrease Chart at Bus 5

At figure 2, it is seen that frequency at bus 5 decrease during

10 second disturbance of generator loss in the system.

Fig. 4. Frequency Decrease Chart at Bus 5 and 8

At figure 4, it can be seen that frequency at bus 5 and 8

decrease during 10 second disturbance of bus loss in the
system.

Fig. 3. Voltage Decrease Chart at Loaded Bus 5

At figure 3, it is seen that voltage at bus 5 decrease during

10 second disturbance of generator loss in the system.

b. Disturbance of bus loss 9 (Bus 9-Off)

TABLE VI. FREQUENCY DATA EVERY BUS
Fig. 5. Voltage Decrease Chart at Bus 5 and 8
Duration Fault
Bus 1s 3s 5s 7s 10 s
F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz) F (Hz)
Figure 5 shows that frequency at bus 5 and 8 decrease
Bus 1 49,03 47,17 45,51 44,14 42,74 during 10 second disturbance of bus loss in the system.
Bus 2 49,03 47,16 45,58 44,11 42,73
Bus 4 49,03 47,17 45,5 44,13 42,74 From the table of frequency and voltage data base at
Bus 5 49,03 47,16 45,5 44,12 42,74 every bus for both disturbance, we can see that frequency
Bus 6 49,03 47,17 45,5 44,13 42,74 and voltage decrease until below allowed value which is
Bus 7 49,03 47,16 45,58 44,11 42,73 47,5 Hz and 0,98 p.u. The release of load will be done at
Bus 8 49,03 47,16 45,58 44,11 42,73 critical bus. Critical bus during disturbance of generator loss
is bus 5, while critical bus during disturbance of bus loss is
Table VI show frequency data at bus (1-2,4-8) during 10
bus 5 and 8. Based on equation 1 and from those data, we
second disturbance of bus lost. From that table, we can see
can calculate the rate of change of frequency and inertia
that bus experience frequency decrease during 3 until 10
moment during disturbance, which are :
second disturbance.
df n
x  xi 1
TABLE VII. VOLTAGE DATA EVERY BUS For the rate of change of frequency is  i , with
dt i 1 n
Duration Fault X1 = 50 Hz, X2 = 49,03 Hz, X3 = 48,07 Hz, X4 = 47,14 Hz,
Bus 1s 3s 5s 7s 10 s df 50  49, 03  49, 03  48, 07  48, 07  47,14
V (%) V (%) V (%) V (%) V (%)   0,95Hz ,
Bus 1 103,63 102,57 100,9 98,82 100,9 dt 3
Bus 2 101,07 99,27 96,79 93,84 96,79 that its for 1 bus critical, so for all bus critical is
Bus 4 101,98 100,77 98,91 96,69 98,91
df n
x df 0,95  (0,93 ^ 5)  (0,94 ^ 3)
Bus 5 98,77 97,4 95,36 92,82 95,36  i ,   0,93Hz
Bus 6 100,82 99,62 97,78 95,5 97,78 dt i 1 n dt 9
Bus 7 100,7 99,04 96,68 93,84 96,68
Bus 8 99,12 97,48 95,16 92,37 95,16

978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
  n  dQ
And for inertia moment is H    H i  aktif   H  loss , line 3 =  230*0,0004821*sin(0  76,58)  107,556
 i 1  dV
H  4, 472  1, 632  2,84 . so line 1 + line 3 = 171,007. For voltage sensitivity fraction
dV  dQ  dV
Table VIII show the rate of change of frequency and inertia is  1/ ,  1/ 171, 007  0, 005847. And for
moment during disturbance. dQ  dV  dQ
the amount of voltage sensitivity
TABLE VIII. THE RATE OF CHANGE OF FREQUENCY AND INERTIA n
dV  dV dV dV 
MOMENT
is  i   1  2  ...  n  , so voltage sensitivity
The Rate Of Change Inertia j 1 dQ i dQ
 1 dQ2 dQ n 
Fault On System
Of Frequency Moment n
dV
Generator Loss 0,93
2,84
is   0,005857
Bus Loss 0,94 j 1 dQ

1) The Calculation of the Different between Generated Table X show the calculation of voltage sensitivity
Power and Loaded Power ( ) ( ), voltage sensitivity fraction ( and the

Based on equation 1, the following are the calculation amount of voltage sensitivity ( ) from both
of the different between generated power and loaded power
at every disturbance is : disturbance.

2 H df TABLE X. THE CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY, VOLTAGE

 Pm  Pe  Pdiff SENSITIVITY FRACTION AND THE AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY
f 0 dt

2*2,84
Pdiff  0,93  105, 648MW Fault On System Bus
50
Generator Loss Bus 5 171,007 0,0058417 0,005847
Table IX show the calculation of the different between Bus 5 171,007 0,005847
Bus Loss 0,019182
generated power and loaded power for both Bus 6 74,988 0,013335

disturbance. We can calculate the amount of complex power that is

released after knowing the quantity of required value to
TABLE IX. THE CALCULATION OF THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN release load during disturbance. The amount of released load
GENERATED POWER AND LOADED POWER during each disturbance is :

Fault On System  0, 005847 

Si  105, 648  105, 648MVA
Generator Loss 105,648 MW  0, 005847 
Bus Loss 106,784 MW
Table XI show the calculation of the amount of load power
2) Released Complex Power Calculation or complex power that will be released at each critical bus.
Based on equation 9, complex power can be calculated TABLE XI. THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED LOAD
by calculating voltage sensitivity value and fraction from
voltage sensitivity of every critical bus. Voltage sensitivity Fault On System Bus Power (MVA)
value, voltage sensitivity fraction and the amount of voltage Generator Loss Bus 5 105,648
sensitivity for each disturbance are : Bus 5 32,54
Bus Loss
Bus 8 74,23
 dVi 
 
dQ
Si   i  Pdiff
 n dVi 
 
 j 1 dQi 
dQi n
For voltage sensitivity is  VV i j Yij *sin( ij  ij ) ,
dVi j 1

dQ
line 1 =  230*0, 0002773*sin(0  81,96)  63,141
dV

978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
 Fig. 6. Frequency Increase Chart at bus 5
At figure 6, it is seen that frequency at bus 5 increase after
load shedding of distubance of loss generator. Frequency
increase from 47,18 Hz at 3rd second to 48,12 Hz at 15th
second.
Fig. 7. Voltage Increase at Bus 5
At figure 7, it is seen that voltage at bus 5 increase after load
shedding of disturbance of loss generator. Voltage increase
from 97,51% at 3rd second to 104,26% at 15th second.
Fig. 8. Frequency Increase at Bus 5 and 8
At figure 8, it is seen that frequency at bus 5 and 8 increase
after load shedding of disturbance of loss generator.
Frequency increase from 47,04 Hz at 3rd second to 49,74 Hz
at 15th second at bus 5, from 47,03 Hz at 3rd second to 49,68
at 15th second at bus 8.
Fig. 9. Voltage Increase Chart at Bus 5 and 8
At figure 9, it is seen that voltage at bus 5 and 8 increase
after load shedding of disturbance of loss generator. Voltage
increase from 98,3 % at 3rd second to 101,68 % at 15th
978-1-5386-2708-2/17/$31.00©2017/IEEE
second at bus 5, from 99,72% at 3rd second to 106,43 % at
15th second at bus 8.
IV. CONCLUSION
IEEE-9 Bus System with ETAP Power Station,
frequency stability increase from 47,18 Hz to 48,12 Hz at
bus 5 for the simulation of disturbance of loss generator,
while for the simulation of disturbance of loss bus,
frequency increase from 47,04 Hz to 49,74 Hz at bus 5 and
from 47,03 Hz to 49,68 Hz at bus 8 and voltage stability
increase from 97,51 % to 104,26 % at bus 5 for the
simulation of disturbance of loss generator, while for the
simulation of disturbance of bus loss, voltage increase from
98,3 % to 101,68 % at bus 5 dan from 99,72 % to 106,43 %
at bus 8. Frequency and voltage stability increase after load
shedding using PV and QV Curve analysis. There are
disturbance of generator loss and bus loss in the system
before load shedding that cause the decline of frequency and
voltage stability.
Impact the load shedding on frequency and voltage
system is increased. The load shedding calculation using PV
and QV Curve analysis. PV and QV Curve analysis can be
use at IEEE-9 Bus System with ETAP Power Station for
load shedding simulation during disturbance and this
analysis can also be used at another electrical power system.
REFERENCES
[1] Bhaladhare, Snehal B., Telang, A.S., dan Bedekar, Prashant P.
(2013). P-V, Q-V Curve – A Novel Approach For Voltage Stability
Analysis. International Journal fo Computer Applications (IJCA).
[2] Kundur, P., Paserba, J., Ajjarapu, V., Anderson, G., Bose, A.,
Canizares, C., Hatziargytiou, N., Hill, D., Stankovic, A., Taylor, C.,
Van Cutsem, T., Vittal, V. (2004). Definition and Classification Of
Power System Stability IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force On Stability
Terms and Definition. IEEE Transaction On Power Systems.
Volume: 19, Issue: 3, Page: 1387-1401.
[3] Bevrani, H., Tikdari, A.G., Hiyama, T. (2010). Power System Load
Shedding : Key Issues and New Perspectives. World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol:4, No:5.
[4] Kaewmanee, J., Sirisumrannukul, M., dan Menaneanatra, T. (2013).
Optimal Load Shedding in Power System Using Fuzzy Decision
Algorithm. AORC-CIGRE Technical Meeting.
[5] Ab Aziz, Aizuriza. (2014). TOPSIS Method For Load Shedding
Scheme In Johore System. Diss. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia.
[6] Meier, Rich., Contilla-Sanchez, Eduardo., dan Fern, Alam. (2014). A
Policy Switching Approach to Consolidating Load Shedding and
Islanding Protection Schemes. Power Systems Computation
Conference (PSCC). IEEE.
[7] Parsai, Neha., Thakur, Alka., dan Tech, M. (2015). PV Curve –
Approach For Voltage Stability Analysis. International Journal of
Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), Volume 4.
[8] Jhosi, Poonam. (2007). Load Shedding Algorithm Using Voltage and
Frequency Data. Clemson University.