Table of Contents

Modern Physics

 Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 2

 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................... 11

 Exercise - 1 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................... 32

 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year JEE Mains Questions ................................................................. 36

 Exercise - 3 : Advanced Objective Questions ....................................................................... 46

 Exercise - 4 : Previous Year JEE Advanced Questions .......................................................... 58

 Answer Key ............................................................................................................................. 76

 MODERN PHYSICS 2

Modern Physics
1. NUCLEUS 1.4925 10 10
Since, 1 MeV = 1.602 × 10–13 J, we have eV
1.1 Isotopes 1.602  10 13

The atoms of an element, which have the same atomic number Or 1 a.m.u = 931.5 MeV
but different mass numbers, are called isotopes. 1.6 Nuclear size
(i) 8O16, 8O17, 8O18 (ii) 17O35, 17Cl37
The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the number
(iii) 82Pb206, 82Pb207, 82Pb208. of nucleons (mass number) constituting the nucleus. If R is the
radius of the nucleus having mass number A, then
1.2 Isotones
4
The atoms whose nuclei have same number of neutrons are called R3  A
3
isotones.
Or R  A1/3 Or R = R0 A1/3
1.3 Isobars
1.7 Nuclear density
The atoms, which have same mass number but different atomic Mass of the nucleus of the atom of mass number A = A a.m.u
numbers, are called isobars.
= A × 1.660565 × 1027 kg. If R is radius of the nucleus, then
(i) 1H3 and 1He3 (ii) 2Li7 and 4Be7
4 4 4
(iii) 28Ar40 and 29Ca40 (iv) Ge76 and 34Se76 Volume of nucleus = R3 =  (R0A1/3)3 =  R 30 A
3 3 3

1.4 Atomic mass unit Taking R0 = 1.1 × 10–15m, we have

mass of nucleus
The atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is a very small unit of mass and it is Density of the nucleus,  =
found to be very convenient in nuclear physics. volume of nucleus

Atomic mass unit is defined as 1/12th of the mass of one 6C12 A 1.66065  10 27
atom. 
 
3
4 / 3 1.110 15  A
According to Avogadro’s hypothesis, number of atoms in 12 g
of 6C12 is equal to Avogadro number i.e. 6.023 × 1023. = 2.97 × 1017 kg m–3 (independent of A)

12 Discussion :
Therefore, the mass of one carbon atom (6C12) is i.e.  The density of the nuclei of all the atoms is same as it is
6.023  10 23
1.992678 × 10–26 kg. independent of mass number.
 The high density of the nucleus ( 1017 kg m–3) suggests
1  26 the compactness of the nucleus. Such examples of high
Therefore, 1 a.m.u.   1.992678  10 kg
12 densities are met in the form of neutron stars.
or 1 a.m.u. = 1.660565 × 10–27 kg
1.8 Mass defect
1.5 Energy equivalent of atomic mass unit
The difference between the sum of the masses of the nucleons
According to Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence relation, the constituting a nucleus and the rest mass of the nucleus is known as
energy equivalent of mass m is given by E = mc2 mass defect. It is denoted by m.
Where c is speed of light. Let us calculate the mass defect in case of the nucleus of an atom
Suppose that m = 1 a.m.u = 1.660565 × 10 –27
kg z
XA. The nucleus of the atom contains Z protons and (AZ)
8 1 neutrons. Therefore, if mN (zXA) is mass of the nucleus of the
Since, c = 2.998 × 10 ms , the energy equivalent of 1 a.m.u is
given by 1 a.m.u = (1.660565 × 10–27 kg) × (2.998 × 108 ms1)2 atom ZXA, then the mass defect is given by
= 1.4925 × 10–10 J m = [Zmp + (AZ)mnmN(ZXA)]
 MODERN PHYSICS 3

The binding energy of a nucleus may be defined as the energy 5. The number of atoms disintegrating per second of a
equivalent to the mass defect of the nucleus. It may be measured radioactive sample at any time is directly proportional to
as the work required to be done to separate the nucleon an infinite the number of atoms present at that time. The rate of
distance apart, so that very no longer intract with each other. disintegration of the sample cannot be altered by changing
the external factors, such as pressure, temperature etc. It is
If m is mass defect of a nucleus, then according to Einstein’s
known as radioactive decay law.
mass-energy relation, binding energy of the nucleus = m c2
(in joule). According to radioactive decay law, the rate of disintegration at
any time t is directly proportional to the number of atoms present
Here, mass defect m has to be measured in kilogram. In case,
mass defect is measured in a.m.u., then dN dN
at time t i.e.  N or   N.
Binding energy of the nucleus = m × 931.5 (in MeV) dt dt
Binding energy = [Zmp + (AZ)mn mN (ZXA)] × 931.5 Where the constant of proportionally  is called decay constant
of the radioactive sample. It is also known as disintegration constant
1.9 Binding Energy Per Nucleon
or transformation constant. Its value depends upon the nature of
The binding energy per nucleon is the average energy required the radioactive sample. Further, the negative sign indicates that
to extract one nucleon from the nucleus. the number of the atoms of the sample decreases with the passage
of time.
binding energy
Thus, binding energy per nucleon 
A dN
From equation, we have   dt.
N
1.10 Packing Fraction
N
Packing fraction = (mass defect)/A. Or log N =t Or N0 = e
t
e
N0
1.11 Natural Radioactivity
Or N = N0et
The spontaneous transformation of an element into another with
the emission of some particle (or particles) or electromagnetic 1.11.2 Radioactive Decay Constant
radiation is called natural radioactivity.
According to radioactive decay law, Integrating, we have
1.11.1 Laws of Radioactivity Decay
dN
  N
Rutherford and Soddy studied the phenomenon of radioactivity dt
in details and formulated the following laws, known as the laws
of radioactive decay: dN / dt
Or 
1. Radioactivity is a spontaneous phenomenon and one N
cannot predict, when a particular atom in a given Hence, radioactive decay constant of a substance (radioactive) may
radioactive sample will undergo distintegration. be defined as the ratio of its instantaneous rate of disintegration to
2. When a radioactive atom disintegrates, either an -particle the number of atoms present at that time.
(nucleus of helium) or a -particle (electron) is emitted. Again, N = N0 e t
3. The emission of an -particle by a radioactive atom results If t = 1/
in a daughter atom, whose atomic number is 2 units less then, N = N0 e 1/ = 1/e N0 = N0/(2.718) = 0.368 N0
and mass number is 4 units less than that of the parent
Hence, radioactive decay constant of a substance may also be
atom. defined as the reciprocal of the time, after which the number of
A  decay atoms of a radioactive substance decreases to 0.368 (or 36.8%) of
ZX   Z2 YA 4
their number present initially.
4. The emission of a -particle by a radioactive atom results in
1.11.3 Half Life
a daughter atom, whose atomic number is 1 unit more but
mass number is same as that of the parent atom. Consider that a radioactive sample contains N0 atoms at time
t = 0. Then, the number of atoms left behind after time t is given
A  decay
ZX   Z1Y A by N = N0 e t
 MODERN PHYSICS 4

From the definition of half life, it follows that when t = t1/2, N = N0/2. 1 curie (ci) = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations s1
Setting the above condition in equation, we have There is also another unit of radioactivity, called Rutherford (rd).
N 0 / 2  N 0e  t 1 / 2
2 The activity of a radioactive sample is called one Rutherford, if it
undergoes 106 disintegration per second.
Or e  t 1/ 2
 1/ 2 Or e t1/ 2  2 1 Rutherford (rd) = 106 disintegration s1
Or T = loge 2 = 2.303 log10 2 = 2.303 × 0.3010 = 0.693
1.12 Nuclear fission
0.693 The process of splitting of a heavy nucleus into two nuclei of
Or t1/ 2 
 nearly comparable masses with liberation of energy is called
nuclear fission.
Thus, half life of a radioactive substance is inversely proportional
to its decay constant and is characteristic property of its nucleus. U235 + 0n1  [92U236]  56Ba141+ 30Kr92 + 30n1 + Q
92

It cannot be altered by any known method.
1.11.4 Mean life or average life
The average life of a radioactive substance is defined as the
average time for which the nuclei of the atoms of the radioactive
substance exist. It is defined by tavg.
1
t avg 
 1.12.1 Nuclear Reactor
Neutron reproduction factor is defined as the ratio of the rate of
production of neutrons to the rate of loss of neutrons. Thus,
rate of production of neutrons
k
rate of loss of neutrons
A fission reaction will be steady, in case k = 1. In case k > 1, the
fission reaction will accelerate and it will retard, in case k < 1.

1.11.5 Activity of radioactive substance Main parts and their functions :-

1. Fuel: It is a fissionable material mostly U235.
The activity of a radioactive substance may be defined as the
rate at which the nuclei of its atoms in the sample disintegrate. 2. Moderator: It is used to slow down the neutrons released
during the fission. The most common moderators are water,
If a radioactive sample contains N atoms at any time t, then its
heavy water and graphite.
dN 3. Control Rods: these rods are cadmium or boron, which control
activity at time t is defined as A =  
dt the chain reaction by absorbing neutrons.

The negative sign shows that with the passage of time, the activity 4. Coolant and Heat Exchange: The coolant takes away heat
of the radioactive substance decreases. from the reactor core and in turn heats the water in the heat
exchanger to produce steam. The commonly used coolants
dN are liquid sodium and heavy water.
Since according to the radioactive decay, law  N the
dt 5. Radiation Shielding: These are thick concrete walls, which
equation may be expressed as A = N. Since, N =N0 e , we have t stop the radiations from going out.

1.12.2 Radiation Hazards

A  N 0 e  t
Or 1. The exposure to radioation induces delecterious genetic
A  A 0 e  t effects.

Here,  N0 = A0 is activity of the radioactive sample at time t = 0. 2. The strong -ray exposure can cause lung cancer.
3. The exposure to fast and slow neutrons can cause
1.11.6 Units of activity blindness.
The activity of a radioactive sample may be expressed as 4. The exposure to neutrons, protons and -particles can
disintegration per second. The practical unit of activity of a cause damage to red blood cells.
radioactive sample is curie (ci). 5. The exposure to -particles can cause disastrous effects.
The activity of a radioactive sample is called one curie, if it 6. The strong exposures to protons and neutrons can cause
undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second. Thus, serious damage to productive organs.
MODERN PHYSICS
1.12.3 Safety Measures from Radiation Hazards
Following precautions are observed by the workers engaged in
this field:
1. The radioisotopes are transferred in thick walled lead
containers and are kept in rooms with thick walls of leads.
2. The radioisotopes are handled with the help of remote
control devices.
3. The workers are asked to wear lead aprons.
4. The radioactive contamination of the work area is avoided
at all costs.
2. CATHODE RAYS
When a potential difference of 10 to 15 kV is applied across
the two electrodes of a discharge tube and pressure is reduced
to 0.01mm of mercury, the rays known as cathode rays are emitted
from the cathode. These rays are independent of the nature of
the gas in the discharge tube and their direction of propagation
is not affected by the position of the anode.
Properties of Cathode Rays
Cathode rays have the following properties
1. Cathode rays travel along straight lines and cast sharp
shadows of the objects placed in their path.
2. Cathode rays are shot out normally from the surface of
the cathode.
3. The direction of the cathode rays is not affected by the
position of the anode.
4. The cathode rays exert mechanical pressure.
5. The cathode rays produce heat, when they fall upon
matter.
6. The cathode rays are deflected by electric and magnetic
fields.
7. When cathode rays strike a solid target of high atomic
weight such as tungsten, they produce a highly
penetrating radiation called the X-rays.
8. Cathode rays ionise the gas through which they pass.
9. Cathode rays can excite fluorescence.
10. Cathode rays can produce chemical changes.
11. Cathode rays can penetrate through thin sheets of matter
without puncturing them.
12. Cathode rays are found to have velocity upto one tenth
of the velocity of light.
5
3. FREE ELECTRONS IN METALS
Electron is a fundamental constituent of the atom. A metal contains
free electrons, which move about freely through the atomic spaces
in a random fashion. But as soon as an electron leaves the metal,
immediately an equal positive charge is produced on the surface
of the metal. As a result, the electron is pulled back into the metal
and hence remains confined to it. The pull on the electrons at the
surface is found to depend on the nature of metal surface and is
described by a characteristic of the metal, called work function.
Work Function
The minimum energy, which must be supplied to the electron so
that it can just come out of the metal surface is called the work
function of the metal.
This process is called electron emission and may be achieved in
the following ways
(i) Thermoionic emission. In this process of electron
emission, the additional energy is supplied in the form of
heat. The emitted electrons are known as thermo-electrons.
(ii) Photoelectric emission. In this process, as already
discussed, the additional energy is supplied by means of
electromagnetic radiation. The emitted electrons are
known as photoelectrons.
(iii) Secondary emission, in this process, the fast moving
electrons on collision with the metal surface knock out
electrons, called the secondary electrons.
(iv) Field emission.
4. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
The phenomenon of ejection from a metal surface, when light of
sufficiently high frequency falls upon it is known as the photoelectric
effect. The electrons so emitted were called photoelectrons.
Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect : The apparatus
consists of an evacuated glass tube fitted with two electrodes.
The electrode E is called emitting electrode and the other electrode
C is called collecting electrode.
When a suitable radiation is incident on the electrode E, electrons
are ejected from it. The electrons, which have sufficient kinetic
energy, reach the electrode C despite its negative polarity. The
potential difference between the two electrodes acts as the
retarding potential. As the collecting electrode is made more and
more negative, fewer and fewer electrons will reach the cathode
and the photo-electric current recorded by the ammeter with fall.
In case, the retarding potential equals V0, called the stopping
potential, no electron will reach the cathode and the current will
become zero. In such a case, the work done by stopping potential
is equal to the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons i.e.
eV0 = 1/2 m v2max
 MODERN PHYSICS 6

Working - Photoemissive Cells : It consists of two electrodes, a

Light Rays
cathode C and anode a enclosed in a highly evacuated glass
bulb. The cathode C is a semi-cylindrical plate coated with a
photosensitive material, such as a layer. This is called de-Broglie
relation of cesium deposited on silver oxide. The anode A is in
+ V –
~ ~ the form of a wire, so that it does not obstruct the path of the
light falling on the cathode.
V When light of frequency above the threshold frequency for the
cathode surface is incident on the cathode, photoelectrons are
A emitted. If a potential difference of about 10V is applied between
the anode and cathode, the photoelectrons are attracted towards
the anode and the microammeter connected in the circuit will
record the current.
4.1 Laws of Photoelectric Emission 4.3 Applications of Photoelectric Cells
1. The emission of photoelectrons takes place only, when
1. It is used in a television studio to convert the light and
the frequency of the incident radiation is above a certain
critical value, characteristic of that metal. The critical shade of the object into electric currents for transmission
value of frequency is known as the threshold frequency of picture.
for the metal of the emitting electrode. 2. It is used in a photographic camera for the automatic
2. The emission of photoelectrons starts as soon as light adjustment of aperture.
falls on metal surface. 3. It is used for automatic counting of the number of persons
3. The maximum kinetic energy with which an electron is entering a hall, a stadium etc.
emitted from a metal surface is independent of the intensity 4. It is used for automatic switching of street lights and
of the light and depends only upon its frequency. traffic signals.
4. The number of photoelectrons emitted i.e. photoelectric 5. It is used for raising a fire alarm in the event of accidental
current is independent of the frequency of the incident fire in buildings, factories etc.
light and depends only upon its intensity.
6. It is used in burglar’s alarms for houses, bank and
4.2 Photoelectric Cell treasuries.
A photoelectric cell is an arrangement, which converts light 5. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
energy into electrical energy. Photoelectric cells are of following
three types: The various phenomena concerning radiation can be divided
into three parts:
1. Photoemissive cells
2. Photovoltaic cells (i) The phenomena such as interference, diffraction,
polarisation etc. in which interaction of radiation takes
3. Photoconductive cells
places with radiation itself. Such phenomena can be
A photo emissive cell may be of vacuum type or gas filled type. explained on the basis of electromagnetic (wave) nature
of radiation only.
Light
Rays (ii) The phenomena such as photoelectric effect, compton
C + effect, etc. in which interaction of radiation takes place
with matter. Such phenomena can be explained on the
basis of quantum (particle) nature of radiation.
(iii) The phenomena such as rectilinear propagation,
reflection, refraction, etc. in which neither the interaction
of radiation takes place with radiation, nor of radiation
with matter. Such phenomena can be explained on the
basis of either of the two natures of the radiation.
MODERN PHYSICS 7

6. DE-BROGLIE WAVES 4. The matter waves are not electromagnetic in nature. If the
velocity of the particle is comparable to the velocity of
Loius-Broglie put forward a bold hypothesis that matter should
light, then mass of the particle is given by
also possess dual nature.
The following observations led him to the duality hypothesis for m0
m=
matter. 1  v2 / c2
1. The whole energy in this universe is in the form of matter
and electromagnetic radiation. 6.2 De-Broglie Wavelength of Electron
2. The nature loves symmetry. As the radiation has got Consider that an electron of mass m and charge e is accelerated
dual nature, matter should also possess dual nature. through a potential difference V. If E is the energy acquired by
Thus, according to de-Broglie, a wave is associated with every the particle, then
moving particle. These waves are called de-Broglie, waves or E = eV …(i)
matter waves. According to quantum theory of radiation, energy If  is the velocity of electron, then
of a photon is given by
E=h …(i)  2E 
E = 1/2 m2 or  =   …(ii)
Further, the energy of a relativistic particle is given by m
Now, de-Broglie wavelength of electron is given by
E  m 02 c 2  p 2  c
h h
Since photon is a particle of zero rest mass, setting m0 = 0 in the  = m   m 2 E/m
above equation, we have
E = pc …(ii) h
Or = …(iii)
From equation (i) and (ii) we have 2mE
pc = h  substituting the value of E, we get

h h h
or p  ( c = ) = …(iv)
c  2meV
Setting m = 9.1 × 1031 kg; e = 1.6 × 1019 C and h = 6.62 × 1034 Js,
h we get
p

12.27
Therefore, the wavelength of the photon is given by = ×1010 m
V
h
 …(iii) 12.27
p Or = A …(v)
V
Hence, de-Broglie wavelength is given by
For example, the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons, when
h accelerated through a potential difference of 100 volt, will be
 …(iv)
m
12.27
=  1.227 A
This is called de-Broglie relation. 100

6.1 Conclusion Thus, the wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with 100 eV
electrons is of the order of the wavelength of X-rays.
1. Lighter the particle, greater is its de-Broglie wavelength.
2. The faster the particle moves, smaller is its de-Broglie 7. THOMSON’S ATOM MODEL
wavelength.
The positive charge is uniformly distributed over the entire sphere
3. The de-Broglie wavelength of –particle is independent and the electrons are embedded in the sphere of positive charges
of the charge or nature of the particle. just like seeds in a watermelon or plums in the pudding. For this
MODERN PHYSICS
reason, Thomson’s atom model is also known as
plum-pudding model. The total positive charge inside the atom
is equal to the total negative charge carried by electrons, so that
every atom is electrically neutral. If the atom gets slightly
perturbed, the electrons in the atoms oscillate about their
equilibrium position and result in the emission of radiation of
definite frequencies in the form of infra-red, visible or ultra-violet
light.
Failure of Thomson’s Atom Model
It had to be discarded, because of the following reasons:
1. It could not explain the origin of the spectral lines in the
form of series as in case of hydrogen atom.
2. It could not account for the scattering of -particles through
large angles as in case of Rutherford’s -scattering
experiment.
8. RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS
1. Most of -particles were found to pass through the fold
foil without any appreciable deflection.
2. The different -particles in passing through the gold foil
undergo different amounts of deflections. A large number
of -particles suffer fairly large deflections.
3. A very small number of -particles (about 1 in 8000)
practically retracted their paths or suffered deflection of
nearly 180º.
4. The graph between the total number of –particles N()
scattered through angle  and the scattering angle  was
found to be as shown in fig.
N
180°
The experimental observations led Rutherford to the
following conclusions:-
1. Since most of the -particles passed undeviated, the atom
has a lot of empty space in it.
2. Since fast and the heavy -particles could be deflected
even through 180º, the whole of the positive charge and
practically the entire mass of the atom was confined to an
extremely small central core. It was called nucleus. Since 1
in about 8000 -particles is deflected through 180º, the size
of the nucleus is about 1/10000th of the size of the atom.
8
8.1 Rutherford’s Atom Model
On the basis of the results of -scattering experiment, Rutherford
suggested the following picture of the atom:
1. Atom may be regarded as a sphere of diameter 10–10 m but
whole of the positive charge and almost the entire mass
of the atom is concentrated in a small central core called
nucleus having diameter of about 10–14 m.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. In other words,
the electrons are spread over the remaining part of the
atom leaving plenty of empty space in the atom.
8.2 Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Atom Model
1. When the electrons revolve round the nucleus, they are
continuously accelerated towards the centre of the
nucleus. According to Lorentz, an accelerated charged
particle should radiate energy continuously. Therefore,
in the atom, a revolving electron should continuously
emit energy and hence the radius of its path should go on
decreasing and ultimately it should fall into the nucleus.
However, electrons revolve round the nucleus without
falling into it. Therefore, Rutherford’s atom model cannot
explain the stability of the atom.
2. If the Rutherford’s atom model is true, the electron can
revolve in orbits of all possible radii and hence it should
emit continuous energy spectrum. However, the atoms
like hydrogen possess line spectrum.
8.3 Distance of Closest Approach
Consider the an -particle of mass m possesses initial velocity u,
when it is at a large distance from the nucleus of an atom having
atomic number Z. At the distance of closest approach, the kinetic
energy of -particle is completely converted into potential
energy. Mathematically.
2
2
1 2e Ze  r  1 . 2 Ze
1/2 mu =  . 0
40 1/ 2 mu 2
4 0 r0
+2e +Ze
m u
r0
8.4 Impact Parameter
The scattering of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom
depends upon the impact parameter.
MODERN PHYSICS 9

Impact Parameter of the alpha particle is defined as the

h h
perpendicular distance of the velocity vector of the alpha particle . i.e. mvr = n ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , .......(n  0).
2 2
from the centre of the nucleus, when it is far away from the atom.
It is denoted by b. (iii) The electron can absorb or radiate energy only if the
electron jumps from a lower to a higher orbit or falls from
1 Ze 2 cot  / 2 a higher to a lower orbit.
b= .
4 0 1 / 2 mu 2 (iv) The energy emitted or absorbed is a light photon of
frequency  and of energy E = h
Trajectory 10.1 For hydrogen atom : (Z = atomic number = 1)
of a–particle
+2e u h
(i) Ln = angular momentum in the nth orbit = n .
2
d
+Ze (ii) rn = radius of nth circular orbit = (0.529 Aº) n2 ;
(1Aº = 10-10 m) ; rn  n2.

8.5 Discussion 13.6 eV

(iii) En Energy of the electron in the nth orbit = i.e.
n2
The following interference can be drawn from the above equation:
1. If the impact parameter b is large, then cot /2 is also large 1 
En 
i.e. the angle of scattering  is small and vice-versa. n2
Thus, if an -particle has large impact parameter, it gets
scattered through a very small angle and may practically
go undeviated and if the -particle has small impact
parameter, it will be scattered through a large angle.
Total energy of the electron in an atom is negative,
2. If the impact parameter b is zero, then cot /2 = 0 or indicating that it is bound.
/2 = 90º or  = 180º.

9. PHOTON Binding Energy (BE)n = – En =

13.6 V
.
A photon is a packet of energy. It possesses energy given by, n2
E = h (iv) En2  En1 = Energy emitted when an electron jumps
34
Where h = 6.62 × 10 Js is Plank’s constant and  is frequency of from n2th orbit to n1th orbit (n2 > n1) .
the photon. If  is wavelength of the photon, then, c = 
1 1 
Hence, c = 3 × 108 ms1 Js velocity of light. Therefore, E = h = hc/ E = (13.6 ev)  2  2  .
n
 1 n 2 
Energy of a photon is usually expressed in electron volt (eV).
E = h ; = frequency of spectral line emitted .
1eV = 6 × 1019 J
1
The bigger units are keV and MeV. = = wave no. [ no. of waves in unit length (1m)]

1keV = 1.6 × 1016 and 1 MeV = 1.6 × 1013 J
1 1 
10. BOHR ATOMIC MODEL =R 2  2  .
 n1 n 2 
Bohr adopted Rutherford model of the atom & added some
Where R = Rydberg's constant for hydrogen = 1.097 × 107 m-1 .
arbitrary conditions. These conditions are known as his (v) For hydrogen like atom/species of atomic number Z :
postulates :
Bohr radius 2 n2
(i) The electron in a stable orbit does not radiate energy . i.e. rnz = n  0.529 A ;
Z Z
m v2 k z e2
 2
r r Z2
Enz = (– 13.6) ev
(ii) A stable orbit is that in which the angular momentum of n2
the electron about nucleus is an integral (n) multiple of Rz = RZ2 – Rydberg's constant for element of atomic no. Z .
 MODERN PHYSICS 10

If motion of the nucleus is also considered, then m is

replaced by .

Where = reduced mass of electron – nucleus system = mM/

(m+M) .

Z2  30 40 50 50 70 80 90
In this case En = (–13.6 ev) . Wavelength (pm)
n 2 me

10.2 Spectral Series That there is a minimum wavelength below which no X–ray is
emitted. This is called the cutoff wavelength or the threshold
(i) Lyman Series : (Landing orbit n = 1) . wavelength.
Certain sharply defined wavelengths, the intensity of X–rays is
1 1  very large as marked K, K . These X–rays are known as
Ultraviolet region   R  2  2  ; n2 > 1
1 n2  characteristics X-rays. Other wavelengths the intensity varies
(ii) Balmer Series : (Landing orbit n = 2) gradually and these X-rays are called continuous x-rays.

  hc hc
Visible region   R  1  1  ; n2 > 2 
E
  min 
eV
2 2
2 n2 
(iii) Paschan Series : (Landing orbit n = 3)
K EK
1 1 
In the near infrared region   R  2  2  ; n2 > 3
3 n2 
(iv) Bracket Series : (Landing orbit n = 4)
L EL
1 1 
In the mid infrared region   R  2  2  ; n2 > 4
 4 n 2
M EM
(v) Pfund Series : (Landing orbit n = 5)
N EN
1 1  E=0
In far infrared region   R  2  2  ; n2 > 5
 5 n 2 
hc
In all these series n2 = n1 + 1 is the  line  for K 
EK  EL
= n1 + 2 is the line
= n1 + 3 is the line .... etc.
hc hc
where n1 = Landing orbit   for K  ,    for K  ,
EK  EM EL  EM
11. X–RAYS

V 3
glass
chamber anode
C 2
water
–
a (Z – b)
T 1
–

F
W 0
filament 10 20 30 40 50 60
target
window X-rays Position number
 MODERN PHYSICS 11

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
h W
For photoelectric effect in sodium, the figure shows the VS 2  v2 
plot of cut-off voltage versus frequency of incident e e
radiation. Calculate (i) threshold frequency (ii) work
Subtracting VS  VS  h (v2  v1)
function for sodium. 2 1 e

Sol. 6.4 1034 15 15

= (8 × 10 – 4 × 10 )
1.6 1019
= 16 volt.
Cut-off voltage

Example - 3
(in volts)

Frequency (in Hz)
(i) The threshold frequency is the frequency of incident light
at which kinetic energy of ejected photoelectron is zero.
o
Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A from a 100 W
mercury source irradiates a photocell made of molybdenum
metal. If the stopping potential is –1.3 V, estimate the work
function of the metal. How would the photocell respond
5 –2
to a high intensity (~ 10 Wm ) red light of wavelength
o
6328 A produced by a He-Ne laser ?
–34 8
(h = 6.63 × 10 Js, c = 3 × 10 m/s)

 From fig. threshold frequency

14 Sol. Einstein’s photoelectric equation is
v0 = 4.5 × 10 Hz
(ii) Work function, W = hv0 hc  c
Ek = hv – W  E k  W  sin ce v  
–34 14    
= 6.6 × 10 × 4.5 × 10 joule
Kinetic energy Ek = eV0,
6.6 1034  4.5 1014
= eV hc
1.6 1019  Work function W =  eV0 ...(1)

= 1.85 eV o
–10
Given  = 2271 A = 2271 × 10 m, V0 = 1.3 V
Example - 2
6.63  10 34  3 108 –19
By how much would the stopping potential for a  Work function W = – 1.6 × 10 × 1.3
227110 10
given photosensitive surface go up if the frequency
–19 –19 –19
of the incident radiations were to be increased from = 8.76 × 10 – 2.08 × 10 = 6.68 × 10 J
15 15
4 × 10 Hz to 8 × 10 Hz ?
6.68 10 19
= = 4.2 eV
1.6 10 19
Sol. Stopping potential VS is given by

h W hc
eVS = hv – W  VS = v Threshold wavelength 0 is given by W = 
e e 0
15
when v1 = 4 × 10 Hz, Vs = VS (say) 1
hc 6.63  10  34  3  108 –7 o
15
0   19 m = 2.977 × 10 m = 2977 A
when v2 = 8 × 10 Hz, Vs = VS (say) W 6.68  10
2

h W
As given wavelength 6328 Å is greater than threshold
 VS1  v1  wavelength 0 = 2977 Å, the photocell will not respond to
e e
red light produced by He-Ne laser, however intense it may be.
MODERN PHYSICS 12

Example - 4
6.63 1034
Define the term work function of a metal. The threshold =
2  9.11031 1.6 1019 100
frequency of a metal is f0. When the light of frequency 2f0
is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of –10
= 1.227 × 10 m = 1.227 Å
electrons emitted is v1. When the frequency of the incident
radiation is increased to 5 f0, the maximum velocity of This wavelength belongs to X-ray spectrum.
electrons emitted is v2. Find the ratio of v1 to v2.
Example - 7
A particle is moving three times as fast as an electron. The
Sol. Work function : The work function of a metal is defined as
ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of the particle to that of
the minimum energy required to free an electron from its –4
an electron is 1.813 × 10 . Calculate the particle’s mass and
surface binding. –31
identify the particles. Mass of electron = 9.11 × 10 kg.
1 2
Einstein’s photoelectric equation is hv = hv0 + 2 mv
h
Sol. The de Broglie wavelength  
In first case v = 2f0, v0 = f0, v = v1 mv
1 1
 h2f0 = hf0 + 2 mv12  2 mv12 If  e and  p are wavelengths of electron and particle

= hf0 ...(1) respectively, then

In second case, v = 5f0, v0 = f0, v = v2 h h
e  and  p 
1 1 m e ve mp vp
 h(5f0) = hf0 + 2 mv22  2 mv22

= 4hf0 ...(2) p m e ve
 
2 e mp vp
 v1  1 v1 1
Dividing      .
 v2  4 v2 2 Given vp = 3ve

Example - 5 p
–4
= 1.813 × 10
e
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of kinetic
–27
energy 150 eV. mass of neutron = 1.67 × 10 kg
 me  V3
1.813 × 10 =  m 
–4

h  p  3V3
Sol. de Broglie wavelength  
2mE K
mp 1
–19 –17  
Here EK = 150 eV = 150 × 1.6 × 10 J = 2.4 × 10 J me 3 1.813 10 4
3
6.63 10 34 –12 = 1.838 × 10
  m = 2.335 × 10 m
[2 1.67 1027  2.4 1017 ]  mp = 1.838 × 10 me
3

3 –31
= 0.02335 Å. = 1.838 × 10 × 9.11 × 10
–27
= 1.674 × 10 kg
Example - 6
Which is mass of neutron. Thus the given particle is neutron.
An electron is accelerated through a potential difference
of 100 V. What is the de-Broglie wavelength assciated The de Broglie wavelength associated with electron is of
with it ? To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum the same order as the size of electron ; but de Broglie
does this value of wavelength correspond ? wavelength associated with ball of size 5 mm is too much
small than the size of the ball. Hence wave nature of matter
 h h is significant in atomic level and insignificant at mascroscopic
Sol. de-Broglie wavelength,     
 p 2meV level.
 MODERN PHYSICS 13

Example - 8 Example - 10
An electron and an alpha particle have the same de Broglie Find the (a) maximum frequency and (b) minimum
wavelength associated with them. How are their kinetic wavelength of X-rays produced by 30 kv electrons.
energies related to each other ?

3
Sol. Given electron =  Sol. Given V = 30 kV = 30 × 10 volt
–19 3 –15
de Broglie wavelength associated with a particle of mass m Energy, E = eV = 1.6 × 10 × 30 × 10 = 4.8 × 10 joule
and energy E is (a) Maximum Frequency vmax is given by, E = hvmax

h
 E 4.8 10 15
2mE vmax = 
h 6.63 10 34

h h 18
  = 7.24 × 10 Hz
2me E e 2m E
c 3 108
That is kinetic energy of electron and -particle are in inverse (b) Minimum wavelength, min = 
ratio of these masses.
v max 7.24 1018
–11
= 4.1 × 10 m = 0.041 nm
Example - 9
15
Radiations of frequency 10 Hz are incident on two Example - 11
photosensitive surfaces P and Q. The energy flux of sunlight reaching the surface of earth is
3 2
Following observations are made 1.388 × 10 W/m . How many photons (nearly) per square
(i) for surface P, photoemission occurs but metre are incident on the earth per second ? Assume that
photoelectrons have zero kinetic energy. the photons in the sunlight have an average wavelength
of 550 nm.
(ii) for surface Q, photoemission occurs and the
photoelectrons have some kinetic energy.
Which of these has a higher work function ? hc
Sol. Energy of each photon E =
If the incident frequency is slightly reduced, what will 
happen to the photoelectron emission in the two cases ?
6.63 1034  3 108 –19
= = 3.62 × 10 J
550 109
Sol. (i) For surface P, Ek = 0, so energy of photon  = work function
–34 15
Number of photons incident on earth’s surface per second
i.e., hv = W = hv0 = 6.6 × 10 × 10 per square metre
–19
= 6.6 × 10 joule
Total energy per square metre per sec ond
(ii) For surface Q, the photoelectrons have the same kinetic =
Energy of one photon
energy, so Einstein’s equation
hv = W + Ek, 9.388 103
=
3.62 10 19
work function of Q is less than that of P 21
–19
= 3.8 × 10 .
W < 6.6 × 10 joule
Example - 12
i.e., surface P has higher work function than surface Q (i) As
The work function of caesium metal is 2.14 eV. When light
frequency of incident radiation is reduced slightly, energy 14
of frequency 6 × 10 Hz is incident on the metal surface,
of photon will become less than work function of P, but will
photoemission of electrons occurs. What is the
be more than the work function Q, hence surface P will show
(a) maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons ?
no photoelectric emission, while surface Q will show
(b) stopping potential and
photoelectric emission ; but the kinetic energy of
photoelectrons from surface Q will be lower than initial value. (c) maximum speed of emitted electrons ?
 MODERN PHYSICS 14
14
Sol. Given 0 = 2.14 eV, v = 6 × 10 Hz
hc
(a) Maximum kinetic energy of emitted electron  e × 0.54 =  0 ...(2)
640.2 109
–34 14 –19
Ek = hv – 0 = 6.63 × 10 × 6 × 10 –2.14 × 1.6 × 10
In second case when iron source is the source of radiation,
–9
–19 0.54 10 19 i.e., ’ = 427.2 nm = 427.2 × 10 m, let V0’ be the new stopping
= 0.54 × 10 J= eV = 0.34 eV potential, then equation (1) gives
1.6 1019

(b) Stopping potential v0 is given by hc

eV0’ =  0 ...(3)
427.2 109
E k 0.34 eV
Ek = eV0  V0 =  = 0.34 V
e e Subtracting (2) from (3), we get

(c) Maximum speed (vmax) of emitted electrons is given by  1 1 

e(V0’ – 0.54) = hc  9
 9 
1 2  427.2 10 640.2 10 
mv max = Ek
2
hc  1 1  9
 V0’ – 0.54 =    10
2E k 2  0.54 1019 5 e  427.2 640.2 
or vmax =  = 3.44 × 10 m/s
m 9.11031
6.63 1034  3 108  640.2  427.2  9
Example - 13 =   × 10
1.6 1019  427.2  640.2 
In an experiment of photoelectric effect, the slope of cut-
off voltage versus frequency of incident light is found to
–15 12.43107  (213) 109
be 4.12 × 10 Vs. Calculate the value of Planck’s constant. = = 0.96 V
427.2  640.2
Sol. Einstein’s photoelectric equation is Ek = hv – 0
V0’ = 0.96 + 0.54 = 1.5 V
or eV0 = hv – 0
Example - 15
h 0 The work function of the following metals is given :
or V0 = v 
e e
Na = 2.75 eV ; K = 2.30 eV, Mo = 4.17 eV, Ni = 5.15 eV.

h Which of these metals will not give a photoelectric emission

Clearly, slope of V0 – v curve is . 0
e for a radiation of wavelength 3300 A from a He-Cd laser
placed 1 m away from the photocell ? What happens if the
h –15 –15 laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away ?
Give = 4.12 × 10 V – s  h = 4.12 × 10 e joule second
e
–15 –19 –34 hc
= 4.12 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 = 6.59 × 10 Js Sol. Energy of incident photon, E =

Example - 14
0
Monochromatic radiation of wavelength 640.2 nm from a Here  = 3300 A = 3300 × 10
–10 –7
m = 3.3 × 10 m
neon lamp irradiates a photosensitive material made of
caesium on tungsten. The stopping voltage is measured 6.63 1034  3 108
to be 0.54 V. The source is replaced by an iron source and E= joule
3.3 107
its 427.2 nm line irradiates the same photocell. Predict the
new stopping voltage.
6.631034  3 108
= eV = 3.76 eV
Sol. In first case when source of radiation is neon lamp. 3.3 107 1.6 1019
–9
 = 640.2 nm = 640.2 × 10 m, V0 = 0.54 V
Photoelectric emission is only possible if energy of incident
From Einstein’s photoelectric equation photon is equal to or greater than the work function. For Na
and K this condition is satisfied, hence photoelectric
hc
eV0 = –0 ...(1) emission is possible; but in the case of Mo and Ni, the

 MODERN PHYSICS 15

energy of incident photon is less than the work function ; –24 –1

hence photoelectric emission is not possible.
= 2  9.11031 1.6 1019  56 = 4.04 × 10 kg ms

If source is brought nearer, then the intensity of incident

h 6.63 1034
radiation increases but frequency of a photon remains the (b) de Broglie wavelength  = =
same ; therefore Mo and Ni will still not show photoelectric p 4.14 1024
effect ; however in the case of Na and K the current will –10
= 1.64 × 10 m = 0.164 nm
increase in same proportion as the increase in intensity takes
place. Example - 18
The wavelength of light from the spectral emission line of
Example - 16 sodium is 589 nm. Find the kinetic energy at which (a) an
–5 –2
Light of intensity 10 Wm falls on a sodium photocell of electron and (b) a 8neutron, would have the same de Broglie
2
surface area 2 cm . Assuming that the top 5 layers of wavelength.
sodium absorb the incident energy, estimate the time
–7
required for photoelectric emission in the wave picture of Sol. Given  = 589 nm = 5.89 × 10 m
radiation. The work function for the metal is given to be
h h
about 2 eV. What is the implication of your answer ? The de Broglie wavelength  = 
p 2mE k
Sol. Surface area of 5 sodium layers
–4 2
At = 5 × 2 × 10 m = 10 m
–3 2 h2
 2 
–20 2 2mE k
Effective area of atom = 10 m
 Number of sodium atoms in 5 layers, h2
 Kinetic Energy Ek =
At 10 3 2m 2
=  20 = 1017
A atom 10 h2
(a) For electron Ek =
Number of free electrons in 5 layers = 10
17
2m 2
–5 –4 –9
Incident power P = IA = 10 × 2 × 10 = 2 × 10 W
(6.63 1034 ) 2 –25
Energy absorved per second per electron,  Ek = = 6.96 × 10 J
2  9.11031  (5.89 107 ) 2
–27
P 2 109 –26 (b) For neutron m = 1.67 × 10 kg
 = 2 × 10 J/s
N 1017
(6.63 1034 ) 2 –28
Time required  Ek = = 3.79 × 10 J
2 1.67 1031  (5.89 107 )2
Work function
t = Energy absorbed per sec ond per electron Example - 19
(a) For what kinetic energy of a neutron will the associated
–10
de Broglie wavelength be 1.40 × 10 m.
2 1.6 1019 7
= = 1.6 × 10 s (b) Also find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron, in
2 10 26
thermal equilibrium with matter, having an average kinetic
Experimentally no time lag is observed between incidence 3 –27
of light and emission of photoelectrons. energy kT at 300 K. [Mass of neutron = 1.67 × 10 kg]
2
Example - 17
Calculate the (a) momentum and (b) de Broglie wavelength h
Sol. (a) de Broglie’s wavelength,  =
of the electrons accelerated through a potential difference 2mE k
of 56 V.
–31
h2 (6.63 1034 ) 2
Sol. For electron, mass m = 9.1 × 10 kg Kinetic energy, Ek = 
2m 2 2 1.67 1027  (1.40 1010 ) 2
(a) Momentum p = 2mE k  2meV = 6.7 × 10
–21
J
MODERN PHYSICS 16

h h h h h h
(b) =   de Broglie wavelength,    
2mE k 3 3mkT mv rms 3kT 3mkT
2m  kT m.
2 m

6.63 1034 6.63 1034

= =
3 1.67 10 27 1.38 10 23  300 3  28.0152 1.66 1027 1.38 1023  300

6.63 10 34 –10

6.63 1034 –11
= = 1.46 × 10 m = 0.146 nm = = 2.76 × 10 m = 0.276 Å
4.55 10 24 2.40 1023

Example - 20 Example - 22

An electron and a photon, each has a wavelength of 1.00 nm. Green light ejects photoelectrons from a given
Find photosensitive surface whereas yellow light does not.
What will happen in the case of violet and red light ? Give
(a) their momenta
reason for your answer.
(b) the energy of the photon and
(c) the kinetic energy of electron. Sol. Photoemission is possible only when energy of incident
photon is more than work function of metal. The given
–9
Sol. Given  = 1.00 nm = 1.00 × 10 m surface will emit electrons with violet light but not with red
(a) Momenta of electron and photon are equal ; given by light. The reason is energy of photon of violet light is more
than work function, while red light photon has energy less
h 6.63 1034 than work function.
p=  –25
= 6.63 × 10 kg ms
–1
 1.00 109 Example - 23
The given graphs show the variation of photoelectric
c h
(b) Energy of photon, E = hv = h.  c current (I) with the applied voltage (V) for two different
 
materials and for two different intensities of the incident
–25 8 –17
= pc = 6.63 × 10 × 3 × 10 J = 19.89 × 10 J radiations. Identify the pairs of curves that correspond to
different materials but same intensity of incident radiations.
19.89 1017 3
= eV = 1.24 × 10 eV = 1.24 keV
1.6 1019

1 2
p2
(c) Kinetic energy of electron Ek = mev =
2 2m e

(6.63 1025 ) 2
= J
2  9.11031

–19
2.42 1019
= 2.42 × 10 J= eV = 1.51 eV Sol. The curves 1 and 3 correspond to the same intensity but
1.6 10 19
different materials.
Example - 21 The curves 2 and 4 correspond to same intensity but
What is the de Broglie wavelength of a nitrogen molecule different materials.
in air at 300 K ? Assume that the molecule is moving with Example - 24
the root mean square speed of molecule at this temperature.
Are matter waves electromagnetic ?
Atomic mass of nitrogen = 14.0076 u.
Sol. Matter waves are not electromagnetic. The reason is that
3kT electromagnetic waves are produced by accelerated charges
Sol. Root mean square speed, vrms = while matter waves or de Broglie waves are associated with
m
neutral particles. In fact de Broglie waves are the probability
Mass of nitrogen molecule, m = 2 × 14.0076 = 28.152 u = waves ; they tell the probability of location of particle in a
–27
28.0152 × 1.66 × 10 kg certain region of space.
 MODERN PHYSICS 17

Example - 25 From graph

If the frequency of light falling on a metal is doubled, what For M1, hv3 = hv01 + eV1 ...(2)
will be the effect on photocurrent and the maximum kinetic For M2, hv3 = hv02 + eV2 ...(3)
energy of emitted photoelectrons ?
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
Sol. The photocurrent does not depend on the frequency of h(v02 – v01) + e (V2 – V1) = 0
incident radiation, hence the photocurrent remains or h(v02 – v01) = e(V1 – V2)
unchanged. The maximum kinetic energy increases with
increase of frequency , given by h V1  V2
 Slope of lines, 
EK = hv – W e v02  v01
If frequency is doubled, EK’ = 2 hv – W Example - 27
E K ' 2hv  W Two lines A and B shown in the graph represent the de
 
EK hv  W 1
Broglie wavelength () as a function of (V is the
V
2hv  2W  W W
= = 2 2 acceleration potential) for two particles having the same
hv  W hv  W charge. Which of the two represents the particle of smaller
i.e., maximum kinetic energy will increase to slightly more mass ?
than double value.
B
Example - 26
The given graphs show the variation of the stopping A
potential VS with the frequency (v) of the incident radiations
for two different photosensitive materials M1 and M2.
1/ V
(i) What are the values of work functions for M1 and M2 ?
(ii) The values of the stopping potential for M1 and M2 for
a frequency v3 (>v02) of the incident radiations are V1 h h 1
Sol. de Broglie wavelength   or   .
and V2 respectively. Show that the slope of the lines 2mqV 2mq V

equals V1  V2 . 1
v02  v01 The graph of  versus is a straight line of slope
V
M1 M2
h 1
 . The slope of line B is large, so particle B
2mq m
has smaller mass.
Example - 28
An electron and photon have same energy 100 eV. Which
v01 v02 has greater associated wavelength ?

Sol. de Broglie wavelength associated with electron

Sol. (i) Work function of M1, W1 = hv01
Work function for M2, W2 = hv02 h h2
e   Ee  ...(1)
(ii) From Einstein’s potoelectric equation hv = W + eVs 2mE e 2m e 2

h W Also wavelength of photon of energy Eph is

 VS = v ...(1)
e e
hc 2 h 2 c2
h Eph =   E ph 
This is equation of a straight line of slope . ph  2 ph
e
MODERN PHYSICS 18

Given Ee = Eph = E(say) = 100 eV Sol. From Einstein’s photoelectric equation

 Dividing (2) by (1) and using (3), we get Ek = hv – W
eV0 = hv – W
h 2 c2 /  2 ph 2mc2  e2
E= or E =
h 2 / 2m e2  2ph h W
V0 = v
e e
e E Comparing with y = mx + c
 
 ph 2mc2
W
2 The intercept  will help to obtain the work function of
As E = 100 eV 2mc  1 MeV e
2
 E < < 2mc the substance.
 e < ph (i) Photoelectric Current : As the distance of the light source
That is, wavelength associated with photon is greater as from the cathode is reduced, the intensity of light is
compared to electron of same energy. increased. Thus, photoelectric current is increased because
more photo electrons will get emitted.
Example - 29
(ii) Stopping Potential : The stopping potential remains
Light from a source is incident on a metallic surface. The
unaffected by reducing the distance of the light source from
maximum kinetic energy is E and current is I. If the distance
the cathode, as frequency is not changed on reducing the
of source from metal is doubled, what will be the values of
distance between source of light and cathode.
kinetic energy and current.
Example - 31
1 What is the longest wavelength photon that can ionize a
Sol. Intensity from a point source I  . By doubling distance
r2 hydrogen atom in its ground state ? Specify the type of
r, the intensity is reduced to one-fourth. radiation.

Therefore, photo current will become I/4 while kinetic energy hc

E will remain unchanged. Sol. Hence, the energy of the incident photon = hv = = 13.6eV

Example - 30
6.6 1034  3 108
Sketch a graph between frequency of incident radiations 
13.6 1.6 1019
and stopping potential for a given photosensitive material.
What information can be obtained from the value of the  = 0.910 × 10 m
–10

intercept on the potential axis ?

This radiation is in ultraviolet region.
A source of light of frequency greater than the threshold
frequency is at a distance of 1 m from the cathode of a Example - 32
photocell. The stopping potential is found to be V. If the In Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom, calculate the energy of
distance of the light source from the cathode is reduced, the photon emitted during a transition of the electron from
explain giving reasons, what change will you observe in the the first excited state to the ground state. Write in which
(i) photoelectric current region of the electromagnetic spectrum this transition lies.
(ii) stopping potential.
Sol. The energy levels of hydrogen atom are given by
B
 Rhc  13.6
E n    2    2 eV
 n  n

For ground state n = 1

A E1 = –13.6 eV
O v0 Frequency (v)
For first excited state (n = 2)
D 13.6
E2 =  = –3.4 eV
4
 MODERN PHYSICS 19

 Energy of photon emitted

6.6 1034  3 108
hv = E2 – E1 = –3.4 – (–13.6) eV = 10.2 eV = eV
102.7 109 1.6 1019
As transition from higher state to n = 1 correspond to Lyman
series so the corresponding transition belongs to Lyman 66  3000
series. = 1027 16 = 12.04 eV
Example - 33
Now, E = | – 13.6 – (– 1.50)|
The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV
= 12.1 eV
(i) What is the kinetic energy of an electron in the second
excited state ? Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to
emission of  = 102.7 nm.
(ii) If the electron jumps to the ground state from the second
excited state, calculate the wavelength of the spectral Example - 35
line emitted. The graph shows how the activity of a simple of radon–220
changes with time. Use the graph to determine its half-life.
Sol. The energy levels of H-atom are given by Calculate the value of decay constant of radon–220.
Rhc 13.6
En =  2
  2 eV
n n
(i) For second excited state n = 3 2

13.6 13.6
 E3 =  eV   eV = –1.51 eV
(3)2 9
th
Kinetic energy of electron in n state is Sol. From graph the half-life of simple is 16 days
K3 = – E3 = + 1.51 eV 0.693 0.693 –1 –1
Decay constant  =  day = 0.043 day .
(ii) The wavelength of emitted radiation from second excited T T
state (n = 3) to ground state (n = 1) is given by Example - 36
hc A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 5 years. After how
= E3 – E1 = – 1.51 eV + 13.6 eV = 12.09 eV much time is its activity reduced to 3.125% of its original

activity ?
hc 6.626 10 34  3 108 n
 =  m R 1
12.09 eV 12.09 1.6 1019 Sol. We know  
R0 2
–7
= 1.027 × 10 m = 102.7 nm
R 3.125
Example - 34 Given R  3.125%  100
0
The energy level diagram of an element is given alongside.
Identify, by doing necessary calculations, which transition n n 5 n
3.125  1  1 1 1 1
corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength    or   or     
100  2  32  2  2 2
102.7 nm.
 n=5
Given T = 5 years

t
As n=
T

t
 =5
34
hc 6.6 10  3 10 8 T
Sol. E =  J
 102.7 109 or t = 5 × 5 = 25 years
 MODERN PHYSICS 20

Example - 37 Example - 39
11
A radioactive sample contains 2.2 mg of pure 6
C which 1
A radioactive material is reduced to of its original
has half-life period of 1224 seconds. Calculate 16
(i) the number of atoms present initially amount in 4 days. How much material should one begin
–3
(ii) the activity when 5 g of the sample will be left. with so that 4 × 10 kg of the material is left after 6 days.

n
N 1
Sol. (i) By definition 11 g of carbon  C  contains N
11
6 A
= 6.023 × Sol.  
23 N0 2
10 atoms
Number of atoms in 2.2 mg = 2.2 × 10 g of
–3 11
C will be t
6 where n = is number of half lives.
T
2.2 103 23 19
= × 6.023 × 10 atoms = 12.046 × 10 atoms N 1 1
4
11 Given   
(ii) Activity A = N N 0 16  2 

4 n
log e 2 log e 2 1 1
Half-life Y2 =        or n = 4
 T1/ 2 2 2

log e 2 t
 Activity A = N  Given t = 4 days  =4
T1/ 2 T
–6
where N = Number of atoms in 5 g (= 5 × 10 g) which is t 4
 Half life, T =  = 1 day
equal to T 4
n
 5 106  m 1
  6.0231023  disintegration per second If m0 is initial mass of radioactive material, then   .
 11  m0 2

6
log e 2 0.6931  5 10 6  t 6
A= T N   6.0231023  Here n =  = 6, m = 4 × 10–3 kg  m   1   1
 1224  11 T 1  
1/ 2  m0  2  64
14 –3
= 1.55 × 10 becquerel. or m0 = 64 m = 64 × 4 × 10 kg = 0.256 kg
Example - 38 Example - 40
40
The half-life of 238
U against -decay is 4.5 × 10 years.
9 Calculate the binding energy per nucleon 20
Ca nucleus.
92

238
Calculate the activity of 1 g sample of 92
U. [Given : m ( 4020 Ca) ] = 39.962589 u

9 9 7 mn (mass of a neutron) = 1.008665 u

Sol. T1/2 = 4.5 × 10 years = 4.5 × 10 × 3.15 × 10 seconds
mp (mass of a proton) = 1.007825 u
238 23
Number of atoms in 1 g sample of U is N = 6.023 × 10 × 2
92 1 u = 931 MeV/c ]
1 40
. Sol. Total Binding energy of 20 Ca nucleus
238
= 20mp + 20 mn – M ( 40
20 Ca)
log e 2
Activity of sample A = N = ×N = 20 × 1.007825 + 20 × 1.008665 – 39.962589
T1/ 2
= 0.367211 u = 0.367211 × 931 MeV = 341.87 Mev
 0.6931  23 1
= 7  × 6.023 × 10 ×
341.87
 4.5 10 9
 3.15  10  238  Binding energy per nucleus = 40
MeV/nucleon
4
= 1.237 × 10 bacquerel. = 8.55 MeV/nucleon
MODERN PHYSICS 21

Example - 41 Sol. 56
Fe nucleus is most stable ; therefore, energy will be needed
26

Calculate the energy released if U

238
–nucleus emits an for the reaction to occur.
–particle. The reaction is
Calculate the energy released in MeV in the following m (5626 Fe) + Q  2 (1328 Al)
nuclear reaction
Difference of mass
238
U  90234 Th  42 He  Q
92
= 2 × (27.98191) u – 55.93494 u
238
Given Atomic mass of U = 238.05079 u = 0.02888 u
234
Atomic mass of Th = 234.04363 u Energy needed, Q = 0.02888 × 931 MeV
Atomic mass of alpha particle = 4.00260 u = 26.88728 MeV
Is the decay spontaneous, give reason. Example - 44
Would the energy be released or needed for the following
Sol. The process is
D-T reaction :
238 234 4
92 U  90 Th  2 He  Q 2
(   particle) 1
H  13 H  42 He  10 n
The energy released to occur ?
2
Q = (MU – MTH — MHe) c Given m( 12 H) = 2.014102 u
2
= (238.05079 – 234.04363 – 4.00260)u × c
2 m ( 13 H) = 3.016049 u
= (0.00456 u) × c

 931.5 MeV  2
m( 42 He) = 4.002603 u
= 0.00456 × 
c2
 .c = 4.25 MeV
  2
m( 10 n) = 1.008665 u and 1 u = 931 MeV/c
Yes, the decay is spontaneous (since Q is positive)
Calculate the energy in MeV.
Example - 42
A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy Sol. The given reaction is nuclear fusion reaction ; so energy
per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two fragments Y and Z of will be released in the reaction.
mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy per nucleon 2
1 H  13H  42 He  10 n  Q
in Y and Z is 8.5 MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q
Mas of nuclei before fusion
released per fission in MeV.
2 2 Mi = m (12 H)  m(13 H)
Sol. Energy released Q = (MY + MZ)C – MX C
= 8.5 (110 + 130) MeV – 7.6 × 240 MeV = 2.014102 + 3.016049

= (8.5 – 7.6) × 240 MeV = 5.030151 u

= 0.9 × 240 MeV = 2.16 MeV Mass of nuclei after fusion

Example - 43 Mf = m( 42 He)  m(10 n)

If a nucleus 56
26
Fe splits into two nuclei of 28
13
Al, would the = 4.002603 + 1.008665
energy be released or needed for this purpose to occur ? = 5.011268 u
Mass defect (m) = mi – mf
Given m ( 5626 Fe) = 55.934944
= 5.030151 – 5.011268
m (1328 Al) = 27.98191 u = 0.018863 u
2
1 u = 931 MeV/c Energy released, Q = 0.018863 × 931 MeV
Calculate the energy in MeV. = 17.56 MeV
MODERN PHYSICS 22

Example - 45 1 –27 2 –13

 × 6.68 × 10 v = 5.18 × 1.6 × 10 J
A nucleus 23
10
Ne undergoes -decay and becomes 23
11
Na . 2
Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted
assuming that the daughter nucleus and antineutrino carry 2
2  5.18  1.6 1013
 v =
negligible kinetic energy. 6.68 1027
23
mass of 10
Ne = 22.994466 u
2  5.18 1.6 1013
or v=  2.48 × 107 ms–1 = 1.57 × 107 ms–1.
mass of 23
11
Na = 22.989770 u 6.68 1027
2
1 u = 931.5 MeV/c Example - 47
23
Calculate the ratio of energies of photons produced due to
Sol. The equation of -decay of Ne is
10 transition of electron of hydrogen atom from its
23 23
Ne  11 Na  e  v (i) second permitted energy level to the first level, and
10
(ii) highest permitted energy level to the second permitted
Mass difference, m = m N (1023 Ne)  m N (1123 Na)  me level.
Changing nuclear masses into atomic masses Sol. Energy of electron in permitted level
23
 23
 
m = m(10 Ne)  10m e  m(11 Na)  11m e  m e  En  
Rhc
n2
23 23
= m (10 Ne) – m (11 Na)
(i) When an electron jumps from the second to the first
= 22.994466 – 22.989770 = 0.004696 u permitted energy level,
 Maximum K.E., Q = 0.004696 u × 931.5 MeV/u
1 1  3
= 4.37 MeV Energy of photon = E2–1 = Rhc  2  2   Rhc
1 2  4
Example - 46 (ii) When an electron jumps from the highest permitted level
The nucleus of an atom of 235
92
Y, initially at rest, decays by (n = ) to the second permitted level (n = 2).
emitting an -particle as per the equation
 1 1  Rhc
E–2 = Rhc  2   
235
92 Y 231
90
4
X  He + Energy
2
2  4

It is given that the binding energies per nucleon of the E 2 1 3Rhc / 4 3

parent and the daughter nuclei are 7.8 MeV and 7.835 MeV  Ratio   ; Ratio = 3 : 1
E  2 Rhc / 4 1
respectively and that of -particle is 7.07 MeV/nucleon.
Assuming the daughter nucleus to be formed in the Example - 48
unexcited state and neglecting its share in the energy of The spectrum of a star in the visible and the ultraviolet
the reaction, calculate the speed of the emitted -particle. region was observed and the wavelength of some of the
–27
Take mass of -particle to be 6.68 × 10 kg. lines that could be identified were found to be :
Sol. Energy released, Q = [M (
231 4
X) + M ( He) – M(
235
Y)]c
2
824 Å, 970 Å, 1120 Å, 2504 Å, 5173 Å, 6100 Å
= [(7.835 × 231) + (7.07 × 4) – (7.8 × 235)]MeV which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen atom
7 –1
spectrum ? (Give Rydberg constant R = 1.03 × 10 m and
= [1809.9 + 28.28 – 1833] MeV
= 5.18 MeV 1
= 970 Å. Support your answer with suitable
–13 R
= 5.18 × 1.6 × 10 J
calculations.
This entire kinetic energy is taken by -particle as given.
Sol. For hydrogen atom, the wave number (i.e. reciprocal of
1 2 –13
i.e., mv = 5.18 × 1.6 × 10 J wavelength) of the emitted radiation is given by
2
MODERN PHYSICS 23

1  1 1  Example - 50
v R 2  2 
  n 2 n1  The half-life of 146 C is 5700 years. What does it mean ? Two
radioactive nuclei X and Y initially contain an equal number
1 of atoms. Their half lives are 1 hour and 2 hour respectively.
R 970 Å Calculate the ratio of their rates of disintegration after two
 
  1 1   1 1  hours.
 2 2  2 2
 n 2 n1   n 2 n1 
14
Sol. The half-life of 6 C is 5700 years. It means that one half of
For Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum, we take n2 = 1.
14
Hence the permitted values of  can be given as : the present number of radioactive nuclei of 6 C will remain
undecayed after 5700 years.
970Å 970Å 970Å 970Å
 , , ........... 1 N
3 / 4 8 / 9 15 /16 1 Number of nuclei X after 2 hours, NX = N0    0
(taking n1 = 2, 3, 4, ..........) 2 4
= 1293.3 Å, 1091 Å, 1034.6 Å, .................... 970 Å 1 N
2
Number of nuclei Y after 2 hours, NY = N0   2  0
For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum, we take n2 = 2. 2 2
Hence the possible values of  can be given as :
R X N0 / 4 1
970Å 970Å 970Å 970Å  Ratio of rates of disintegration   .
 , , ........... R Y N0 / 2 2
5 / 36 3 /16 21/100 1/ 4
Example - 51
(taking n1 = 3, 4, 5, ..........)
Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per
= 698 Å, 5173.3 Å, 4619 Å, ...................... 3880 Å
nucleon with the mass number for a large number of nuclei
Hence  = 824 Å, 1120 Å, 2504Å, 6100Å, of the given lines, 2 < A < 240 .. What are the main inferences from the graph ?
cannot belong to the hydrogen atom spectrum. How do you explain the constancy of binding energy in the
Example - 49 range 30 < A < 170 using the property that the nuclear force
is short-ranged. Explain with the help of this plot the release
The trajectories, traced by different -particles, in Geiger-
of energy in the process of nuclear fission and fusion.
Marsden experiment were observed as shown in the figure.
(a) What names are given to the symbols ‘b’ and ‘’ shown Sol. The variation of binding energy per nucleon versus mass
here. number is shown in figure.
o
(b) What can we say about the values of b for (i)  = 0 (ii)
9.0
 =  radians. O
16

8.0 C12 Fe56

4 F
18
U 238
Hc N14
7.0

6.0
7
5.0 Li

4.0

3.0

2.0
O H
2

Target nucleus 1.0

0.0
Sol. (a) The symbol ‘b’ represents impact parametter and ‘’ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

represents the scattering angle. Mass Number

o
(b) When  = 0 , the impart parameter will be maximum and Inferences from graph
represent the atomic size.
1. The nuclei having mass number below 20 and above 180
(c) When  =  radians, the impact parameter ‘b’ will be minimum have relatively small binding energy and hence they are
and represent the nuclear size. unstable.
 MODERN PHYSICS 24

2. The nuclei having mass number 56 and about 56 have Sol.  is the mean life time of radio nuclide T is the half-life period
maximum binding energy – 5.8 MeV and so they are most of radio nuclide, the relation is
stable.
4 12 16
 = 1.44 T
3. Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., 2He , 6C , 8O ; this indicates
i.e., Mean life period = 1.44 × Half life period
that these nuclei are relatively more stable than their
neighbours.
Example - 54
Explanation of constancy of binding energy : Nuclear force
is short-ranged, so every nucleon interacts with their With the help of an example, explain how the neutron to
neighbours only, therefore binding energy per nucleon proton ratio changes during -decay of a nucleus.
remains constant.
238
Sol. Let us take the example of a-decay of U. The decay
Explanation of Nuclear Fission : When a heavy nucleus 92

(A  235 say) breaks into two lighter nuclei (nuclear fission), scheme is
the binding energy per nucleon increases i.e., nucleons get
238 234
more tightly bound. This implies that energy would be 92 U 
 90 Th  24  (or 24 He)
released in nuclear fission.
Explanation of Nuclear Fusion : When two very light nuclei 238  92 146
Neutron to proton ratio before -decay = 
(A 10) join to form a heavy nucleus, the binding is energy 92 92
per nucleon of fused heavier nucleus more than the binding =1.59
energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei, so again energy would
be released in nuclear fusion. 234  90 144
Neutron to proton ratio after -decay =  = 1.60
Example - 52 90 90
How does the size of a nucleus depend on its mass number?
Hence explain why the density of nuclear matter is 146 144

independent of the size of nucleus. 92 90

Sol. The radius (size) R of nucleus is related to its mass number This shows that the neutron to proton ratio increases during
(A) as -decay of a nucleus.
1/3 –15
R = R0A where R0 = 1.1 × 10 m Example - 55
If m is the average mass of a nucleon, then mass of nucleus
In a radioactive decay as follows
= mA, where A is mass number
e0
1 
4 3 4 1/ 3 3 4 3 A   A1   A2
Volume of nucleus = R  R(R 0 A )  R 0 A
3 3 3
The mass number and atomic number of A2 are 176 and 71
 Density of nucleus, respectively, what are the mass numbers and atomic
numbers of A1 and A. Which of these elements are isobars.
mass mA m 3m
N =   
volume 4 3 4 3 4R 30
R 0 A R 0 Sol. The reaction may be expressed as
3 3
A

Clearly nuclear density N is independent of mass number A. ZX 

 Z 1 Y A   e0  v 
 Z  3 Y1 A  4  2 He 4
1

Example - 53 (A) (A1) (A2)

A radio nuclide sample has N0 nuclei at t = 0. Its number of Given Z – 3 = 71  Z = 74 and Z – 1 = 73
N0 Also A – 4 = 176  A = 180
undecayed nuclei get reduced to at t = . What does
e
Thus mass numbers of A1 and A are 180 each
the term  stand for ? Write in terms of , the time interval
The atomic numbers of A1 and A are 73 and 74 respectively.
‘T’ in which half of the original number of nuclei of this
radio nuclide would have got decayed. The elements A and A1 are isobars.
 MODERN PHYSICS 25

Example - 56 Example - 59
Explain why is the energy distribution of –rays Why is the mass of a nucleus always less than the sum of
continuous. the masses of constituents, neutrons and protons ?
If the total number of neutrons and protons in a neuclear
Sol. During -decay, a neutron is converted into a proton with reaction is conserved how then is the energy absorbed or
the emission of a -particle with an antineutrino evolved in the reaction ? Explain.
1
0 n 
 1p1  10  v Sol. 2 nd Part :
The energy produced in this decay is shared by -particle In fact the number of protons and number of neutrons are
and antineutrino ; therefore -particle may have varying the same before and after a nuclear reaction, but the binding
amount of energy starting from zero to a certain maximum energies of nuclei present before and after a nuclear reaction
value. are different. This difference is called the mass defect (M).
M = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
Example - 57 2
Einstein’s mass energy relation, E = mc
Why is the heavy water used as a moderator in a nuclear
reactor ? can express this mass difference in terms of energy as
2
Eb = Mc .
Sol. The basic principle of machanics is that momentum transfer This shows that if a certain number of neutrons and protons
is maximum when the mass of colliding particle and target are brought together to form a nucleus of a certain charge
particle are equal. Heavy water has negligible absorption and mass, an energy Eb will released in the process. The
cross-section for neutrons and its mass is small ; so heavy energy Eb is called the binding energy of the nucleus. If
water molecules do not absorb fast neutrons ; but simply we separate a nucleus into its nucleons we would have to
slow them. transfer a total energy equal to Eb, to the particles.
Example - 58
Example - 60
Draw a graph showing the variation of potential energy 8
betwen a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. The temperature of a star is 3 × 10 K. Can nuclear fusion
Indicate the regions in which the nucleus force is occur at that star ? If yes which cycle is more probable :
(i) attractive, (ii) repulsive. Write two important conclusions carbon-nitrogen cycle or proton-proton cycle ?
which you can draw regarding the nature of the nuclear
Sol. Nuclear fusion is possible at the star, because it can take
forces. 7 7
place at or above temperature 2 × 10 K. Above 2 × 10 K
carbon-nitrogen cycle is more probable, therefore at the star
the probability of carbon-nitrogen cycle is greater.
Example - 61
A
In an oil drop experiment the following data were recorded :
+100 plate separation 15 mm, distance of fall 10 mm, potential
Repulsive –5 –2
difference 3.2 kV, viscosity of air 1.82 × 10 Nsm , radius
B of drop 2.76 m, successive times of rise of the drop 42 s
MeV
0 and 78 s. Calculate the change in charge on the drop
D
between the two sets of observations. To how many
-100
Attractive electrons does this correspond ?
C 1 2 3 4
r (fm)
Sol. Under the influence of an electric field E, if the drop carrying
Sol. Part AB represents repulsive force and Part BCD represents a charge n1e moves upwards with velocity v1,
attractive force. En1e – mg = 6av1 ...(1)
Conclusions : Similarly, if the drop carrying a charge n2e moves upwards
with velocity v2, then
(1) Nuclear forces are attractive and stronger, then electrostatic
force. En2e – mg = 6av2 ...(2)

(2) Nuclear forces are charge-independent. 6a

From Eqs. (1) and (2), (n2 – n1)e = (v 2  v1 )
E
 MODERN PHYSICS 26
–5 –2
Here,  = 1.82 × 10 Nsm ;
1  1 1  3R 4 4
–6
a = 2.76 × 10 m ; R  2  2  or  2   = 1215 Å
2 1 2  4 3R 31.097 107

V 3.2 103 2 belongs to the Lyman series and lies in the ultraviolet
E=  5 –1
= 2.133 × 10 Vm ;
d 15 103 region.
(c) For the direct jump n = 3 to n = 1 :
1 1 –3 
1 1 
v2 – v1 = s  t  t  = 10 × 10    1  1 1  8R
 1 2  42 78  R  2  2 
3 1 3  9
–4 –1
= 1.1 × 10 ms
9 9
6 (1.82 105 )(2.76 106 ) or 3  
 (n2 – n1)e = 1.1104 8R 8 1.097 107 = 1026 Å
2.133 105
–19 which also belongs to the Lyman series and lies in the
= 4.883 × 10 C
ultraviolet region.
Hence the change in charge on the drop between the two
–19
sets of observations is 4.883 × 10 C. This corresponds to Example - 63
–19
3 electronic charges ( e = 1.6 × 10 C). A particle of charge equal to that of an electron, –e and
mass 208 times the mass of electron (called  - meson)
Example - 62
moves in a circular orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e.
Electrons of energy 12.09 eV can excite hydrogen atoms. (Take the mass of the nucleus to be infinite). Assuming
To which orbit is the electron in the hydrogen atom raised that Bohr model of the atom is applicable to this system :
and what are the wavelengths of the radiations emitted as th
(i) derive an expression for the radius of the n Bohr orbit.
it drops back to the ground state ?
(ii) find the value of n for which the radius of the orbit is
Sol. The energies of the electron in different states are : approximately the same as that of the first Bohr orbit
E1 = – 13.6 eV for n = 1 for the hydrogen atom.
E2 = – 3.4 eV for n = 2 (iii) find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when the
-meson jumps from the third orbit to the first orbit.
and E3 = – 1.51 eV for n = 3 7 –1
(Rydberg’s constant = 1.097 × 10 m )
Evidently, the energy needed by an electron to go to the E3
level (n = 3 or M-level) is 13.6 – 1.51 = 12.09 eV. Thus the th
Sol. (i) We have the radius of the n orbit given by
electron is raised to the third orbit of principal quantum
number n = 3. 1
Substituting k = 4 , Z = 3 and m = 208 me, we get
Now an electron in the n = 3 level can return to the ground 0
state by making the following possible jumps :
(i) n = 3 to n = 2 and then from n = 2 to n = 1. n 2 h 2 4 0  0 n 2 h 2
rn  
(ii) n = 3 to n = 1 (208 m e )3e2 156m e e2

Thus the corresponding wavelengths emitted are :

h
(a) For n = 3 to n = 2 : Further writing for h, we obtain
2
1  1 1  5R 36
R  2  2  or 1  0 n 2 h 2
1  2 3  36 5R rn 
624 m e e2
36 (ii) The radius of first Bohr orbit for hydrogen is :
= = 6563 Å
5 1.097 107
h2 0 h 2
This wavelength belongs to the Balmer series and lies in the r1  (n = 1) or r1 
visible region. km e e 2 m e e2
(b) For n = 2 to n = 1 : For rn (-mesonic atom) = r1 (hydrogen atom), we have
MODERN PHYSICS 27

From conservation of energy,

0 n 2 h 2 0 h 2
 E = hv + Er ...(2)
624 m e e 2 m e e 2
2
where Er is kinetic energy of recoiling atom and hv is energy
or n = 624 or n  25 of photon.
th
(iii) The energy for the n orbit is given by Eq. From conservation of momentum,
mk 2 Z2 e 4 pph = –pHe ...(3)
En = –
2n 2 h 2 Here negative sign indicates that He ion recoiles after
emission of photon. Since energy of photon is hv, its
1 h
Substituting m = 208 me, Z = 3, k = 4 and h = , we get hv
0 2 momentum can be expressed as .
c
234 m e e 4
En =  p2 h 2 v2
02 n 2 h 2 +
Kinetic energy of recoiling of He ion =  , where
2m ' 2m 'c2
+
 me e 4  hc 1872 Rhc m’ is mass of He ion. From Eq. (2)
= 1872  2 3  2 = 
 80 h c  n n2
h 2 v2
E = hv +
me e4 2m 'c2
where R = is the Rydberg constant. 2 2 2 2
8 02 h 3 c or h v + (2m’c )hv – 2m’c E = 0
when the -meson jumps from the third orbit to the first On solving above quadratic equation for hv, we get
orbit, the difference in energy is radiated as a photon of
frequency v given by 2m 'c2  (2m 'c 2 ) 2  4  2m 'c2 E
hv =
hv = E3 – E1 2

c 2 2 2 E
As v = , we have = –m’c + m’c 1
 m 'c 2

hc 1 1  Neglecting negative root, we have

= E3 – E1 = 1872 Rhc  2  2 
 1 3  2E
 2E  1 1
hv = m’c 
2 1   1  = m’c 2 m 'c2
1  1 m 'c 2
or 1872R  1     2E
  9 1 1
m 'c 2
9 9
or  = 1872  8  R  2 E
1872  8  (1.097 107 )  hv = ...(4)
2E
–10 1 1
= 0.5478 × 10 m = 0.5478 Å. m 'c 2
Example - 64 Since energy of transition E is less than 13.6 × 4 (= 54.2 eV)
+
A stationary He ion emitted a photon corresponding to
the first line of the Lyman series. That photon liberated a 2 E
and rest energy of helium ion is 4 GeV, we can neglect
photoelectron from a stationary hydrogen atom in the m 'c 2
ground state. Find the velocity of the photoelectron. in denominator
Hence, hv  E ...(5)
Sol. Energy of a photon emitted for transition n2 to n1 is given by
or 2hv  E (where, h = h/2)
 1 1  For first line of Lyman series n2 = 2 and n1 = 1.
E = RchZ  2  2 
2
...(1)
 n1 n 2 
2 
1 1 
This energy is shared between recoiling helium ion and E = RchZ  2  2  = 3Rch ...(6)
1 2 
photon.
MODERN PHYSICS 28

when photons of energy given by eq. (5) are incident on Example - 66

hydrogen atom, its electron may be liberated if the energy Find the ratio of de Broglie wavelength of molecules of
absorbed is equal to or more than ionisation energy. If the hydrogen and helium which are at temperatures 27°C and
energy of photon is more than ionisation energy, electrons 127°C respectively.
are liberated with certain kinetic energy.
h
1 1  Sol. de Broglie wavelength is given by  =
Ionisation energy of hydrogen atom E’ = Rch  2  2  mv
1  
Root-mean-square velocity of a gas particle at the given
= Rch temperature (T) is given as,
Since this is less than energy of incident photons, the excess
1 3
energy is transformed to kinetic energy of liberated electron, mv 2  kT
2 2
1 2
E – E’ = mv
2 3kT
v=
m
1 2 Rch
or mv = 2Rch or v = 2 where k = Boltzmann’s constant and m = mass of the gas
2 m particle and T = temperature of the gas in K.
On substituting numerical values, we get
mv = 3mkT
6
v = 3.1 × 10 m/s
h h
Example - 65 = 
mv 3mkT
An -particle and a proton are fired through the same
magnetic fields which is perpendicular to their velocity
vectors. The -particle and the proton move such that H m He THe (4)(273  127) 8

radius of curvature of their path is same. Find the ratio of  He m H TH = (2)(273  27)
=
3
their de Broglie wavelengths.
Example - 67
Sol. Magnetic force experienced by a charged particle in a 20
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for 10 Ne, 56
26 Fe
magnetic field is given by,
  and 238
92 U.
FB = qv  B = qv B sin

In our case FB = qvB [as  = 90°] Sol. Binding energy of nuclides is given by the equation
1 2
mv 2 B ( AZ X) = [Nmn + ZM( H) – M ( AZ X) ]c
Hence, Bqv = or mv = qBr
r On dividing binding energy by the mass number, we obtain
the binding energy per nucleon,
h h
The de Broglie wavelength  = mv  qBr B ( 20
1
= [10mn + 10M( H) – M ( 20 ]c
2
10 Ne) 10 Ne)

= [10 × 1.008665 + 10 × 1.007825 – 19.992440 ] × 931.5

  particle q p rp
 = 160.6 MeV
 proton q  r
B( 20
10 Ne)
Hence binding energy per nucleon =
r q 20
Since = 1 and  = 2,
rp qp = 8.03 MeV/nucleon

 1 Similarly for (56

26 Fe)
,
 
p 2 1 2
B (56
26 Fe)
= [30 mn + 26M( H) – M (56
26 Fe)
]c
 MODERN PHYSICS 29

= [30 × 1.008665 + 26 × 1.007825 – 55.93492] × 931.5 Example - 69

= 492 MeV In the chain analysis of a rock, the mass ratio of two
B(56 radioactive isotopes is found to be 100 : 1. The mean lives
26 Fe) 9 9
Hence binding energy per nucleon = of the two isotopes are 4 × 10 year and 2 × 10 year
56
respectively. If it is assumed that at the time of formation
= 8.79 MeV/nucleon of the rock, both isotopes were in equal proportion,
238 1 calculate the age of the rock. Ratio of atomic weights of
binding energy for (92 U) = [146 mn + 92 M( H) –
the two isotopes is 1.02 : 1. (log10 1.02 = 0.0086)
238 2
M (92 U) ]c
Sol. At the time of formation of the rock, both isotopes have the
= [146 × 1.008665 + 92 × 1.007825 – 238.050783] × 931.5 same number of nuclei N0. Net 1 and 2 be the decay
= 1802 MeV constants of the two isotopes. If N1 and N2 are the numbers
of their nuclei after a time t, we have
238
(92 U)
Hence binding energy per nucleon = = 7.57 MeV/ N1 = N 0 e1t and N2 = N 0 e2 t
238
nucleon. All three nuclides have a binding energy per
56 N1
nucleon nearly 8 MeV, with Fe having the largest binding   e ( 1   2 ) t ...(1)
N2
energy per nucleon
. Example - 68 Let the masses of the two isotopes at time t be m1 and m2
(a) Find the energy needed to remove a neutron from the and let their respective atomic weights be M1 and M2. We
have
42
nucleus of the calcium isotope 20 Ca .
m1 = N1M1 and m2 = N2M2
(b) Find the energy needed to remove a proton from this
nucleus. (c) Why are these energies different ? Mass of N1 m1 M 2
  . ...(2)
41
N 2 m 2 M1
20 Ca = 40.962278 u, mass of neutron = 1.008665 u, mass
Substituting the values given in the problem, we get
of 42
20 Ca
= 40.974599 u, mass of proton = 1.007825 u.
N1 100 1 100
 . 
Sol. (a) 41
Ca nucleus is formed after removing a neutron from N2 1 1.02 1.02
20

42 Let 1 and 2 be the mean lives of the two isotopes.

20 Ca .

The mass of 41 1 1
20 Ca plus the mass of a free neutron = Then 1   and 2  
1 2
40.962278 u + 1.008665 u = 41.970943 u

Difference between 41
Ca plus the mass of a free neutron 2  1 2 109  4 109
20
which gives 1 – 2 = 
12 (2 109 )  (4 109 )
42
and the mass of 20 Ca is 0.012321 u ; so the binding energy –9
–0.25 × 10
of the missing neutron
Setting this value in Eq. (1), we get
= (0.012321 u)(931.49 MeV/u) = 11.5 MeV
42 N1 1  100 
(b) When a proton is removed from Ca the resulting nucleus (0.25 10 9 )t or t = log e 
N2 = e 
20
9
0.25 10  1.02 
41
is the potassium isotope 19 K . On a similar pattern as above
Example - 70
the binding energy for the missing proton can be calculated;
result is 10.27 MeV. Calculate the nearest distance of approach of an -particle
of energy 2.5 MeV being scattered by a gold nucleus
(c) Neutron and proton have different energies because only
(Z = 79).
attractive nuclear forces act on the neutron whereas the
proton was also acted upon by repulsive electric forces that Sol. The electrostatic potential at a distance x due to nucleus is
decrease its binding energy. given by Ze/40x, where Ze is the charge on the nucleus.
MODERN PHYSICS 30

The P.E. of an -particle when it is at a distance x from the Example - 72

nucleus is given by
A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen-like with atomic
Ze 2Ze 2 number Z = 3. Find the wavelength of the radiation required
2+
2e  to excite the electron in Li from the first to the third Bohr
40 x (4 0 x)
orbit. Given the ionisation energy of hydrogen atom as
2e being the charge on -particle. 13.6 eV.
Since the -particle momentarily stops when its initial K.E. Sol. The energy of nth orbit of a hydrogen-like atom is given as,
is completely changed into P.E. here, hence
13.6 Z2
1 2Ze 2 En = 
mv 2  n2
2 4 0 x 2+
Thus for Li atom, as Z = 3, the electron energies for the
first and third Bohr orbits are :
2Ze 2  1 
or x=  
4 0  mv 2 / 2  13.6  (3) 2
For n = 1, E1 =  eV = – 122.4 eV
12
1
Now energy of -particle = mv2 = 2.5 MeV 13.6  (3) 2
2
For n = 3, E3 =  eV = –13.6 eV
6 –19 (3) 2
= 2.5 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 J
= 2.5 × 1.6 × 10 J
–13 Thus the energy required to transfer an electron from E1
level to E3 level is,
Substituting the values, we get
E = E3 – E1 = –13.6 – (–122.4) = 108.8 eV
38 9
2  79  2.56 10  9 10 –14 Therefore, the radiation needed to cause this transition
x= = 9.101 × 10 m.
2.5 1.6 1013 should have photons of this energy.

Example - 71 hv = 108.8 eV

Find the ratio of minimum to maximum wavelength of The wavelength of this radiation is,
radiation emitted by electron in ground state of Bohr’s hc
hydrogen atom. = 108.8 eV

Sol. Energy of radiation corresponding to transition between
hc (6.63 1034 )  (3 108 )
two energy levels n 1 and n 2 is given by E = or =  m = 114.25 Å.
108.8 eV 108.8 1.6 1019
 1 1 
13.6  2  2  eV. E is minimum when n1 = 1 and n2 = 2. Example - 73
 n1 n 2  th
Consider a hydrogen-like atom whose energy in n excited
state is given by
1 1  3
Hence Emin = 13.6    eV = 13.6 × eV
1 4  4 13.6 Z2
En = 
E is maximum when n1 = 1 and n2 =  (when the atom is n2
ionised). when this excited atom makes a transition from excited
state to ground state most energetic photons have energy
 1 Emax = 52.224 eV and least energetic photons have energy
Hence, Emax = 13.6 1   = 13.6 eV
  Emin = 1.224 eV. Find the atomic number of atom and the
state of excitation.
E min 3
So, 
E max 4 Sol. Maximum energy is liberated for transition En  1 and
minimum energy for En  En–1
hc /  max 3  min 3
or  or  E1
hc /  min 4  max 4 Hence,  E1 = 52.224 eV ...(1)
n2
MODERN PHYSICS 31

E1 E1 2.303 1.6565 1015

and  = 1.224 eV ...(2) = log
n (n 1)2
2
4.986 1011
10
1.298 1015

Solving above equations simultaneously, we get

2.303 1.6565 2.303
E1 = – 54.4 eV and n = 5 = log10 log10 1.2762
4.986 10 11
1.298 = 4.986 1011
13.6 Z2 9
= 4.89 × 10 s = 155.06 year.
Now E1 =  = – 54.4 eV
12
Example - 75
Hence, Z = 2 248 13
The element curium 96 Cm has a mean life of 10 second.
i.e., gas is helium originally excited to n = 5 energy state.
Its primary decay modes are spontaneous fission and
Example - 74 -decay, the former with a probability of 8% and the latter
In nature, a decay chain series starts with 232 with a probability of 92%. Each fission releases 200 MeV
90 Th and finally
of energy. The masses involved in decay are as follows :
208
terminates at 82 Pb . A thorium ore sample was found to 248
–5 –7 232 96 Cm = 248.072220 u, 42 He = 4.002603 u and
contain 8 × 10 mL of helium at STP and 5 × 10 g of Th.
Find the age of the ore sample assuming the source of 244
Pu = 244.064100 u.
232 94
helium to be only to the decay of Th. Also assume
20
complete retention of helium within the ore (Half life of Calculate the power output from a sample of 10 cm atoms.
10 2
232Th = 1.39 × 10 year ) Given : 1u = 931 MeV/c .
–5 13 20
Sol. No. of helium atom in 8 × 10 mL, Sol. As the mean life of the sample is 10 sec., all the 10 atoms
13
have a probability of decay with 10 second.
8 105  6.0231023 15 We first calculate the energy released in -decay. The
= 2.15 × 10 atoms
22400 corresponding reaction is :
232 208
Now, Th decays to Pb and in the process given six 248 244
96 Cm 
 94 Pu  24 He
helium atoms.
 232 = 208 + 6 × 4 The mass defect is,
232 –5 248 244
 No. of Th atoms used up to give 8 × 10 mL helium m = m( Cm) – [m( Pu) + m ( 42 He) ]

2.15 1015 14
= 248.0722204 – [244.064100 + 4.002603] = 0.005517 u
= = 3.585 × 10 atoms of Th
6  Equivalent energy is,
232
Also, No. of Th atoms left undecayed, E = 0.005517 × 931= 5.136 MeV
Energy released in the decay of one atom is,
5 107  6.0231023 15
N= = 1.298 × 10 atoms E = Efission + E-decay
232
= 0.08 × 200 + 0.92 × 5.136
232
 No. of Th atoms at start of decay,
= 20.725 MeV
14 15
N0 = 3.585 × 10 + 1.298 × 10 atoms 20
 Total energy released from the decay of all 10 atoms,
15
= 1.6565 × 10 atoms 20
= 20.725 × 10 MeV
20 –13 8
0.693 0.693 = 20.725 × 10 × (1.6 × 10 ) = 3.316 × 10 J
Now,  = T 
1/ 2 1.39 1010
Total energy released
–11 Power output =
= 4.986 × 10 per year Mean life

2.303 N
Age of the ore, t = log10 0 3.316 108 1
 N = Js = 3.3 × 10–5 watt.
1013
 MODERN PHYSICS 32

EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

De-Broglie relation
1. The de­Broglie wavelength of a molecule of thermal energy 2
kBT (kB = Boltzmann constant and T = absolute temperature), V0
 volt1
is

h h 4 5 6 7 8
(a)    (b)  2mk T
2mk B T B
14
(a) 5 × 10  m
h
(c)  h 2mk B T (d)  (b) 6000 Å
4m k B2 T 2
2

(c) 5000 Å
2. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m moving
(d) can not be estimated from given data
with a kinetic energy E is
Graphs
h h 7. Which one of the following graphs represents correctly the
(a)  (b) 
2mE 2mE variation  of  photoelectric  current (i)  with  intensity  (I)  of
incident radiations
h h
(c)  (d) 
2mE 2mE
Current (i)

Current (i)
Experimental arrangement ana analysis
3. Light  of  two  different  frequencies  whose  photons  have (a)  (b) 
energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV successively illuminate a metal of
Intensity (I) Intensity (I)
work function 0.5 eV. The ratio of the maximum speeds of
the emitted electrons will be
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4
Current (i)

Current (i)

(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
(c)  (d) 
Work function, threshold frequency
4. The work function of a metal in 4 eV. For the emission of Intensity (I) Intensity (I)
photoelectrons of zero velocity from the metal surface, the
Bohr Model
wavelength of the incident radiation should be
8. An electron makes transition inside a hydrogen atom. The
(a) 1700 Å (b) 2700 Å
orbital angular momentum of the electron may change by
(c) 3100 Å (d) 5900 Å
5. Photons of frequency v fall on a metal surface for which the h
(a) h (b) 
threshold frequency is v0. Then, 
(a) All ejected electrons have the same kinetic energy h(v – v0)
h h
(b) the ejected electrons have a distribution of kinetic energy (c)  (d) 
2 4
from zero to h(v – v0)
9. An electron in the ground state of hydrogen has an angular
(c) the most energetic electrons have kinetic energy hv
momentum L1, and an electron in the first excited state of
(d) the average kinetic energy of ejected electrons is hv0. lithium has an angular momentum L2.
Stoping potential
(a) L1 = L2 (b) L1 = 4L2
6. The  stopping  potential  (V0)  versus  frequency  plot  of  a
substance is shown in figure. The threshold wavelength is (c) L2 = 2L1 (d) L1 = 2L2
MODERN PHYSICS 33

Speed, radius, kinetic, potential, total energy of electron

1 2
10. If  an  electron  has,  orbital  angular  momentum      quantum (a) 3 = 1 + 2 (b) 3 =    
1 2
number l = 7, then it will have an orbital angular momentum
2 2  2
equal to (c) 1 + 2 +  3= 0 (d) 3 = 1 + 2
17. The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen like
 h   h  atom results in ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation will
(a)  7   (b)  42  
 2   2  be obtained in the transition
 h   h  (a) 2  1 (b) 3  2
(c)  7   (d)  56   (c) 4  2 (d) 5  4
 2   2 
11. The ratio of the energies of the hydrogen atom in the first to 18. Let  v1  be  the  frequency  of  the  series  limit  of  the  Lyman
the second excited state series,  v2  be the  frequency of  the  first line  of the  Lyman
series,  and  v3  be  the  frequency  of  the  series  limit  of  the
(a) 4 : 1 (b)  1 : 4 Balmer series.
(c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4 (a) v1 – v2 = v3 (b) v2 – v1 = v3
12. A  hydrogen  atom  emits  a  photon  corresponding  to  an 1
electron transition from n = 5 to n = 1. The recoil speed of (c) v3 =  (v1 + v2) (d) v1 + v2 = v3
2
hydrogen atom is almost
19. The ratio of the wavelength of the first line of Lyman series
–4 –1 –2 –1
(a) 10  ms (b) 2 × 10  ms to the first line of Balmer series is
(c) 4 ms
–1 2
(d) 8 × 10  ms
–1 (a) 1 : 4 (b) 5 : 27
(c) 27 : 20 (d) 20 : 27
13. In Bohr’s Model of hydrogen atom. The ratio between the
period of revolution of an electron in orbit of n = 1 to the 20. The wavelength of the first line of Lymans series of hydrogen
period of revolution of the electron in the orbit n = 2 is 1216 Å. The wavelength of the second line of the same
series will be
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(a) 912 Å (b) 1026 Å
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 8 (c) 3648 Å (d) 6566 Å
14. The ratio of areas between the electron orbits for the first 21. The absorption transition between the first and the fourth
excited state to the ground state for the hydrogen atom is energy  states  of  hydrogen  atom  are  3.  The  emission
transitions between these states will be
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 4 : 1
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
(c) 5 (d) 6
15. The kinetic energy of an electron in the first orbit of H atom 22. Which of  the  following  transitions in  the  hydrogen  atom
is 13.6 eV. The total energy of an electron in the second orbit emit the photon of highest frequency ?
+
of He  is
(a) n = 2 to n = 6 (b) n = 6 to n = 2
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 3.4 eV
(c) n = 1 to n = 2 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
(c) –13.6 eV (d) –3.4 eV 23. The ratio of minimum to maximum wavelength in Balmer
Transition series series is

16. Energy  levels A,  B,  C  of  a  certain  atom  correspond  to (a) 5 : 9 (b) 5 : 36
increasing values of energy i.e., EA < EB < EC. If 1,2,3, are (a) 1 : 4 (d) 3 : 4
the  wavelengths  of  radiations  corresponding  to  the Nucleus
transitions C to B, B to A and C to A respectively, which of
the following statements is correct ? 24. In 88Ra226 nucleus, there are
C (a) 138 protons and 88 neutrons

B
(b) 138 neutrons and 88 protons
(c) 226 protons and 88 electrons
A (d) 226 neutrons and 138 electrons
 MODERN PHYSICS 34

25. 1 a.m.u. equals (a) 1% (b) 2%

–27 –27
(a) 1.67 × 10  g (b) 1.67 × 10  kg (c) 0.1% (d) 10%
–29 27
(c) 1.67 × 10  g (d) 1.67 × 10  g Alpha decay
26. Density D of nuclear matter varies with nucleon number A as 34. A nucleus nXm emits one alpha and two beta particles. The
3 2
(a) D  A (b) D  A resulting nucleus is
0
(c) D  A (d) D  A (a) n – 1Xm – 4 (b) n – 2Xm – 4
Nuclear force (c) n – 4Xm – 4 (d) n Xm – 4
27. The net force between two nucleons 1 fm apart is F1 if both 35. Complete the reaction
are protons, F2 if both are neutrons, and F3 if one is a neutron n + 92U235  56Ba144 + ...... + 3 n
and the other is a proton.
(a) 36Kr89 (b) 36Kr90
(a) F1 < F2 < F3 (b) F2 < F1 < F3
(c) 36Kr91 (d) 36Kr92
(c) F1 < F2 = F3 (d) F1 = F2 < F3
36. C12 absorbs an energetic neutron  and  emits a    particle.
6
Nuclear Binding Energy
The resulting nucleus is
28. Mp denotes the mass of a proton and Mn denotes the mass
(a) 7N14 (b) 7N13
of a neutron. A given nucleus of B.E. B contains Z protons
and N neutrons. The mass M (N, Z) of the nucleus is given (c) 7B13 (d) 6C13
by (c is velocity of light) 37. Consider  particles,  particles and ­rays, each having an
(a) M (N, Z) = N Mn + XMp – B/c2 energy of 0.5 MeV. In increasing order of penetrating powers,
(b) M (N, Z) = N Mn + XMp + B/c2 the radiations are
(c) M (N, Z) = N Mn + XMp – Bc2 (a) , ,  (b) , , 
(d) M (N, Z) = N Mn + XMp + Bc2 (c) , ,  (d) , , 
29. If a star can convert all the He nuclei completely into oxygen 38. In the given reaction, the radioactive radiations are emitted
nuclei, the energy released per oxygen nucleus is [Mass of in the sequence as
He nucleus is 4.0026 amu and mass of Oxygen nucleus is
15.9994 amu] Z X A 
Z 1 Y A 
 Z1 T A  4 
Z 1 T A  4

(a) 7.6 MeV (b) 56.12 MeV (a) , ,  (b) , , 

(c) 10.24 MeV (d) 23.9 MeV (c) , ,  (d) , , 
4
30. The binding energy of deutron is 2.2 MeV and that of 2He 39. How  many    particles  are  emitted  in  the  decay
is 28 MeV. If two deutrons are fused to form one 2He4, then 235
the energy released is 92  Y88219
X 

(a) 19.2 MeV (b) 23.6 MeV (a) 4 (b) 5

(c) 25.8 MeV (d) 30.2 MeV (c) 6 (d) no comments
31. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent nucleus is E1 Law of Radioactive decay
and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. Then
40. The graph between the instantaneous concentration (N) of
(a) E1 > E2 (b) E2 > E1
a radioactive element and time (t) is
(c) E1 > 2 E2 (b) E2 = 2 E1
Mass defect
32. Li nucleus has three protons and four neutrons. Mass of Li N N
nucleus is 7.016005 amu. Mass of proton is 1.007277 amu. (a)  (b) 
and mass of neutron is 1.008665 amu. Mass defect of lithium
nucleus is amu is t t

(a) 0.04048 amu (b) 0.4050 amu
(c) 0.04052 amu (d) 0.04055 amu
N N
33. An atom bomb weighing 1 kg explodes releasing 9 × 1013 (c)  (d) 
joule of energy. What percentage of mass is converted into
energy ? t t
MODERN PHYSICS 35

41. The half life of radon is 3.8 days. After how many days will 48. The half life of radium is about 1600 years. Of 100 g of radium

existing now, 25 g will remain unchanged after
1
th of the radon sample remain behind (a) 2400 yrs (b) 3200 yrs
10
(a) 1.262 days (b) 12.62 days (c) 4800 yrs (d) 6400 yrs

(c) 126.2 days (d) 1262 days 49. C14 has half life 5700 years. At the end of 11400 years, the

actual amount left is
42. A fraction f1 of a radioactive sample decays in one half life,
(a) 0.5 g of original amount
and a fraction f2 decays in one mean life
(b) 0.25 of original amount
(a) f1 > f2
(c) 0.125 of original amount
(b) f1 < f2
(d) none of the above
(c) f1 = f2
215
50. The  half  life  of   At  is  100  s.  The  time  taken  for  the
(d) Data insufficient to arrive at a conclusion
215 1
43. The activity of a radioactive sample is measured as 9750 radioactivity of a sample of   At to decay to  th of its
–1 –1 16
counts (minute)  at t = 0 and 975 counts (minute)  at t = 5
minute. The decay constant is nearly initial value is
–1 –1 (a) 400 s (b) 6.3 s
(a) 0.922 min  (b) 0.691 min
–1 –1 (c) 40 s (d) 300 s
(c) 0.461 min (d) 0.230 min
Nuclear fission and fusion
44. A radioactive isotope has a half life T years. How long will it
take the activity to reduce to 1% of its original value ? 51. The function of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is
(a) absorb the dangerous gamma radiation
(a) 3.2 T years (b) 4.6 T years
(b) react with the nuclear fuel to release energy
(c) 6.6 T years (d) 9.2 T years
(c) provide neutrons to the fission process
Half life
(d) slow down fast neutrons so as to have greater probability
45. Half­lives  of  two  radioactive  substances A  and  B  are for nuclear fission to occur
respectively 20 minutes and 40 minutes. Initially the samples
of A and B have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes, 52. Consider the following reaction
the ratio of remaining numbers of A and B nuclei is
1 H 2  1H 2 
 2 He4  Q
(a) 1 : 16 (b) 4 : 1 2 4
If m (1H ) = 2.0141 u ; m (2He ) = 4.0024 u. The energy Q
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1 released (in MeV) in this fusion reaction is
46. The half­life period of a radioactive substance is 5 min. The (a) 12 (b) 6
amount of substance decayed in 20 min. will be (c) 24 (d) 48
(a) 93.75% (b) 75%
53. Consider the fission reaction  236  X117  Y117  n  n
92 U 
(c) 25% (d) 6.25%
i.e. two nuclei of same mass number 117 are found plus two
47. Rn decays into Po by emitting an –particle with half life of neutrons. The binding energy per nucleon of X and Y is 8.5
4 days. A sample contains 6.4 × 1010 atoms of Rn. After 12 236
MeV whereas of U  is 7.6 MeV. The total energy liberated
days, the number of atoms of Rn left in the sample will be is
(a) 3.2 × 1010 (b) 0.53 × 1010 (a) 2000 MeV (b) 200 MeV
10 10
(c) 2.1 × 10 (d) 0.8 × 10
(c) 20 MeV (d) 2 MeV
 MODERN PHYSICS 36

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. Two  electrons  are  moving  with  non­relativistic  speeds
1
perpendicular to each other. If corresponding de Broglie (B) The speed of the   in the nth orbit is  times that
200
wavelengths are  1  and   2 , their de Broglie wavelength
of the electron in the nth orbit.
in the frame of reference attached to their centre of mass
is: (2018 Online Set-1) (C) The ionization energy of muonic atom is 200 times
more than that of an hydrogen atom.
21 2 (D) The momentum of the muon in the nth orbit is 200 times
 CM =
(a)  CM = 1 =  2 (b) 
12 +  22 more than that of the electron. (2018 Online Set-2)
(a) (A), (B), (D) (b) (A), (C), (D)
1 1 1   + 2  (c) (B), (D) (d) (C), (D)
(c)  = + (d)   CM = 1 
CM 1  2  2 
6. An unstable heavy nucleus at rest breaks into two nuclei
2. The energy required to remove the electron from a singly which move away with velocities in the ratio of 8 : 27. The
ionized Helium atom is 2.2 times the energy required to ratio of the radii of the nuclei (assumed to be spherical) is
remove an electron from Helium atom. The total energy : (2018 Online Set-2)
required to ionize the Helium atom completely is : (a) 8 : 27 (b) 4 : 9
(2018 Online Set-1) (c) 3 : 2 (d) 2 : 3
(a) 20 eV (b) 34 eV
7. The  de­Broglie  wavelength    B    associated  with  the
(c) 79 eV (d) 109 eV
electron orbiting in the second excited state of hydrogen
3. A solution containing active cobalt  60
27 Co having activity
atom is related to that in the ground state    G   by :
of  0.8 Ci  and decay constant    is injected in an animal’ss
(2018 Online Set-3)
body. If 1 cm3 of blood is drawn from the animal’s body
after 10 hrs of injection, the activity found was 300 decays (a)  B = 2G (b)   B = 3 G
per minute. What is the volume of blood that is flowing in
(c)  B =  G /2 (d)   B =  G /3
the  body?  ( 1 Ci = 3.7 ×1010 decays  per  second  and
8. Both  the  nucleus  and  the  atom  of  some  element  are  in
at t = 10 hrs e­ t  = 0.84 ) (2018 Online Set-1)
their respective first excited states. They get de­excited
(a) 6 liters (b) 7 liters by emitting photons of wavelengths   N ,  A  respectively..
(c) 4 liters (d) 5 liters
N
4. If the de Broglie wavelengths associated with a proton and The ratio   is closest to : (2018 Online Set-3)
an   ­particle are equal, then the ratio of velocities of the A

proton and the   ­particle will be : (2018 Online Set-2) (a) 10-6 (b) 10

(a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 10-10 (d) 10-1
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 4
9. At some instant, a radioactive sample S1 having an activity
5  Ci has twice the number of nuclei as another sample S2
5. Muon     is a negatively charged (|q| = |e|) particle with


a mass  m = 200me ,  where me is the mass of the electron

and e is the electronic charge. If    is bound to a proton
to  form  a  hydrogen  like  atom,  identify  the  correct
statements.
(A) Radius of the muonic orbit is 200 times smaller than
that of the electron.
which has an activity of 10  Ci. The half lives of S1 and S2
are : (2018 Online Set-3)
(a) 20 years and 5 years, respectively
(b) 20 years and 10 years, respectively
(c) 5 years and 20 years, respectively
(d) 10 years and 20 years, respectively
MODERN PHYSICS 37

10. Imagine that a reactor converts all given mass into energy 16. When photons of wavelength λ1 are incident on an isolated

and that it operates at a power level of 109 watt. The mass sphere, the corresponding stopping potential is found to
of  the  fuel  consumed  per  hour  in  the  reactor  will  be  : be  V.  When  photons  of  wavelength  λ2  are  used,  the
(velocity of light, c is 3 × 108 m/s) (2017 Online Set-2) corresponding  stopping  potential  was  thrice  that  of  the
(a) 0.96 gm (b) 0.8 gm above value. If light of wavelength λ3 is used then find the
stopping potential for this case : (2016 Online Set-1)
(c) 4 × 10–2 gm (d) 6.6 × 10–5 gm
11. Two deuterons undergo nuclear fusion to form a Helium hc  1 1 1
nucleus. Energy released in this process is : (given binding (a)  e       
 3 2 1
energy per nucleon for deuteron = 1.1 MeV and for helium
= 7.0 MeV) (2017 Online Set-1)
hc  1 1 1
(a) 30.2 MeV (b) 32.4 MeV (b)  e       
 3 2 1
(c) 23.6 MeV (d) 25.8 MeV
12. The maximum velocity of the photoelectrons emitted from hc  1 1 3 
(c)  e    2  2 
the surface is v when light of frequency n falls on a metal  3 2 1
surface. If the incident frequency is increased to 3n, the
maximum velocity of the ejected photoelectrons will be : hc  1 1 1
(2017 Online Set-1) (d)  e    2   
 3 2 1

(a) less than  3 v (b) v 17. A hydrogen atom makes a transition from n= 2 to  n = 1

and emits a photon. This photon strikes a doubly ionized
(c) more than  3 v (d) equal to  3 v
lithium atom (z = 3) in excited state and completely removes
13. According to Bohr’s theory, the time averaged magnetic the orbiting electron. The least quantum number for the
field at the centre (i.e. nucleus) of a hydrogen atom due to excited state of the ion for the process is :
the motion of electrons in the nth orbit is proportional to : (2016 Online Set-1)
(n = principal quantum number) (2017 Online Set-1) (a) 2 (b) 3
–4 –5
(a) n (b) n (c) 3 (d) 5
–3 –2
(c) n (d) n 18. A  photoelectric  surface  is  illuminated  successively  by
14. A Laser light of wavelength 660 nm is used to weld Retina 
monochromatic  light  of  wavelengths     and .  If  the
detachment. If a Laser pulse of width 60 ms and power 0.5 2
kW  is  used  the  approximate  number  of  photons  in  the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons in
pulse are : the second case is 3 times that in the first case, the work
[Take Planck’s constant h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js] function of the surface is : (2016 Online Set-2)

(2017 Online Set-2) hc hc

(a) (b) 
(a) 1020 (b) 1018 3 2

(c) 1022 (d) 1019 hc 3 hc
(c) (d) 
15. The  acceleration  of  an  electron  in  the  first  orbit  of  the  
hydrogen atom (n = 1) is : (2017 Online Set-2)
19. A  neutron  moving  with  a  speed  ‘v’  makes  a  head  on
h2 h2 collision with s stationary hydrogen atom in ground state.
(a)  (b)  The  minimum  kinetic  energy  of  the  neutron  for  which
2 m 2 r 3 82 m 2 r 3
inelastic collision will take place is :(2016 Online Set-2)
h2 h2 (a) 10.2 eV (b) 16.8 eV
(c)  2 2 3 (d)  2 3
4 m r 4m r (c) 12.1 eV (d) 20.4 eV
MODERN PHYSICS 38

20. Let NB be the number of  particles emitted by 1 gram of 26. A piece of wood from a recently cut tree shows 20 decays

24 per  minute. A  wooden  piece  of  same  size  placed  in  a
N  radioactive nuclei (half life = 15 hrs) in 7.5 hours, N
a
museum (obtained from a tree cut many years back) shows
is close to (Avogadro number = 6.023 × 1023/g. mole) : 2 decays per minute. If half life of C14 is 5730 years, then
(2015 Online) age  of  the  wooden  piece  placed  in  the  museum  is
(a) 6.2 × 10 21
(b) 7.5 × 10 21 approximately : (2014 Online Set-4)

(c) 1.25 × 10 22
(d) 1.75 × 1022 (a) 10439 years (b) 19039 years

21. For which of the following particles will it be most difficult (c) 13094 years (d) 39049 years

to experimentally verify the de­Broglie relationship?
27. If the series limit frequency of the Lyman series is   L ,
(2014 Online Set-1) then the series limit frequency of the P fund series is :
(a) an electron (b) a proton (2018)
(c) an ­particle (d) a dust particle
L L
22. If the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is (a)  (b) 
16 25
13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the electron from
the first excited state of Li++ is. (2014 Online Set-1) (c)  25 L (d) 16 L

(a) 122.4 eV (b) 30.6 eV 28. An electron from various excited states of hydrogen atom

(c) 13.6 eV (d) 3.4 eV emit radiation to come to the ground state. Let  n ,g be

23. A piece of bone of an animal from a ruin is found to have the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the nth state
14
C activity of 12 disintegrations per minute per gm of its and  the  ground  state  respectively.  Let   n be  the
carbon content. The  14C activity of a living animal is 16 wavelength of the emitted photon in transition from the
disintegrations per minute per gm. How long ago nearly nth  state  to  the  ground  state.  For  large  n,  (A,  B  are
did the animal die? (Given half life of  14C is t1/2 = 5760 constants)  : (2018)
years) (2014 Online Set-2)
(a)   2n  A +B 2n (b)   2n 
(a) 4453 years (b) 1672 years
(c) 3291 yeas (d) 2391 years B
(c)   n  A + (d)   n  A +B n
 2n
24. A  radioactive  nuclei  with  decay constant 0.5/s is being
produced at a constant rate of 100 nuclei/s. If at t = 0 there 29. An electron beam is accelerated by a potential difference
were no nuclei, the time when there are 50 nuclei is: V to hit a metallic target to produce X­rays. It produces
(2014 Online Set-3) continuous as well as characteristic X­rays. If  min  is the
smallest possible wavelength of x­ray in the spectrum, the
4
(a) 1 s (b) 2 l n   s variation of log  min  with log V is correctly represented
3
in: (2017)
4
(c) ln 2 s (d)  l n   s
3

25. A photon of wavelength  is scattered from an electron,
which was at rest. The wavelength shift  is three times (a)  (b) 
of  and the angle of scattering  is 600. The angle at which
the electron recoiled is . The value of tan  is: (electron
speed is much smaller than the speed of light)
(2014 Online Set-3)
(a) 0.28 (b) 0.25
(c)  (d) 
(c) 0.16 (d) 0.22
MODERN PHYSICS 39

30. A particle A of mass m and initial velocity v  collides with 34. Arrange  the  following  electromagnetic  radiations  per

m quantum in the order of increasing energy : (2016)
a particle B of mass   which is at rest. The collision is
2 A : Blue light B : Yellow light
head  on,  and  elastic.  The  ratio  of  the  de­Broglie
C : X­ray D : Radiowave
wavelengths  A  to  B  after the collision is : (2017)
(a)  A, B, D, C (b)  C, A, B, D

A 1 A (c) B, A, D, C (d) D, B, A, C
(a)    3 (b)    2
B B 35. Radiation of wavelength , is incident on a photocell. The
fastest emitted electron has speed v. If the wavelength is
A 2 A 1
(c)    3 (d)    2 3
B B
changed to  , the speed of the fastest emitted electron
4
31. Some energy levels of a molecule are shown in the figure. will be : (2016)

The ratio of the  r  1 / 2 , is given by: (2017) 1 1

 4 2  4 2
(a)   v   (b)   v  
3 3

1 1
 3 2  4 2
(c)   v   (d)   v  
4 3
36. Radioactive element decays to form a stable nuclide, then

 dN 
the rate of decay of reactant     will vary with time (t)
 dt 
4 2 as shown in figure (2015)
(a)  r  (b)  r 
3 3
dN dN
dt dt
3 1
(c)  r  (d)  r  (a)  (b) 
4 3
t t
32. A radioactive nucleus A with a half life T, decays into a
nucleus B. At t = 0, there is no nucleus B. At sometime t, dN dN
dt dt
the ratio of the number of B to that of A is 0.3. Then, t is
given by : (2017) (c)  (d) 
t t
T log 2 log1.3
(a)  t  2 log1.3 (b)  t  T log 2 37. As an electron makes a transition from an exited state to
the ground state of a hydrogen – like atom/ion: (2015)
T (a)  Kinetic  energy  decreases,  potential  energy  increase
(c)  t  T log 1.3 (d)  t  log 1.3
but total energy remains same
33. Half­lives  of  two  radioactive  elements A  and  B  are  20 (b) Kinetic energy and total energy decrease but potential
minutes and 40 minutes, respectively. Initially, the samples energy  increases
have equal number of nuclei. After 80 minutes, the ratio of
decayed numbers of A and B nuclei will be : (2016) (c) Its kinetic energy increases but potential energy and
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 total energy decrease
(c) 5 : 4 (d) 1 : 16 (d)  Kinetic  energy,  potential  energy  and  total  energy
decrease
 MODERN PHYSICS
38. Match List – I (Fundamental Experiment) with List – II (its
conclusion) and select the correct option from the choices
given below the list: (2015)
List – I List - II
(A) Franck­Hertz Experiment. (i) Particle nature of light
(B) Photo­electric experiment. (ii) Discrete energy levels of
      atom
(C) Davison–Germer Experiment.(iii) Wave nature of electron
(iv) Structure of atom
(a) (A) – (ii); (B) – (i); (C) – (iii)
(b) (A) – (iv); (B) – (iii); (C) – (ii)
(c) (A) – (i); (B) – (iv); (C) – (iii)
(d) (A) – (ii); (B) – (iv); (C) – (iii)
39. The  radiation  corresponding  to  3    2  transition  of
hydrogen  atom  falls  on  a  metal  surface  to  produce
photoelectrons.  These  electrons  are  made  to  enter  a
magnetic field of 3 × 10–4 T. If the radius of the largest
circular path followed by these electrons is 10.0 mm, the
work function of the metal is close to : (2014)
(a) 1.1 eV (b) 0.8 eV
(c) 1.6 ev (d) 1.8 eV
40. Hydrogen (1H1), Deuterium (1H2), singly ionised Helium
(2He4)+ and doubly ionised lithium (6Li6)+  + all have one
electron  around  the  nucleus.  Consider  an  electron
transition from n = 2 to n = 1. If the wave lengths of emitted
radiation  are  1 ,   , 3 and  4   respectively  then
approximately which one of the following is correct ?
(2014)
(a)  1  22  23   4 (b)  1   2  4 3  9 4
(c)  1  22  3 3  4 4 (d)  41  22  23   4
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
41. The anode voltage of a photocell is kept fixed. The wavelength
 of the light falling on the cathode is gradually changed. The
plate current I of photocell varies as follows (2013)
(a)  (b) 
(c)  (d)  interfere constructively (figure)
40
42. This question has Statement I and Statement II of the four
choices  given  after  the  statements,  choose  the  one  that
best describes the  two statements.;
Statement-I : A  metallic  surface  is  irradiated  by  a
monochromatic  light  of  frequency  v  >  v0  (the  threshold
frequency). The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping
potential  are  Kmax  and  V0  respectively.  If  the  frequency
incident on the surface is doubled, both the Kmax and V0 are
also doubled.
Statement-II : The maximum kinetic energy and the stopping
potential of photoelectrons emitted from a surface are linearly
dependent on the frequency of incident light. (2011)
(a) Statement­1 is true, Statement­II is true, Statement­II is
the correct explanation of Statement­I.
(b) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true, Statement­II in
not the correct explanation of Statement­I.
(c) Statement­I is false, Statement­II is true.
(d) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is false
20
43. If a source of power 4 kW produces 10  photons/second,
the radiation belong to a part of the spectrum called. (2010)
(a) X–rays (b) ultraviolet rays
(c) microwaves (d) –rays
44. The surface a metal is illuminated with the light of 400 nm.
The kientic energy of the ejected photoelectrons was found
to be 1.68 eV. The work function of the metal is (hc = 1240
eV–nm) (2009)
(a) 3.09 eV (b) 1.42 eV
(c) 1.51 eV (d) 1.68 eV
PASSAGE
Question no. 45 to 47 are based on the following paragraph.
Wave  property  of  electrons  implies  that  they  will  show
diffraction effects. Davisson and Germer demonstrated this
by diffracting electrons from crystals. The law governing
the diffraction from a crystal is obtained by requiring that
electron waves reflected from the planes of atoms in a crystal
(2008)
MODERN PHYSICS 41

45. Electrons accelerated by potential V are diffracted from a 50. The  time  taken  by  a  photoelectron  to  come  out  after  the
crystal. If d = 1 Å and i = 30°, V should be about photon strikes is approximately (2006)
–34 –31 –19
(h = 6.6 × 10  J.s, me = 9.1 × 10  kg, e = 1.6 × 10  C) –4 –10
(a) 10  s (b) 10  s
(a) 2000 V (b) 50 V
–16 –1
(c) 10  s (d) 10  s
(c) 500 V (d) 1000 V
46. If a strong diffraction peak is observed when electrons are 51. The  anode  voltage  of  a  photocell  is  kept  fixed.  The
incident at an angle i from the normal to the crystal planes wavelength  of  the light falling on the cathode is gradually
with  distance  d  between  them  (see  figure),  de–Broglie changed.  The  plate  current  I  of  the  photocell  varies  as
wavelength  dB  of  electrons  can  be  calculated  by  the
follows (2006)
relationship (n is an integer)
(a) d sin i = ndB (b) 2 d cos i = ndB
(c) 2 d sin i = ndB (d) d cos i = ndB
47. In an experiment, electrons are made to pass through a narrow (a)  (b) 
slit of width d comparable to their de–Broglie wavelength.
They are detected on a screen at a distance D from the slit
(see figure).

(c)  (d) 

52. A uniform electric field and a uniform magnetic field are
Which of the following graphs can be expected to represent acting along the same direction in the certain region. If an
the number of elctrons N detected as a function of the detector electron is projected along the direction of the fields with a
position y (y = 0 correxponds to the middle of the slit) :
certain velocity, then (2005)
(a) its velocity will decrease
(b) its velocity will increase
(a)  (b) 
(c) it will turn towards right of direction of motion
(d) It will turn towards left of direction of motion
53. A photocells is illuminated by a small bright source place 1
(c)  (d)  1
m away. When the same source of light is placed  m away,,
2
48. Photon of frequency v has a momentum associated with it. the number of electrons emitted by photocathode would
If c is the velocity of light, the momentum is (2007) (a) decrease by a factor of 4 (2005)
v (b) increase by a factor of 4
(a)  (b) hvc
c (c) decrease by a factor of 2
hv hv (d) increase by a factor of 2
(c)  (d) 
c2 c 54. If the kinetic energy of a free electron doubles, its de–Broglie
49. The threshold frequency for a metallic surface corresponds wavelength changes by the factor (2005)
to  an  energy  of  6.2  eV  and  the  stopping  potential  for  a
1
radiation incident on this surface is 5 V. The incident radiation (a)  (b) 2
2
lies in (2006)
(a) ultra­violet region (b) infra­red region 1
(c)  (d)  2
2
(c) visible region (d) X­rays region
 MODERN PHYSICS 42

55. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the plot of ATOMS AND NUCLEI

the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons from a metal 61. In a hydrogen like atom electron makes transition from an
Vs the frequency of the incident radiation gives a straight energy level with quantum number n to another with quantum
line whose slope (2004) number (n – 1). If n >> 1, the frequency of radiation emitted
is proportional to : (2013)
(a) depends on the nature of the metal used
(b) depends on the intensity of the radiation 1 1
(a)  (b) 
n n2
(c) depends both on the intensity of the radiation and the
metal used 1 1
(c)  4 (d) 
(d) is the same for all metals and independent of the intensity n n3
of the radiation 62. After Absorbing  a  slowly  moving  neutron  of  mass  mN
56. The  work function  of  a  substance  is  4.0  eV. The  longest (momentum ~ 0) a nucleus of mass M beaks into two nuclei
wavelength of light that can cause photoelectron emission of masses m1 and 5m1 (6m1 = M + mN), respectively. If the
from this substance is approximately (2004) de–Broglie wavelength of the nucleus with mass m1 is , then
(a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm de–Broglie wavelength of the other nucleus will be (2011)
(a) 25  (b) 5 
(c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm
4 (c) /5 (d) 
57. A charged oil drop is suspended in uniform field of 3 × 10
–1 –
Vm  so that it neither falls nor rises. The charge on the drop 63. Statement-I : A  nucleus  having  energy  E1  decays  be  
–
will be emission to daughter nucleus having energy E2, but the 
–15
(Take the mass of the charge = 9.9 × 10  kg and g = 10 ms )
–2 rays are emitted with a continuous energy spectrum having
–18 –18 end point energy E1– E2.
(a) 3.3 × 10  C (b) 3.2 × 10  C (2004)
–18 –18 Statement-II : To conserve energy and momentum in –
(c) 1.6 × 10  C (d) 4.8 × 10  C
deacy  at  least  three  particles  must  take  part  in  the
58. Two identical, photocathodes receive light of frequencies f1
transformation. (2011)
and f2. If the velocities of the photoelectrons (of mass m)
coming out are respectively v1 and v2, then (2003) (a) Statement­I is false, Statement­II is true.

1/ 2
(b) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is false
2h  2h 
2
(a)  v  v 
1
2
2  f1  f 2  (b)  v1  v2   m  f1  f 2  (c) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true, Statement­II is
m  
the correct explanaction of Statement­I.
1/ 2
2h  2h  (d) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true, Statement­II in
2
(c)  v  v 
1
2
2  f1  f 2  (d)  v1  v 2   m  f1  f 2   not the correct explanation of Statement­I.
m  
2+
59. Formation of covalent bonds in compounds exibits (2002) 64. Energy required for the electron excitation in Li  from the
first to the third Bohr orbit is (2011)
(a) wave nature of electron
(a) 36.3 eV (b) 108.8 eV
(b) particle nature of electron
(c) 122.4 eV (d) 12.1 eV
(c) both wave and particle nature of electron
65. The  half­life  of  a  radioactive  substance  is  20  min.  The
(d) none of the above
approximate time interval (t2 – t1) between the time t2 when
60. Sodium and copper have work functions 2.3 eV and 4.5 eV 2/3 of it has decayed and time t1 when 1/3 of it had decayed
respectively. Then the ratio of the wavelengths is nearest to is (2011)
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 4 : 1 (2002) (a) 14 min (b) 20 min
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 (c) 28 min (d) 7 min
MODERN PHYSICS 43

PASSAGE 71. Statement-I : Energy is released when heavy nuclei undergo

Question no. 66 & 67 are based on the following paragraph : fission or light nuclei undergo fusion.

A nucleus of mass M + m is at rest and decays, into two Statement-II : For heavy unclei, binding energy per nucleon

increases with increasing Z while for light nuclei it decreases
daughter nuclei of equal mass M/2 each. Speed of light is c.
with increasing Z.
66. The binding energy per nucleon for the parent nucleus is E1
and that for the daughter nuclei is E2. Then (a) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true; Statement­II is
not a correct explanation for Statement­I.
(a) E2 = 2E1 (b) E1 > E2
(b) Statement­I is true, Statement­Ii is false.
(c) E2 > E1 (d) E1 = 2E2
67. The speed of daughter nuclei is (c) Statement­I is false, Statement­II is true.
(d) Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true; Statement­II is a
m 2m correct explanation for Statement­I.
(a)  c (b)  c
M  m M
72. Suppose  an  electron  is  attracted  towards  the  origin  by  a
m m force k/r, where k is a constant and r is the distance of the
(c)  c (d)  c electron from the origin. By applying Bohr model to this
M M  m th
system, the radius of the n  orbital of the electron is found
68. A radioactive  nucleus (initial mass number A and atomic to be rn and the kinetic energy of the electron to be Tn. Then
number Z) emits 3 –particles and 2 positrons. The ratio of
which of the following is true. (2008)
number of neutrons to that of protons in the final nucleus
will be (2010) 1
(a)  Tn  , rn  n 2
n2
A  Z8 AZ4
(a)  (b) 
Z4 Z8 (b) Tn is independent of n,  rn  n

A  Z  12 AZ4 1
(c)  (d)  (c)  Tn  , rn  n
Z4 Z2 n
69. The  abnove  is  a  plot  of  binding  energy  per  nucleon  Eb,
1
against the nuclear mass M; A, B, C, D, E, F correspond to (d)  Tn  , rn  n 2
different nuclei. Consider four reactions : (2009) n

(i) A + B  C +  (ii) C  A + B +  73. The half­life period of a radioactive element X is same as the

mean life time of another radioactive element Y. Initially they
(iii) D + E  F +  and (iv) F  D + E + 
have the same number of atoms. Then (2007)
(a) X will decay faster than Y
(b) Y will decay faster than X
(c) Y and X have same decay rate initially
(d) X and Y decay at same rate always.
17
74. If M0 is the mass of an oxygen isotope 8O , Mp and and Mn
where  is  the  energy released ? In which reactions is 
are the masses of a proton and a neutron, respectively, the
positive ?
nuclear binding energy of the isotope is (2007)
(a) (i) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii) 2 2
(a) (Mo – 8Mp)c (b) (Mo – 8Mp – 9Mn)c
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) 2 2
(c) Mo c (d) (Mo – 17 Mn)c
70. The transition from the state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen like
75. Which of the following transitions in hydrogen atoms emit
atom resutls in ultraviolet radiation. Infrared radiation will
be obtained in the transition from (2009) photons of highest frequency ? (2007)

(a) 2  1 (b) 3  2 (a) n = 2 to n = 6 (b) n = 6 n to n = 2

(c) 4  2 (d) 5  4 (c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 1to n = 2

 MODERN PHYSICS 44
66
76. In gamma ray emission from a nucleus (2007) 81. Starting with a sample of pure  Cu, 7/8 of it decays into Zn
in 15 min. The corresponding half­life is (2005)
(a) both the neutron number and the proton number change
(a) 10 min (b) 15 min
(b) there is no change in the proton number and the neutron
      number 1
(c) 5 min (d) 7  min
(c) only the neuturon number changes 2
(d) only the proton number changes 27
82. If radius of the  13 Al  nucleus is estimated to be 3.6 fermi,
1
77. An  alpha  nucleus  of  energy  mv2   bombards  a  heavy then the radius of  125
52 Te  nucleus be nearly (2005)
2
nuclear target of change Ze. Then the distance of closest (a) 6 fermi (b) 8 fermi
approach for the alpha nucleus will be proportional to (c) 4 fermi (d) 5 fermi
2
(a) v (b) 1/m (2006) 83. The diagram shows the energy levels for an electron in a
1 1 certain  atom.  Which  transition  shown  represents  the
(c)  (d)  emission of a photon with the most energy ? (2005)
v4 Ze

78. If the binding energy per nucleon in  73 Li  and  42 He  nuclei

are 5.60 MeV and 7.06 MeV respectively, then in the reaction

p 37 Li 
 2 24 He
energy of proton must be (2006)
(a) 28.24 MeV (b) 17.28 MeV
(c) 1.46 MeV (d) 39.2 MeV
(a) III (b) IV
79. The  energy  spectrum  of  –particles  [number  N  (E)  as  a
(c) I (d) II
function of –energy E] emitted from a radioative source is
(2006) 84. A  nuclear  transformation  is  denoted  by  X  n,    37 Li .
Which of the following is the nucleus of element X ?

(a)  126 C (b)  105 B (2005)

(a)  (b) 
(c)  95 B (d)  114 Be

85. A nucleus disintegrates into two nuclear parts which have
their velocities in the ratio 2 : 1. The ratio of their nuclear
sizes will be (2004)
1/3 1/2
(a) 2  : 1 (b) 1 : 3
(c)  (d)  1/2
(c) 3  : 1 (d) 1 : 2
1/3

86. The  binding  energy  per  nucleon  of  deuteron   H    and

2
1

80. When  73 Li  nuclei are bombarded by proton, and the resultant helium nucleus   4


He  is 1.1 MeV and 7 MeV respectively..
2

nuclei are  84 Be , the emitted particle will be (2006) If two deuteron nuclei react to form a single helium, nucleus

then the energy released is (2004)
(a) alpha particles (b) beta particles
(a) 13.9 MeV (b) 26.9 MeV
(c) gamma photons (d)  neutrons
(c) 23.6 MeV (d) 19.2 MeV
MODERN PHYSICS 45

87. An –particle of energy 5 MeV is scattered through 180° by 94. Which  of  the  following  atoms  has  the  lowest  ionization
a fixed uranium nucleus. The distance of the closet approach potential ? (2003)
is of the order of (2004)
–10
(A)  147 N (b)  133
55 C s
(a) 1 Å (b) 10  cm
–12 –15
(c) 10  cm (d) 10  cm 40
(c)  18 Ar (d)  168 O
88. The manifestation of band structure in solids is due to 95. The  wavelengths  involved  in  the  spectrum  of  deuterium
(a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (2004)  D   are slightly different from that of hydrogent spectrum,
2
1

(b) Pauli’s exclusion principle because (2003)

(c) Bohr’s correspondence principle (a) sizes of the two nuclei are different
(d) Boltzmann’s law (b) nuclear forces are different in the two cases
238
89. When U  nucleus originally at rest, decays by emitting an (c) masses of the two nuclei are different
alpha  particle  having  a  speed  u,  the  recoil  speed  of  the (d)  attraction  between  the  electron  and  the  nucleus  is
residual nucleus is (2003) different in the two cases.
96. If the binding energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom is
4u 4u
(a)  (b)   13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the electron from the
238 234 2+
first excited state of Li  is (2003)
4u 4u (a) 30.6 eV (b) 13.6 eV
(c)  (d)  
234 238 (c) 3.4 eV (d) 122.4 eV
90. A radioactive sample at any instant has its distintegration 97. If 13.6 eV energy is required to ionize the  hydrogen atom,
rate 5000 disintegrations/min. After 5 min, the rate is 1250 then the energy required to remove an electron from n = 2 is
disintegrations/ min. Then, the decay constant (per minute) (2002)
is (2003)
(a) 10.2 eV (b) zero
(a) 0.4 ln 2 (b) 0.2 ln 2
(c) 3.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV
(c) 0.1 ln 2 (d) 0.8 ln 2
98. In N0 is the original mass of the substance of half­life period
91. A nucleus with Z = 92 emits the following in a sequence : t1/2 = 5yr, then the amount of substance left after 15 yr, is
– – – – + +
, ,  ,  , , , , ;  ,  , ,  ,  , .
N0 N0
The Z of the resulting nucleus is (2003) (a)  (b)  (2002)
8 16
(a) 76 (b) 78
(c) 82 (d) 74 N0 N0
(c)  (d) 
92. Which of the following cannot be emitted by radioactive 2 4
substances during their decay ? (2003)
(a) Protons (b) Neutrinos
(c) Helium nuclei (d) Electrons
93. In the nuclear fusion reaction,
2
1 H  13 H 
 42 He  n
given that the repulsive potential energy between the two
–14
nuclei is 7.7 × 10  J, the temperature at which the gases
must be heated to initiate the reaction is nearly [Boltzmann’s
–23
constant k = 1.38 × 10  J/K] (2003)
7 5
(a) 10  K (b) 10  K
3 9 
(c) 10  K (d) 10 K
 MODERN PHYSICS 46

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Photo electric effect Work function, threshold frequency

–29
1. The  momentum of a  photon is 3.3  ×10  kg–m/sec. Its 7. Threshold frequency for a metal is 10 15  Hz.Light of
frequency will be  = 4000 Å falls on its surface. Which of the following
(a) 3 × 103 Hz (b) 6 × 103 Hz statements is correct
(a) No photoelectric emission takes place
(c) 7.5 × 1012 Hz (d) 1.5 × 1013 Hz
(b) Photo­electrons come out with zero speed
2. The approximate wavelength of  a photon of energy 2.48
eV is (c) Photo­electrons come out with 103 m/sec speed

(a) 500 Å (b) 5000 Å (d) Photo­electrons come out with 105 m/sec speed

8. The  work  function  of  a  metal  is  4.2  eV,  its  threshold
(c) 2000 Å (d) 1000 Å
wavelength will be
3. There are  n1  photons of frequency 1 in a beam of light. In (a) 4000 Å (b) 3500 Å
an  equally  energetic  beam,  there  are  n 2  photons  of (c) 2955 Å (d) 2500 Å
frequency 2. Then the correct relation is
9. Ultraviolet  radiations  of  6.2  eV  falls  on  an  aluminium
n n1 1 surface (work function 4.2 eV). The kinetic energy in joules
(a)  1  1 (b) n   of the fastest electron emitted is approximately
n2 2 2
(a) 3.2 × 10–21 (b) 3.2 × 10–19
n1  2 n 1  12
(c) n   (d)  (c) 3.2 × 10–17 (d) 3.2 × 10–15
2 1 n 2  22
10. A photon of energy 3.4 eV is incident on a metal having
4. Which one of the following is true in photoelectric emission work function 2 eV. The maximum K.E. of photo­electrons
(a) Photoelectric  current  is  directly  proportional  to  the is equal to
amplitude of light of a given frequency (a) 1.4 eV (b) 1.7 eV
(b) Photoelectric  current  is  directly  proportional  to  the (c) 5.4 eV (d) 6.8 eV
intensity  of  light  of  a  given  frequency  at  moderate 11. If the work function of a metal is ‘’ and the frequency of
intensities the  incident  light  is  ‘’,  there  is  no  emission  of
(c) Above the threshold frequency, the maximum K.E. of photoelectron if
photoelectrons  is  inversely  proportional  to  the
frequency of incident light  
(a)   (b)  
h h
(d) The  threshold  frequency  depends  upon  the
wavelength of incident light  
(c)   (d)    
5. The cathode of a photoelectric cell is changed such that h h
the work function changes from W1 to W2 (W2>W1). If the 12. For  intensity  I  of  a  light  of  wavelength  5000Å  the
current  before  and  after  change  are  I1 and  I2,  all  other photoelectron saturation current is 0.40 A and stopping
conditions remaining unchanged, then potential is 1.36 V, the work function of metal is
(assuming h > W2) (a) 2.47 eV (b) 1.36 eV
(a) I1= I2 (b) I1 < I2 (c) 1.10 eV (d) 0.43 eV
(c) I1 > I2 (d) I1 < I2 < 2I1 13. When a metal surface is illuminated by light of wavelengths
6. If intensity of incident light is increased in PE then which 400  nm  and  250  nm,  the  maximum  velocities  of  the
of the following is true photoelectrons ejected are  and 2 respectively. The work
(a) Maximum K.E. of ejected electron will increase function of the metal is (h = Planck’s constant, c = velocity
of light in air)
(b) Work function will remain unchanged
(a) 2 hc × 106 J (b) 1.5 hc × 106 J
(c) Stopping potential will decrease
(d) Maximum K.E. of ejected electron will decrease (c) hc × 106 J (d) 0.5 hc × 106 J
MODERN PHYSICS 47

Einsteins Photoelectric equation Rutherford Model

14. The work function of metal is 1 eV. Light of wavelength 20. The Rutherford ­particle experiment shows that most of
3000 Å is incident on this metal surface. The velocity of the  ­particles  pass  through  almost  unscattered  while
emitted photo­electrons will be some are scattered through large angles. What information
does it give about the structure of the atom
(a) 10 m/sec (b) 1 × 103 m/sec
(c) 1×104 m/sec (d) 1 × 106 m/sec (a) Atom is hollow
15. Light  of  wavelength  strikes  a  photo­sensitive surface (b) The whole mass of the atom is concentrated in a small
and  electrons  are  ejected  with  kinetic  energy E.  If   the centre called nucleus
kinetic energy is to  be increased to 2E,  the wavelength (c) Nucleus is positively charged
must be changed to   '  where (d) All the above
 Bohr Model
a)    (b) ’ = 2
2 21. The  ionisation potential of hydrogen  atom  is  13.6 volt.
The energy required to remove an electron in the n = 2

(c)     (d) ’ >  state of the hydrogen atom is
2
Stopping Potential (a) 27.2 eV (b) 13.6 eV
16. A metal surface of work function 1.07 eV is irradiated with (c) 6.8 eV (d) 3.4 eV
light  of  wavelength  332  nm.  The  retarding  potential 22. If  m  is  mass  of  electron,  v  its  velocity,  r  the  radius  of
required to stop the escape of photo­electrons is stationary circular orbit around a nucleus with charge Ze,
(a) 4.81 eV (b) 3.74 eV then  from  Bohr’s  first  postulate,  the  kinetic  energy
(c) 2.66 eV (d) 1.07 eV
1
17. Stopping potential for photoelectrons K mv 2 of the electron in C.G.S. system is equal to
2
(a) Does not depend on the frequency of the incident light
(b) Does not depend upon the nature of the cathode material 1 Ze 2 1 Ze 2
(c) Depends  on  both  the  frequency  of  the  incident  light (a) (b)  
2 r 2 r2
and nature of the cathode material
(d) Depends upon the intensity of the incident light Ze 2 Ze
18. When radiation is incident on a photoelectron emitter, the (c)   (d)  
r r2
stopping potential is found to be 9 volts.  If e/m for the
electron is 1.8 × 1011 Ckg–1 the maximum velocity of the 23. In Bohr’s model, the atomic radius of the first orbit is  r0 ,
ejected electrons is then the radius of the third orbit is
5 –1 5 –1
(a) 6 × 10  ms (b) 8 × 10  ms (a) r0/9 (b) r0
6 –1 5 –1
(c) 1.8 × 10  ms (d) 1.8 × 10  ms (c) 9r0 (d) 3r0
19. Two identical photo­cathodes receive light of frequencies
f1 and f2. If the velocities of the photo electrons (of mass m) 24. Find the ratio of ionisation energy of Bohr’s hydrogen atom
coming out are respectively 1 and 2, then and hydrogen­like lithium atom.

1/ 2
(a) 1/9 (b) 7/9
 2h 
(a) 1   2   f1  f 2  (c) 1/3 (d) none of the above
m 
Speed, radius, kinetic, potential, total energy of electron
2h
2 2
(b)  1   2  f1  f 2  25. An electron has a mass of  9.1 × 10–31 kg. It revolves round
m the nucleus in a circular orbit of radius  0.529 × 10–10 metre
1/ 2 at a speed of 2.2 × 106 m/s. The magnitude of its linear
 2h 
(c) 1   2   f1  f 2  momentum in this motion is
m 
(a) 1.1 × 10–34 kg–m/s (b) 2.0 × 10–24 kg–m/s
2h
2
(d)    
1
f1  f 2 
2
2 (c) 4.0 × 10–24 kg–m/s (d) 4.0 × 10–31 kg–m/s
m
 MODERN PHYSICS 48

26. The kinetic energy of the electron in an orbit of radius r in Transition series

hydrogen atom is 32. Which one of the series of hydrogen spectrum is in the
(e = electronic charge) visible region

e2 (a) Lyman series (b) Balmer series

e2
(a) (b)
r2 2r (c) Paschen  series (d) Bracket series
33. The energy levels of the hydrogen spectrum is shown in
e2 e2
(c) (d) figure.  There  are  some  transitions  A,  B,  C,  D  and  E.
r 2r2
Transition A, B and C respectively represent
27. As the electron in Bohr orbit of Hydrogen atom passes
from state n = 2 to n = 1, the kinetic energy K and potential –0.00 eV
energy U change as n=6 –0.36 eV
n=5 –0.54 eV
(a) K two­fold, U four­fold n=4 –0.85 eV
C
(b) K four­fold, U two­fold n=3 –1.51 eV
B D
n=2 –3.39 eV
(c) K four­fold, U also four­fold
(d) K two­fold, U also two­fold A E
28. When an electron jumps from its ground state to the first n=1 –13.5 eV
excited state, the average value of its potential energy ?
(a) rises (a) First member of Lyman series, third spectral line of
(b) stays the same Balmer series and the second spectral line of Paschen
series
(c) falls
(b) Ionization potential of hydrogen, second spectral line
(d)  we  cannot  determine  the  answer  without  more
of  Balmer  series  and  third  spectral  line  of  Paschen
information series
29. A  ground­state  electron  (in  a  hydrogen  atom)  absorb  a (c) Series limit of Lyman series, third spectral line of Balmer
photon of energy 3E0. How much kinetic energy does the series and second spectral line of Paschen series
electron now have ?
(d) Series limit of Lyman series, second spectral line of
(a) E0 (b) 2E0 Balmer series and third spectral line of Paschen series
(c) 3E0 (d) 4 E0 34. Ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 V.  Hydrogen
Ryderberg Formula atoms in the ground state are excited by monochromatic
30. An  electron  jumps  from  the  4th orbit  to the  2nd  orbit  of radiation  of  photon  energy  12.1  eV.  The  spectral  lines
hydrogen  atom.  Given  the Rydberg’s  constant R  = 105 emitted  by  hydrogen  atoms  according  to Bohr’s  theory
cm–1. The frequency in Hz of the emitted radiation will be will be

3 3 (a) One (b) Two

(a)  10 5 (b)  1015
16 16 (c) Three (d) Four
35. If the wavelength of the first line of the Balmer series of
9 3
(c)  1015 (d)  10
15 hydrogen is 6561 Å, the wavelength of the second line of
16 4 the series should be
31. If max   is 6563 Å,  then wave  length  of second line for (a) 13122 Å (b) 3280 Å
Balmer series will be (c) 4860 Å (d) 2187 Å

16 36 36. Which  of  the  following  transitions  in  a  hydrogen  atom

(a)   (b)   emits photon of the highest frequency
3R 5R
(a) n = 1 to n = 2 (b) n = 2 to n = 1
4
(c)   (d) None of the above (c) n = 2 to n = 6 (d) n = 6 to n = 2
3R
MODERN PHYSICS 49

37. Ratio of the wavelengths of first line of Lyman series and (a) 0.25 Å (b) 0.5 Å

first line of Balmer series is (c) 1.5 Å (d) 1.0 Å
(a) 1: 3 (b) 27 : 5
45. The wavelength    of the  K  line of characteristic X­ray
(c) 5 : 27 (d) 4 : 9 spectra varies with atomic number approximately
X–Rays
38. An  X-ray  tube  is  operated  at  50  kV.  The  minimum (a)   Z (b)   Z
wavelength produced is
1 1
(a) 0.5 Å (b) 0.75 Å (c)   (d)  
Z2 Z
(c) 0.25 Å (d) 1 Å
39. A metal block is exposed to beams of X-ray of different 46. The minimum frequency  of continuous X­rays is related
wavelength. X­rays of which wavelength penetrate most to the applied potential difference V as
(a) 2 Å (b) 4 Å
(a)   V (b)   V
(c) 6 Å (d) 8 Å
40. X­rays and gamma rays are both electromagnetic waves. (c)   V 3 / 2 (d)   V 2
Which of the following statements is true
(a) In  general  X­rays  have  larger  wavelength  than  of 47. The minimum wavelength of X­rays produced by electrons
gamma rays accelerated by a potential difference of volts is equal to
(b) X­rays have smaller wavelength than that of gamma rays eV eh
(a) (b)
(c) Gamma rays have smaller frequency than that of X-rays hc cV
(d) Wavelength and frequency of X-rays are both larger
than that of gamma rays hc cV
(c) (d)
eV eh
41. The characteristic X­ray radiation is emitted, when
(a) The electrons are accelerated to a fixed energy 48. The  potential  difference  applied  to  an  X­ray  tube  is
(b) The source of electrons emits a monoenergetic beam increased. As a result, in the emitted radiation
(c) The bombarding electrons knock out electrons from (a) The intensity increases
the inner shell of the target atoms and one of the outer
(b) The minimum wavelength increases
electrons falls into this vacancy
(d) The valence electrons in the target atoms are removed (c) The  intensity  decreases
as a result of the collision (d) The minimum wavelength decreases
42. Molybdenum is used as a target element for production 49. Mosley measured the frequency (f) of the characteristic
of X–rays because it is X-rays from many metals of different atomic number (Z)
(a) A heavy element and can easily absorb high velocity and  represented  his  results  by  a  relation  known  as
electrons
Mosley’s law. This law is (a, b are constants)
(b) A heavy element with a high melting point
(a) f = a (Z – b)2 (b) Z = a (f – b)2
(c) An element having high thermal conductivity
(c) f2 = a (Z – b) (d) f = a (Z – b)1/2
(d) Heavy and can easily deflect electrons
43. Mosley’s law relates the frequencies of line X­rays with 50. For harder X-rays
the following characteristics of the target element (a) The wavelength is higher
(a) Its  density (b) The intensity is higher
(b) Its atomic weight (c) The frequency is higher
(c) Its atomic number
(d) The photon energy is lower
(d) Interplaner spacing of the atomic planes
51. For production of characteristic K X-rays, the electron
44. When  a  beam  of  accelerated  electrons  hits  a  target,  a transition is
continuous  X­ray  spectrum  is  emitted  from  the  target.
Which of the following wavelength is absent in the X­ray (a) n = 2 to n = 1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
spectrum, if the X­ray tube is operating at 40,000 volts (c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 4 to n = 2
MODERN PHYSICS 50

52. The wavelength of  K line for an element of atomic number
43 is . Then the wavelength of K line for an element of Photo current
atomic number 29 is
c
b
43 42 a
(a)  (b) 
29 28
O Anode potential
9 4
(c)  (d) 
4 9 (a) fa = fb and la    lb
53. When  a  point  source  of  monochromatic  light  is  at  a (b) fa = fc and la = lc
distance  of  0.2 m  from  a  photoelectric  cell,  the  cut­off (c) fa = fb and la = lb
voltage and the saturation current are 0.6 volt and 18 mA
respectively. If the same source is placed 0.6 m away from (d) fa    fb and la = lb
the photoelectric cell, then 58. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the graph
(a) The stopping potential will be 0.2 V between the kinetic energy of photoelectrons ejected and
(b) The stopping potential will be 0.6 V the frequency of incident radiation is

(c) The saturation current will be 6 mA
(d) The saturation current will be 18 mA

Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy
54. Photoelectric emission is observed from a metallic surface
for frequencies 1 and 2 of the incident light rays (1 >2). (a) (b)
If  the  maximum  values  of  kinetic  energy  of  the
photoelectrons emitted in the two cases are in the ratio of Frequency Frequency
1 : k, then the threshold frequency of the metallic surface
is
Kinetic energy

Kinetic energy
1   2 k1   2
(a)   (b)
k 1 k 1
(c) (d)
k 2  1  2  1
(c) (d)
k 1 k Frequency Frequency

55. Work function of lithium and copper are respectively
59. The stopping potential V for photoelectric emission from
2.3 eV and 4.0 eV. Which one of the metal will be useful for
the photoelectric cell working with visible light ? a metal surface is plotted along Y-axis and frequency  of
incident light along X-axis. A straight line is obtained as
(h = 6.6  10–34 J-s, c = 3  108 m/s)
shown. Planck’s constant is given by
(a) Lithium (b) Copper
(c) Both (d) None of these Y
V
56. The  K X-ray emission line of tungsten occurs at  = 0.021 nm.
0 X
The energy difference between K and L levels in this atom v
is about
(a) 0.51MeV (b) 1.2 MeV
(c) 59 KeV (d) 13.6 eV (a) Slope of the line
57. The figure shows the variation of photocurrent with anode (b) Product of slope on the line and charge on the electron
potential for a photo­sensitive surface for three different (c) Product  of  intercept  along  Y-axis  and  mass  of  the
radiations. Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the intensities and fa, fb and fc electron
be the frequencies for the curves a, b and c respectively (d) Product of Slope and mass of electron
MODERN PHYSICS 51

60. The intensity of X­rays from a Coolidge tube is plotted
against wavelength as shown in the figure. The minimum
wavelength found is c and the wavelength of the Kline
is k. As the accelerating voltage is increased
65. The  binding  energy  of  deuteron  12 H   is  1.112  MeV  per
nucleon and an –particle  42 He  has a binding energy of
7.047  MeV  per  nucleon.  Then  in  the  fusion  reaction
2
1 H  12 H  42 He  Q, the energy Q released is

I (a) 1 MeV (b) 11.9 MeV

(c) 23.8 MeV (d) 931 MeV
66. Binding energy of a nucleus is
(a) Energy given to its nucleus during its formation
(b) Total mass of nucleus converted to energy units
(c) Loss of energy from the nucleus during its formation
(a) (K – C) increases (b) (K – C) decreases
(d) Total K.E. and P.E. of the nucleons in the nucleus
(c) K  increases (d) K  decreases 67. One requires energy En to remove a nucleon from a nucleus
61. The value of stopping potential in the following diagram and an energy ‘Ee’ to remove an electron from the orbit of
an atom. Then
i (photoelectric  (a) En = Ee (b) En < Ee
current)
(c) En > Ee (d) En > Ee
68. The binding energies per nucleon for a deuteron and an
  particle are x1 and x2 respectively. What will be the

–4V –3V –2V –1V 0 V energy Q released in the reaction  1 H 2  1H 2  2 He 4  Q

(a) – 4V (b) – 3 V (a) 4 (x1 +  x2) (b) 4 (x2 –  x1)

(c) – 2V (d) – 1 V (c) 2 (x1 +  x2) (d) 2 (x2 –  x1)

69. If the binding energy per nucleon in Li7 and He4 nuclei are
62. If an X–ray tube operates at the voltage of 10kV, find the respectively  5.60  MeV  and  7.06  MeV,  then  energy  of
ratio of the de–Brogle wavelength of the incident electrons reaction Li7 + p  2 2He4 is
to  the  shortest  wavelength  of  X–rays  produce(d)  The
11
(a) 19.6 MeV (b) 2.4 MeV
specific charge of electron is 1.8 × 10  C/kg.
(c) 8.4 MeV (d) 17.3 MeV
(a) 1 (b) 0.1
Mass defect
(c) 1.8 (d) 1.2 70. If m, mn and mp are the masses of ZXA nucleus, neutron and
Nucleus proton  respectively
63. The mass number of He is 4 and that for sulphur is 32. The
(a) m < (A – Z) mn + Zmp (b) m = (A – Z) mn + Zmp
radius of sulphur nucleus is larger than that of helium, by times
(c) m = (A – Z) mp + Zmn (d) m > (A – Z) mn + Zmp
(a) 8 (b) 4 71. Assuming that all laws of thermodynamics can be applied to
(c) 2 (d) 8 a nucleus, the –decay of a nucleus may be regarded as an

Nclear Binding Energy (a) Isothermal process (b) Isobarric process

64. The masses of neutron and proton are 1.0087 a.m.u. and (c) Adiabatic process (d) Isochoric process
1.0073  a.m.u. respectively. If the neutrons and protons Law Radioactive deacy
combine to form a helium nucleus (alpha particles) of mass 72. In a radioactive substance at t = 0, the number of atoms is
4.0015 a.m.u. The binding energy of the helium nucleus 8 × 104. Its half life period is 3 years. The number of atoms
will be (1 a.m.u.= 931 MeV) 1  10 4  will remain after interval
(a) 28.4  MeV  (b) 20.8  MeV (a) 9 years (b) 8 years
(c) 27.3  MeV (d) 14.2  MeV (c) 6 years (d) 24 years
MODERN PHYSICS 52

73. The half life period of radium is 1600 years. The fraction of 80. The half life of the isotope  11 Na 24 is 15 hrs. How much

a sample of radium that would remain after 6400 years is
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 7
time does it take for  th  of a sample of this isotope to
(c) 1/8 (d) 1/16 8

74. During a negative beta decay decay

(a) An atomic electron is ejected (a) 75 hrs (b) 65 hrs

(b) An  electron  which  is  already  present  within  the (c) 55 hrs (d) 45 hrs
nucleus is ejected 81. An energy of 24.6 eV is required to remove one of the electrons
from a neutral helium atom. The energy (in eV) required to
(c) A neutron in the nucleus decays emitting an electron
remove both the electrons from a neutral helium atom is
(d) A part of the binding energy is converted into electron
(a) 79.0  (b) 51.8
75. What percentage of original radioactive atoms is left after
(c) 49.2  (d) 38.2
five half lives

(a) 0.3% (b) 1% 82. In the nuclear fusion reaction  12 H  13 H  42 He  n,  given

(c) 31% (d) 3.125% that the repulsive potential energy between the two nuclei

is –7.7 × 10–14 J, the temperature at which the gases must
76. In the given reaction  z X A  z 1 Y A  z 1 K A  4  z 1 K A  4 . be heated to initiate the reaction is nearly
Radioactive radiations are emitted in the sequence [Boltzmann’s constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K]
(a) 109 K (b) 107 K
(a)  ,  ,  (b)  ,  , 
(c) 105 K (d) 103 K
(c)  ,  ,  (d)  ,  ,  83. The half life of radioactive Radon is 3.8 days. The time at
the end of which 1/20th of the Radon sample will remain
77. If  the  decay  or  disintegration  constant  of  a  radioactive
substance  is  ,  then  its  half  life  and  mean  life  are undecayed is (Given log10e = 0.4343)
respectively (a) 3.8 days (b) 16.5 days
(c) 33 days (d) 76 days
1 log e 2 log e 2 1
(a)  and  (b) and  84. A radioactive isotope X with a half–life of 1.37 × 109 years
   
decays to Y which is stable. A sample of rock from the
1  1 moon  was  found  to  contain  both  the  elements  X  and  Y
(c)  log e 2 and (d) log 2  and 
 e 
which were in the ratio of 1 : 7. The age of the rock is
78. The half­life of  Bi 210 is 5 days. What time is taken by (a) 1.96 × 108 years (b) 3.85 × 109 years
9
(7/8)th part of the sample to decay (c) 4.11 × 10  years (d) 9.59 × 109 years
85. Binding energy per nucleon plot against the mass number
(a) 3.4 days (b) 10 days
for stable nuclei is shown in the figure. Which curve is
(c) 15 days (d) 20 days correct
79. A  radioactive  nucleus  undergoes  a  series  of  decay
according to the scheme D
Binding energy

B
per nucleon

   
A  A1  A 2  A 3  A4
C
If the mass number and atomic number of A are 180 and 72
A
respectively, then what are these number for A4 Mass number

(a) 172 and 69 (b) 174 and 70 (a) A (b) B

(c) 176 and 69 (d) 176 and 70 (c) C (d) D
MODERN PHYSICS 53

86. A  radioactive  sample  consists  of  two  distinct  species 89. If in hydrogen atom, radius of nth Bohr orbit is rn, frequency
having equal number of atoms initially. The mean life time of revolution of electron in  nth orbit is fn choose the correct
of one species is  and that of the other is 5. The decay option
products in both cases are stable. A plot is made of the
total number of radioactive nuclei as a function of time. rn
rn
Which of the following figures best represents the form log  ––
r1
of this plot
(a) (b) 
N N
o o log n
n

(a) (b)
t t fn
log  ––
f1
N N
(c)  (d) Both (a) and (b)
o log n
(c) (d)
t t 90. The mean lives of a radio­active substances are 1620 years
87. Radioactive element decays to form a stable nuclide, then and 405 years for –emission and –emission respectively.
 dN  Find Out the time during which three­fourth of a sample will
the rate of decay of reactant     will vary with time (t) decay if it is decaying both by –emission and –emission
 dt 
as shown in figure simultaneously.
(a) 324 years (b) 449 years

dN dN
(c) 480 years (d) 425 years
dt dt Nuclear fission and fusion
235
(a)  (b)  91. What is the power output of 92U  reactor if it takes 30 days
to use up 2kg of fuel and if each fission gives 185 MeV. of
t t 26
usable energy ? Avogadro’s number = 6.02 × 10  per kilomole.
dN dN (a) 45 megawatt (b) 58.46 megawatt
dt dt
(c) 72 megawatt (d) 92 megawatt
(c) (d) 
One or more than one correct answer
t t
92. An X-ray tube is operating at 50 kV and 20 mA. The target
88. The plot of the number (N) of decayed atoms versus activity material of the tube has a mass of 1.0 kg and specific heat
(A) of a radioactive substance is 495 J kg­1 °C–1. One percent of the supplied electric power
is converted into X-rays and the entire remaining energy
N N
goes into heating the target. Then
(a) A suitable target material must have a high melting
(a)  (b)  temperature
A A
A B (b) A  suitable  target  material  must  have  low  thermal
conductivity
N N
(c) The average rate of rise of temperature of target would
be 2 °C/s

(c)  (d)  (d) The  minimum  wavelength  of  the  X-rays  emitted  is
A A about 0.25 × 10–10m
C D
 MODERN PHYSICS
93. Which of the following statement(s) is/(are) correct
(a) The rest mass of a stable nucleus is less than the sum
of the rest masses of its separated nucleons
(b) The rest mass of a stable nucleus is greater than the
sum of the rest masses of its separated nucleons.
(c) In  nuclear  fusion,  energy  is  released  by  fusing  two
nuclei of medium mass (approximately 100 a.m.u.)
(d) In nuclear fission, energy is released by fragmentation
of a very heavy nucleus
94. From the following equations, pick out the possible nuclear
reactions
(a) 6C13 + 1H1  6C14 + 4.3 MeV
(b) 6C12 + 1H1  7N13 + 2 MeV
(c) 7N14 + 1H1 8O15 + 7.3 MeV
(d) 235 1 140 94 1
U  + 0n  54X  + 33Si  + 20n  +  + 200 MeV
92
95. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from
a material is 5200 Å. Photoelectrons will be emitted when
this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation
from a
(a) 50 watt infrared lamp
(b) 1–watt infra­red lamp
(c) 50 watt ultraviolet lamp
(d) 1–watt ultraviolet lamp
96. When a monochromatic point source of light is at a distance
of 0.2 m from a photoelectric cell, the cut­off voltage and the
saturation current are respectively 0.6 V and 18.0 m (A). If
the same source is placed 0.6 m away from the photoelectric
cell, then
(a) the stopping potential will be 0.2 V
(b) the stopping potential will be 0.6 V
(c) the saturation current will be 6.0 mA
(d) the saturation current will be 2.0 mA
97. A radioactive sample has initial concentration N0 of nuclei.
(a) The number of undecayed nuclei present in the sample
decays exponentially with time
(b) The activity (R) of the sample at any instant is directly
proportional to the number of undecayed nuclei present
in the sample at that time
(c) The number of decayed nuclei grows exponentially with
time
(d) The number of decayed nuclei grows linearly with time.
54
98. In Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom
2
(a) the radius of the nth orbit is proportional to n
(b) the total energy of the electron in nth orbit in inversely
proportional to n
(c) the angular momentum of the electron in an orbit is an
integral multiple of h/2
(d) the magnitude of potential energy of the electron in any
orbit is greater than its K.E.
99. The mass number of a nucleus is
(a) always less than its atomic number
(b) always more than its atomic number.
(c) sometimes equal to its atomic number
(d) sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic
number.
100. When photons of energy 4.25 eV strike the surface of metal
A, the ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic energy,
TA eV and de Broglie wavelength A. The maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons liberated from another metal B by
photons of energy 4.70 eV is TB = (TA – 1.50) eV. If the de
Broglie  wavelength  of  these  photoelectrons  is  B  =  2A,
then
(a) The work function of A is 2.25 eV
(b) The work function of B is 4.20 eV
(c) TA = 2.00 eV
(d) TB = 2.75 eV
Passage
Imagine  another  universe  in  which  the  value  of  planck’s
constant is 0.0663 J.s, but in which the physical laws and all
other physical constants are the same as in our universe. In
this universe, two physics students are playing catch. They
are 12 m apart, and one throws a 0.25 kg ball directly towards
the other with a speed of 6.0 m/s
101. What is the uncertainty in the ball’s horizontal momentum,
in  a  direction  perpendicular  to  that in  which  it  is  being
thrown, if  the  student throwing the  ball knows that it is
3
located within a cube with volumne 125 cm  at the time she
throws it ?
(a) 2.1 kg m/s (b) 21.0 kg m/s
(c) 32 kg m/s (d) 0.21 kg m/s
102. By what horizontal distance could the ball miss the second
student  ?
(a) 3 m (b) 30 m
(c) 17 m (d) 1.7 m
MODERN PHYSICS 55

Match the Column 107. v  versus z graph for characteristic X–rays is as shown in

figure. Match the following :
103. When a nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A
undergoes a radioactive decay process. v 1
Column–I Column–II 2 3

(A) If the process is  decay (P) Z will increase but A will 4

not  decrease
+
(B) If the process is   decay (Q) Both Z and A will
z
decrease
–
(C) If the process is   decay (R) Z and A will remain Column–I Column–II
unchanged
(A) Line–1 (P) L
(D) If the process is  decay (S) Z will decrease but A (B) Line–2 (Q) L
will not change
(C) Line–3 (R) K
104. When an electron moving at a high speed strikes a metal
(D) Line–4 (S) K
surface, then match the columns :
108. Regarding transition of electrons match the following table:
Column–I Column–II
Column–I Column–II
(A) Entire energy of the electron (P) heat
(A) n = 5 to n = 2 (P) Lymen series
may be converted into
(B) n = 8 to n = 4 (Q) Brackett series
(B) Any fraction of the (Q) –ray  photon
(C) n = 3 to n = 1 (R) Paschen
energy of the electron
(D) n = 4 to n = 3 (S) Balmer
may be converted into
109. In Bohr’s atomic model for hydrogen like atoms match the
(C) Entire energy of the electron (R) X–ray  photon following table :
may be converted into Column–I Column–II
105. When  photons  of  energy  4.25  eV  strike  the  surface  of  a (A) If electron jumps from (P) speed of electron will become
metal A, the ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic n = 2 to n = 1 2 times
energy TA eV and de Brogle wavelength A. The maximum (B) If electron jumps from (Q) kinetic energy of electron
kinetic enegy of photoelectrons liberated from another metal n = 1to n = 4 will become 4 times
B by photons of energy 4.70 eV is TB = (TA – 1.50) eV. If the
(C) If electron jumps from (R) angular momentum of
de Broglie wavelength of these photoelectrons is B = 2A.
n = 4 to n = 1 electron will become 2 times
Column–I Column–II
(S) angular velocity of electron
(A) The work function of B (P) 2.25 eV will become 4 times
(B) The work function of A (Q) 2.00 eV (T) None
(C) TA (R) 4.20 eV Assertion Reason
106. Match the following table : Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option
Column–I Column-II out of the options given below :
(A) Sun (P) Nuclear fission (A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) Nuclear reactors (Q) Nuclear fusion
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
(C) Total binding energy (R) Energy is released
the correct explanation of the assertion.
in a process is increased
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) Total binding energy (S) Energy is absorbed (D) If the assertion and reason both are false.
in a process is decreased
(E) If assertion is false but reason is true.
 MODERN PHYSICS 56

110. Assertion : The electron in the hydrogen atom passes from 116. Assertion :  Intensity  of  X­rays  can  be  controlled  by
energy level n = 40 to the n = 1 level. The maximum and adjusting the filament current and voltage.
minimum number of photon that can be emitted are six and Reason :  The  intensity  of  X­rays  does  not  depend  on
one respectively. number  of  X­ray  photons  emitted  per  second  from  the
Reason : The  photon  are  emitted  when  electron  make  a target.
transition from the higher energy state to the lower energy (a) A (b) B (c) C
state. (d) D (e) E
(a) A (b) B (c) C 117. Assertion : Penetrating power of X­rays increases with
(d) D (e) E the increasing the wavelength.
111. Assertion : Between  any  two  given  energy  levels,  the Reason : The penetrating power of X­rays increases with
number of absorption transition is always less than number the frequency of X­rays.
of emission transition. (a) A (b) B (c) C
Reason : Absorption transitions start from the lowest energy (d) D (e) E
level  only  and  may  end  at  any  higher  energy  level.  But 118. Assertion :  The  phenomenon  of  ­X­ray  production  is
emission transitions may start from any higher energy level basically inverse of photoelectric effect.
and end at any energy level below it.
Reason : X­rays are electromagnetic waves.
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E
(d) D (e) E
112. Assertion : The  ionising  power  of  –particles  is  less
119. Assertion : Bohr had to postulate that the electrons in
compared –parietals but their penetrating power is more. stationary orbits around the nucleus do not radiate.
Reason : The mass of –particles is less than the mass of Reason : According  to  classical  physics  all  moving
–particle. electrons radiate.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E
(d) D (e) E
120. Assertion :  ZXA undergoes 2–decays. 2–decays and
113. Assertion : Photoelectric effect demonstrates the wave
2–decays and the daughter product is  Z–2YA–8.
nature of light.
Reason : In –decay the mass number decreases by 4 and
Reason : The number of photoelectrons is proportional
atomic  number  decreases  by  2.  In   –decay  the  mass
to the frequency of light.
number remains unchanged, but atomic number increases
(a) A (b) B (c) C by 1 only.
(d) D (e) E (a) A (b) B (c) C
114. Assertion : Kinetic energy of photo electrons emitted by (d) D (e) E
a  photosensitive  surface  depends  upon  the  intensity  of 121. Assertion : According to classical theory, the proposed path
incident  photon. of an electron in Rutherford atom model will be parabolic.
Reason : The ejection of electrons from metallic surface is Reason :  According  to  electromagnetic  theory  an
possible  with  frequency  of  incident  photon  below  the accelerated particle continuously emits radiation.
threshold  frequency.
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E
(d) D (e) E
122. Assertion : Hydrogen atom consists of only one electron
115. Assertion : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its work but its emission spectrum has many lines.
function is small.
Reason : Only Lyman series is found in the absorption
Reason : Work function = hf0 where f0 is the threshold spectrum  of  hydrogen  atom  whereas  in  the  emission
frequency. spectrum, all the series are found.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (a) A (b) B (c) C
(d) D (e) E (d) D (e) E
MODERN PHYSICS 57

123. Assertion : Radioactivity of 108 undecayed radioactive 128. An electron falls from rest through a potential difference of

nuclei of half life of 50 days is equal to that of 1.2 × 108 100 V. What is its de Broglie wavelength (in nm) ?
number of undecayed nuclei of some other material with
129. The electric potential between a proton and an electron is
half life of 60 days
given by
Reason : Radioactivity is proportional to half­life.
(a) A (b) B (c) C r
V = V0 ln   r 
(d) D (e) E  0

Subjective Questions where  V0  and  r0  are  constants  and  r  is  the  radius  of  the
electron orbit around the proton. Assuming Bohr’s model
124. In Rutherford scattering experiment, the number of particles x
to be applicable, it is found that r is proportional to n , where
observed at an angle of 10° is one million per minute. Find
n is the principal quantum number. Find the value of x.
the difference in the number of particle (approximately) per
minute that will be observed at angles of 90° and 180° ? 130. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a
8 –1
velocity of 1.5 × 10  ms  is equal to that of a photon. Find
125. The half life of radium is 1500 years. In how many years will
the ratio of the kinetic energy of the photon to that of the
1 kg of pure radium lose 1 mg.
electron.
126. The K X–rays emission line of tungsten occurs at  = 0.021 131. An element of atomic number 9 emits K X­ray of wavelength
nm. What is the energy difference between K and L levels in . Find the atomic number of the element which emits K X­
this atom (in KeV). ray of wavelength 4.
127. A doubly ionized lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic
number 3. Find the wavelength of the radiation required to
++
excite the electron in Li  from the first to be third Bohr orbit.
Find the ionization energy (in Å) of the hydrogen atom is
13.6 eV.
 MODERN PHYSICS 58

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

Fill in the Blanks : 11. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the ratio of the
kinetic energy to the total energy of the electron in a quantum
1. To produce characteristic X­rays using a tungsten target in
state n is ....... (1992)
an  X­ray  generator,  the  accelerating  voltage  should  be 11 11 +
greater  than  ......  V  and  the  energy  of  the  characteristic 12. In the nuclear process  6C    5B  +   + X, X stands for
radiation is ...... eV. ........ (1992)
13. A potential difference of 20 kV is applied across an X­rays
(The binding energy of the innermost electron in tungsten
tube.  The  minimum  wavelength  of  X­rays  generated  is
is 40 keV). (1983)
........Å. (1996)
2. The radioactive decay rate of a radioactive element is found
3 14. The wavelength of K X­rays produced by an X­ray tube is
to be 10  distintegration/second at a certain time. If the half­ 0.76 Å. The atomic number of the anode material of the tube
life of the element is one second, the decay rate after one is ........ (1996)
second is...... and after three seconds is ...... (1983)
3. The  maximum  kinetic  energy  of  electrons  emitted  in  the 15. Consider  the  reaction  :  12 H  12 H  24 He  Q.   Mass  of  the
photoelectric effect is linearly dependent on the ...... of the deuterium atom = 2.0141 u. Mass of helium atom = 4.0024 u.
incident radiation. (1984) This is a nuclear ........ reaction in which the energy Q released
is ....... MeV. (1996)
238
4. In the traunium radioactive series the intial nucleus is  92 U 16. The recoil speed of a hydrogen atom after it emits a photon
is going from n = 5 state to n = 1 state is ....... m/s. (1997)
206
and  the  final  nucleus  82 Pb .  When the  uranium  nucleus
True/False
decays to lead, the number of ­particles emitted is ...... and 17. The  kinetic  energy  of  photoelectrons  emitted  by  a
the number of ­particles emitted is ....... (1985) photosensitive  surface  depends  on  the  intensity  of  the
5. When the number of electrons striking the anode of an X­ incident radiation. (1981)
ray tube is increased the ....... of the emitted X­rays increases, 18. For a  diode  the  variation  of its anode  current Ia with  the
while when the speeds of the electrons striking the anode anode voltage Va at two different cathode temperatures T1
are increased the cut­of wavelength of the emitted X­rays and T2 is shown in the figure. The temperature T2 is greater
........ (1986) than T1. (1986)

6. When boron nucleus   B  is bombarded by neutrons, ­
10
5

particles are emitted. The resulting nucleus is of the element
....... and has the mass number ........ (1986)
7. Atoms having the same ........ but different ....... are called
isotopes. (9186)
2
8. The  binding energies per  nucleon for deuteron (1H )  and
4
helium (2He ) are 1.1 MeV and 7.0 MeV respectively. The
19. The order of magnitude of the density of nuclear matter is
energy released when two deuterons fuse to form a helium 4 3
10  kg/m .
4
nucleus (2He ) is ....... (1988)
Objective Questions (Only one correct option)
9. The wavelength of the characteristic X­ray K line emitted
by a hydrogen like element is 0.32 Å. The wavelength of the 20. The half­life of the radioactive radon is 3.8 days. The time,
K line emitted by the same element will be ....... (1990) at the end of which 1/20th of the radon  sample will remain
undecayed, is (given log10 e = 0.4343) (1981)
10. In an X­ray tube, electrons accelerated through a potential
differnece of 15,000 V strike a copper target. The speed of (a) 3.8 days (b) 16.5 days
the emitted X­ray inside the tube is ....... m/s. (1992) (c) 33 days (d) 76 days
MODERN PHYSICS 59

21. The shortest wavelength of X­rays emitted from an X­ray 28. During a nuclear fusion reaction, (1987)

tube  depends  upon (1982) (a) a heavy nucleus breaks into two fragments by itself
(a) the current in the tube (b) a light nucleus bombarded by thermal neutrons breaks up
(b) the voltage applied to the tube (c) a heavy nucleus bombarded by thermal neutrons breaks up
(c) the nature of the gas in the tube (d) two light nuclei combine to give a heavier nucleus and
(d) the atomic number of the target material possibly  other  products.
22. Beta rays emitted by a radioactive material are (1983) 29. Four physical quantities are listed in Column I. Their value
are listed in Column II  in a random order (1987)
(a) electromagnetic radiations
Coumn I Column II
(b) the electrons orbiting around the nucleus
A Thermal energy of air (i) 0.02 eV
(c) charged particles emitted by the nucleus
molecules at room temperature
(d) neutral particles
B Binding energy of heavy nuclei (ii) 2 eV
23. If elements with principal quantum number n > 4 were not
per nucleon.
allowed in nature, the number of possible elements would
be (1983) C X­ray photon energy. (iii) 10 keV

(a) 60 (b) 32 D Photon energy of visible light. (iv) 7 MeV

(c) 4 (d) 64 The correct matching of Column I and Column II is given

by :
24. Consider the spectral line resulting from the transition n = 2
A B C D
to  n  =  1  in  the  atoms  or  ions  given  below.  The  shortest
wavelength is emitted by (1983) (a) i iv iii ii
(a) hydrogen atom (b) deuterium atom (b) i iii ii iv
(c) singly ionized helium (d) doubly ionized lithium (c) ii i iii iv

25. The  equation; (d) ii iv i iii

30. A freshly prepared radioactive source of half life 2 hours
411 H  42 He2  2e  26 MeV emits radiation of intensity which is 64 times the permissible
represents safe level. The minimum time after which it would be possible
to work safely with the source is (1988)
(a) –decay (b)  –decay
(a) 6 hours (b) 12 hours
(c) fusion (d) fission
(c) 24 hours (d) 128 hours
26. The X­ray beam coming from an X­ray tube will be ([1985)
31. The decay constant of a radioactive sample is . The half­
(a) monochromatic
life and mean­life of the sample are (respectively) given by :
(b) having all wavelengths smaller than a certain maximum
(a) 1/ and (ln 2)/ (b) (ln 2)/ and 1/ (1989)
wavelength
(c) 1/ and  (ln 2) (d)  (ln 2) and 1/
(c) having all wavelengths larger than a certain minimum 40
wavelength 32. A star initially has 10  deutrons. It produces energy via the
processes (1993)
(d) having all wavelengths lying between a minimum and
maximum wavelength. 2
H  12 H  13 H  p    and 2
H  13 H  42 He  n
1 1
27. During a negative beta decay, (1987) 2
where the masses of nuclei are : m( H) = 2.014 amu, m(p) =
4
(a) an atomic electron is ejected. 1.007 amu, m(n) = 1.008 amu and m( He) = 4.001 amu. If the
16
(b) an electron which is already present in the nucleus is ejected average power radiated by the star is 10  W, the deuteron
(c) a neutron in the nucleus decays emitting an electron supply of the star is exhausted in a time of the order of
6 8
(d) a part of the binding energy of the nucleus is converted (a) 10  s (b) 10  s
12 16
into an electron. (c) 10  s (d) 10  s
 MODERN PHYSICS 60

33. Fast neutrons can easily be slowed down by (1994) (a) 0 to 

(a) the use of lead shielding (b) min to  where min > 0
(b) passing them through water (c) 0 to max where max < 
(c) elastic collisions with heavy nuclei (d) min to max where 0 < min <max < 
(d) applying a strong electric field 41. The  work function  of  a  substance  is  4.0  eV. The  longest
34. The K X­rays emission line of tungsten occurs at  = 0.021 wavelength of light that can cause photo­electron emission
nm. The energy difference between K and L levels in this from this substance is approximately (1998)
atoms is about (1997)
(a) 540 nm (b) 400 nm
(a) 0.51 MeV (b) 1.2 MeV
(c) 310 nm (d) 220 nm
(c) 59 keV (d) 13.6 eV
42. Binding energy per nucleon versus mass number curve for
35. As per Bohr model, the minimum energy (in eV) required to
nuclei is shown in the figure. W, X, Y and Z are four nuclei
remove an electron from the ground state of doubly ionized
indicated  on  the  curve.  The  process  that  would  release
Li atom (Z = 3) is (1997)
energy is (1999)
(a) 1.51 (b) 13.6
(c) 40.8 (d) 122.4
36. Consider  particles,  particles and ­rays each having an
energy of 0.5 MeV. In increasing order of penetrating powers,
the radiations are (1994)
(a)  (b) 
(c)  (d) 

37. Masses of two isobars  64
29 Cu
 and  64
30 Zn
are 63.9298 u and
63.9292 u respectively. It can be concluded from these data (a) Y  2Z (b) W  X + Z
that (1997)
(c) W  2Y (d) X  Y + Z
(a) both the isobars are stable
64 64
43. The order of magnitude of density of uranium nucleus is,
(b)  Zn is radioactive, decaying to  Cu through ­decay –27
(mp = 1.67 × 10  kg) (1999)
64 64
(c)  Cu is radioactive, decaying to  Zn through ­decay 20 –3
(a) 10  kg m
64 64
(d)  Cu is radioactive, decaying to  Zn through ­decay. 17 –3
(b) 10  kg m
38. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted from 14 –3
(c) 10  kg m
a surface when photons of energy 6 eV fall on it is 4 eV. The
11 –3
stopping potential is (1997) (d) 10  kg m
22
(a) 2 V (b) 4 V 44. Ne  nucleus,  after  absorbing  energy,  decays  into  two  ­
(c) 6 V (d) 10 V particles and an unknown nucleus. The unknown nucleus
131 131 is (1999)
39. The half­life of  I is 8 days. Given a sample of  I at time t
= 0, we can assert that (1998) (a) nitrogen (b) carbon

(a) no nucleus will decay before t = 4 days (c) boron (d) oxygen

(b) no nucleus will decay before t = 8 days 45. In hydrogen spectrum the wavelength of H line is 656 nm;
(c) all nuclei will decay before t = 16 days whereas  in  the  spectrum  of  a  distant  galaxy  H’   line
wavelength is 706 nm. Estimated speed of galaxy with respect
(d) a given nucleus may decay any time after t = 0.
to earth is (1999)
40. X­rays are produced in an X­ray tube operating at a given 8 7
(a) 2 × 10  m/s (b) 2 × 10  m/s
accelerating voltage. The wavelength of the continuous X­
6 5
ray has values from (1998) (c) 2 × 10  m/s (d) 2 × 10  m/s
MODERN PHYSICS 61

46. A particle of mass M at rest decays into  two particles of 51. Two radioactive materials X1 and X2 have decay constants

masses m1 and m2, having non zero velocities. The ratio of 10  and  respectively. If initially they have the same number
the de Broglie wavelengths of the particles, 1/2is (1999) of nuclei, then the ratio of the number of nuclei of X1 to that
of X2 will be 1/e after a time (2000)
m1 m2
(a)  m (b)  m 1 1
2 1
(a)  10  (b)  11
m2
(c) 1.0 (d)  m 11 1
1 (c)  10  (d)  9 
47. Which of the following is a correct statement ? (1999)
52. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an
(a) Beta rays are the same as cathode rays. excited state to the  ground state.  Which of the following
(b) Gamma rays are high energy neutrons statement is true ? (2000)
(c) Alpha particles are singly ionized helium atoms (a) Its kinetic energy increases and its potential and total
(d) Proton and neutron have exactly the same mass. energy  decreases
48. The half life of a radioactive element X is the same as the (b) Its kinetic energy decreases, potential energy increases
mean life of another radioactive element Y. Initially both of and its total energy remains the same
them have the same number of atoms. Then (1999) (c) Its kinetic and total energy decreases and its potential
(a) X and Y have the same decay rate initially energy  increases

(b) X and Y decay at the same rate always (d) Its kinetic, potential and total energy decreases
53. The electron emitted in beta radiation originates from
(c) Y will decay at a faster rate than X.
(2001)
(d) X will decay at a faster rate than Y.
(a) inner orbits of atoms
49. Electrons with energy 80 KeV are incident on the tungsten target
(b) free electrons existing in nuclei
of an X­ray tube. K shell electrons of tungsten have –72.5 keV
energy X­rays emitted by the tube contain (2000) (c) decay of a neutron in a nucleus

(a) a continuous X­ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with a (d) photon escaping from the nucleus

minimum wavelength of about 0.155 Å. 54. The transition from state n = 4 to n = 3 in a hydrogen like
(b) a continuous X­ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with all atom results in ultraviolet radiaiton. Infrared radiation will
the  wavelengths. be obtained in the transition (2001)

(c) the characteristic X­ray spectrum of tungsten (a) 2  1 (b) 3  2

(d) a continuous X­ray spectrum (Bremsstrahlung) with a (c) 4  2 (d) 5  4

minimum  wavelength  of  about  0.155  Å  and  the 55. The  intensity  of  X­rays  from  a  coolidge  tube  is  plotted
characteristics X­ray spectrum of tungsten. against wavelength  as shown in the figure. The minimum
50. Imagine an atom made up of a proton and a hypothetical particle wavelength found is c and the wavelength of the K line is
of double the mass of the electron but having the same charge k. As the accelerating voltage is increased (2001)
as the electron. Apply the Bohr atom model and consider all
possible transitions of this hypothetical particle to the first
excited level. The longest wavelength photon that will be
emitted has wavelength  (given in terms of the Rydberg
constant R for the hydrogen atom equal to) (2000)

9 36
(a)  (b) 
5R 5R

18 4 (a) k – c increases (b) k – c decreases
(c)  (d) 
5R R (c) k increases (d) k decreases
 MODERN PHYSICS 62

56. A radioactive sample consists of two distinct species having 1
equal number of atoms initially. The mean life of one species (a)  rn  n (b) rn 
n
is  and that of the other is 5. The decay products in both
cases  are  stable. A  plot  is  made  of  the  total  number  of 1
(c)  rn  n 2 (d)  rn 
radioactive  nuclei  as  a  function  of  time.  Which  of  the n2
257
following figure best represents the form of this plot ? 62. If the atom 100Fm  follows the Bohr’s model and the radius
257
of last orbit of 100Fm  is n times the Bohr radius, then find
n
(a) 100 (b) 200 (2003)
(c) 4 (d) 1/4
(a)  (b)
63. The mass m of a uranium nucleus varies with its volume V
as (2003)
1
(a)  m  V (b)  m 
V

(c)  m  V (d)  m  V 2
(c)  (d)  64. A nucleus of mass number 220, initially at rest, emits an ­
particle. If the Q value of the reaction is 5.5 MeV, the energy
of the emitted ­particle will be (2003)
57. The potential difference applied to an X­ray tube is 5 kV and
(a) 4.8 MeV (b) 5.4 MeV
the  current  through  it  is  3.2  mA.  Then  the  number  of
electrons striking the target per second is (2002) (c) 6.0 MeV (d) 6.8 MeV

(a) 2 × 10
16
(b) 5 × 10
16 65. After 280 days, the activity of a radioactive sample is 6000
17 15 dps. The activity reduces to 3000 dps after another 140 days.
(c) 1 × 10 (d) 4 × 10
The initial activity of the sample in dps is : (2004)
2+
58. A  hydrogen  atom  and  a  Li   ion  are  both  in  the  second (a) 6000 (b) 9000
excited state. If lH and lLi are their respective electronic angular
(c) 3000 (d) 24000
momenta, and EH and ELi their respective energies, then
66. The energy of a photon is equal to the kinetic energy of a
(2002)
proton.  The energy of the  photon is E. Let  1 be  the  de­
(a) lH > lLi and |EH| > |ELi| (b) lH = lLi and |EH| < |ELi| Broglie wavelength of the proton and  2 be the wavelength
(c) lH = lLi and |EH| > |ELi| (d) lH < lLi and |EH| < |ELi|
215
1
59. The  half­life  of   At  is  100  s.  The  time  taken  for  the of the photon. The ratio    is proportional to (2004)
215 2
radioactivity of a sample of   At to decay to 1/16th of its
0 1/2
initial value is (2002) (a) E (b) E
–1 –2
(a) 400 s (b) 6.3 s (c) E (d) E
(c) 40 s (d) 300 s 67. The figure show the variation of photocurrent with anode
60. Which  of  the  following  processes  represents  a  gamma­ potential  for  a  photosensitive  surface  for  three  different
decay? (2002) radiations. Let Ia, Ib and Ic be the intensities and fa, fb and fc
be the frequencies for the curves a, b and c respectively
(a)  ZA X +   ZA 1 X + a + b (b)  ZA X +  10 n   ZA  23 X + c

(c)  ZA X   ZA X+ f (d)  ZA X + – 1e   ZA 1 X + g

61. The electric potential between a proton and an electron is

given by  V  V0 n r , where r0 is a constant. Assuming
r0
Bohr’s model to be applicable, write variation of rn with n, n (a) fa = fb and Ia   Ib (b) fa = fc and Ia = Ic
being the principal quantum number. (2003)
(c) fa = fb and Ia = Ib (d) fb = fc and Ib = Ic
MODERN PHYSICS 63

68. A photon collides with a stationary hydrogen atom is ground
state inelastically. Energy of the colliding photon is 10.2 eV.
(c) E   236
92 
U < E  140
56 
Ba  + E   94
36 
Kr  + 2E (n)
After a time interval of the order of micro second another
photon collide with same hydrogen atom inelastically with (d) E   236
92 
U = E  140
56 
Ba  + E   94
36 
Kr  + 2E (n)
an energy of 15 eV. What will be observed by the detector ? 75. Electrons with de­Broglie wavelength  fall on the target in
(a) 2 photons of energy 10.2 eV (2005) an X­ray tube. The cut­off wavelength of the emitted X­ray
(b) 2 photons of energy 1.4 eV is (2007)
(c) One photon of energy 10.2 eV and an electron of energy 2mc 2 2h
1.4 eV (a)   0  (b)   0 
h mc
(d) one photon of energy 10.2 eV and another photon of
energy 1.4 eV 2m 2 c2  2
(c)   0  (d) 0 = 
69. K wavelength emitted by an atom of atomic number Z = 11 h2
is .  Find  the  atomic  number  for  an  atom  that  emits  K
radiation with wavelength 4  (2005) 76. Which  one  of  the  following  statements  is  Wrong  in  the
context of X­rays generated from a X­ray tube ? (2008)
(a) Z = 6 (b) Z = 4
(a) Wavelength of characteristic X­ray decreases when the
(c) Z = 11 (d) Z = 44 atomic number of the target increases.
70. A beam of electron is used in an YDSE experiement. The slit (b) Cut­off wavelength of the continuous X­rays depends
width is d. When the velocity of electron is increased, then on the atomic number of the target
(a) no interference is observed (2005)
(c) Intensity  of  the  characteristic  X­rays  depends  on  the
(b) fringe width increases electric power given to the X­rays tube
(c) fringe width decreases (d) Cut­off wavelength of the continuous X­rays depends
(d) fringe width remains same. on the energy of the electrons in the X­ray tube.
71. If a star can convert all the He nuclei completely into oxygen 77. A radioactive sample S1 having an activity of 5 Ci has twice
nuclei. The energy released per oxygen nuclei is : the  number  of  nuclei  as  another  sample  S2  which  has  an
(Mass of the helium  nucleus is 4.0026 amu and mass of activity 10 Ci. The half lives of S1 and S2 can be (2008)
oxygen nucleus is 15.9994 amu) (2005) (a) 20 years and 5 years, respectively
(a) 7.6 MeV (b) 56.12 MeV (b) 20 years and 10 years, respectively
(c) 10.24 MeV (d) 23.4 MeV (c) 10 years each
72. Half­life  of  a  radioactive  substance A  is  4  days.  The (d) 5 years each
probability that a nucleus will decay in two half­lives is : 78. Photoelectric effect experiments are performed using three
different metal plates p, q, and r having work function p =
1 3
(a)  (b)  (2006) 2.0 eV. q = 2.5 eV and r = 3.0 eV, respectively. A light beam
4 4
containing wavelengths of 550 nm, 450 nm and 350 nm with
1 equal intensities illuminates each of the plates. The correct
(c)  (d) 1 I­V graph for the experiment is (2009)
2
73. The  largest  wavelength  in  the  ultraviolet  region  of  the
hydrogen spectrum is 122 nm. The smallest wavelength in
the infrared region of the hydrogen spectrum (to the nearest
integer) is (2007) (a)  (b) 
(a) 802 nm (b) 823 nm
(c) 1882 nm (d) 1648 nm
74. In  the  options  given  below,  let  E  denote  the  rest  mass
energy of a nucleus and n a neutron. The correct option is
(2007)

(a) E   236
92 
U > E  137
53 
I  + E   97
39 
Y  + 2E (n) (c)  (d) 

(b) E   236
92 
U < E  137
53 
I  + E   97
39 
Y  + 2E (n)
 MODERN PHYSICS 64

79. The Wavelength of the first spectral line in the Blamer series energies of the products are denoted by KXe, KSr, Kx (2

of hydrogen atom is 6561 Å. The wavelength of the second MeV)  and  Ky  (2  MeV),  respectively.  Let  the  binding
spectral line in the Balmer series of singly ionized helium 236 140 94
energies  per  nucleon  of  92 U, 54 Xe and 38Sr   be  7.5
atom is (2011)
MeV, 8.5 MeV and 8.5 MeV, respectively. Considering
(a) 1215 Å (b) 1640 Å
different conservation laws, the correct option(s) is(are)
(c) 2430 Å (d) 4687 Å (2015)
80. Match List I of the nuclear process with List II containing (a) x = n, y = n, KSr = 129 MeV, KXe = 86 MeV
parent nucleus and one of the end products of each process
(b) x = p, y = e, KSr = 129 MeV, KXe = 86 MeV
and  then  select the  correct  answer using the  codes given
(c) x = p, y = n, KSr = 129 MeV, KXe = 86 MeV
below the lists. (2013)
List I List II (d) x = n, y = n, KSr = 86 MeV, KXe = 129 MeV

15
84. An accident in a nuclear laboratory resulted in deposition
P. Alpha  decay 1. 8 O  17
7 N  ... of a certain amount of radioactive material of half­life 18
238 days  inside  the  laboratory.  Tests  revealed  that  the
Q.   decay
+
2. 92 U  234
90 Th  ...
radiation was 64 times more than the permissible level
185 required for safe operation of the laboratory. What is the
R. Fission 3. 83 Bi  184
82 Pb  ...
minimum number of days after which the laboratory can
239 be considered safe for use? (2016)
S. Proton emission 4. 94 Pu  140
57 La  ...
(a) 64 (b) 90
Code :
(c) 108 (d) 120
P Q R S
85. The  electrostatic  energy  of  Z  protons  uniformly
(a) 4 2 1 3
distributed throughout a spherical nucleus of radius R is
(b) 1 3 2 4
given by
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 4 3 2 1 3Z(Z  1)e2
E
81. If Cu is the wavelength of K X­ray line of copper (atomic 5 4  0 R
number  29)  and   Mo  is  the  wavelength  of  the
K X­ray line of molybdenum (atomic number 42), then the 15
The measured masses of the neutron,  11 H ,  15
7
N  and  8 O
ratio Cu/Mo is close to (2014)
are 1.008665 u, 1.007825 u, 15.000109 u and 15.003065 u,
(a) 1.99 (b) 2.14
15
(c) 0.50 (d) 0.48 respectively. Given that the radii of both the  7 N  and
82. A metal  surface is illuminated by light of two different 15
8
O  nuclei are same, 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2 (c is the speed of
wavelengths 248 nm and 310 nm. The maximum speeds of
the  photoelectrons  corresponding  to  these  wavelengths light) and e2/(4 0) = 1.44 MeV fm. Assuming that the
are u1 and u2 respectively. If the ratio u1:u2 =2:1 and hc = difference between the binding energies of  15 N  and  158 O
7
1240 eV nm, the work function of the metal is nearly(2014)
is purely due  to the  electrostatic  energy. The  radius  of
(a) 3.7 eV (b) 3.2 eV either of the nuclei is
(c) 2.8 eV (d) 2.5 eV
(1 fm = 10–15m) (2016)
83. A  fission  reaction  is  given  by
(a) 2.85 fm (b) 3.03 fm
236 140 94
92 U  54 Xe  38 Sr  x  y,  where x and  y are two (c) 3.42 fm (d) 3.80 fm

236
particles.  Considering  92 U   to  be  at  rest,  the  kinetic
MODERN PHYSICS 65

86. Light of wavelength ph falls on a cathode plate inside a
3d 3d
vacuum tube as shown in the figure. The work function (a)  (b) 
2
of the cathode surface is  and the anode is a wire mesh of  
conducting material kept at a distance d from the cathode.
A  potential  difference  V  is  maintained  between  the 2d d
(c)  2 (d) 
electrodes. If the minimum de Broglie wavelength of the  
electrons passing through the anode is e, which of the
following statement(s) is(are) true? (2016) ASSERTION REASON
(A) If Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true; Statement­II is
the correct explanation for Statement­I.
(B) If Statement­I is true, Statement­II is true; Statement­II is
not a correct explanation for Statement­I.
(C) If Statement I is true; Statement­II is false.
(D) If Statement­I is false; Statement­II is true.
89. Statement-1 : If the accelerating potential in an X­ray tube
is increased, the wavelengths of the characteristic X­ray do
(a) e increases at the same rate as ph for ph < hc/ not  change.
(b)  For  large  potential  difference  (V  >>  /e),  e  is
Statement-2 : When an electron beam strikes the target in
approximately halved if V is made four times
an X­ray tube, part of the kinetic energy is converted into
(c) e is approximately halved, if d is doubled X­ray energy. (2007)
(d) e decreases with increase in  and ph
(a) A (b) B
87. In a historical experiment to determine Planck’s constant,
a  metal  surface  was  irradiated  with  light  of  different (c) C (d) D
wavelengths.  The  emitted  photoelectron  energies  were Passage - 1
measured by applying a stopping potential. The relevant + +
In a mixture of H – He  gas (He  is singly ionized He atom),
data  for  the  wavelength  ()  of  incident  light  and  the +
corresponding stopping potential (V0) are given below : H atoms and He  ions are excited to their respective first
excited  states.  Subsequently,  H  atoms  transfer  their  total
 (µm) V0 (Volt) +
excitation energy to He  ions (by collisions). Assume that
0.3 2.0
the Bohr model of atom is exactly valid.
0.4 1.0 +
90. The quantum number n of the state finally populated in He
0.5 0.4 ions is (2008)
Given that c = 3 × 10  m s  and e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, Planck’s
8 –1
(a) 2 (b) 3
constant (in units of J s) found from such an experiment
is (2016) (c) 4 (d) 5
+
(a) 6.0 × 10–34 (b) 6.4 × 10–34 91. The wavelength of light emitted in the visible region by He
(c) 6.6 × 10–34 (d) 6.8 × 10–34 ions after collisions with H atoms is (2008)
–7 –7
88. A  photoelectric  material  having  work­function 0 is (a) 6.5 × 10  m (b) 5.6 × 10  m
–7 –7
(c) 4.8 × 10  m (d) 4.0 × 10  m
 hc 
illuminated with light of wavelength       .  The 92. The ratio of the kinetic energy of the n = 2 electron for the H
 0  +
atom to that of He  ion is : (2008)
fastest photoelectron has a de Broglie wavelength  d . A
A (a) 1/4 (b) 1/2
change in wavelength of the incident light by  results
(c) 1 (d) 2
d
in a change d. Then the ratio  is proportional to :

(2017)
 MODERN PHYSICS 66

PASSAGE - 2 t0 before the particles fly away from the core. If n is the density
When a particle is restricted to move along x­axis between (number/volume)  of  deuterons,  the  product  nt0  is  called
x = 0 and x = a, where a is of nanometre dimension, its energy Lawson number. In one of the criteria, a reactor is termed
14 3
can take only certain specific values. The allowed energies successful if Lawson number is greater than 5 × 10  s/cm .
of the particle moving in such a restricted region, correspond It may be helpful to use the following : Boltzmann constant
to the formation of standing waves with nodes at its ends
x = 0 and x = a. The wavelength of this standing wave is –5
e2 –9
related to the linear momentum p of the particle according to k = 8.6 × 10  eV/k ;  = 1.44 × 10  eVm. (2009)
40
the de Broglie relation. The energy of the particle of mass m
96. In the core of nuclear fusion reactor, the gas becomes plasma
p2 because  of
is related to its linear momentum as E  =  .  Thus,  the
2m
(a) strong nuclear force acting between the deuterons
energy of the particle can be denoted by a quantum number
(b) Coulomb force acting between the deuterons
‘n’ taking values 1, 2, 3, .... (n = 1, called the ground state)
corresponding to the number of loops in the standing wave. (c) Coulomb force acting between deuteron­electron pairs
Use  the  model  described  above  to  answer  the  following (d) the high temperature maintained inside the reactor core.
three questions for a particle moving in the line x = 0 to x = a. 97. Assume that two deuteron nuclei in the core of fusion reactor
–34 –19
Take h = 6.6 × 10  J s and e = 1.6 × 10  C. (2009) at temperature T are moving towards each other, each with
93. The allowed energy for the particle for a particular value of kinetic energy 1.5 kT, when the separation between them is
n is proportional to large  enough  to  neglect  Coulomb  potential  energy. Also
–2 –3/2 neglect any interaction from other particles in the core. The
(a) a (b) a
–1 2
minimum  temperature  T  required  for  them  to  reach  a
(c) a (d) a –15
separation of 4 × 10  m is in the range
–30
94. If the mass of the particle is m = 1.0 × 10  kg and a = 6.6 nm, 9 9
(a) 1.0 × 10  K < T < 2.0 × 10  K
the energy of the particle in its ground state is closest to 9 9
(b) 2.0 × 10  K < T < 3.0 × 10  K
(a) 0.8 meV (b) 8 meV 9 9
(c) 3.0 × 10  K < T < 4.0 × 10  K
(c) 80 meV (d) 800 meV 9 9
(d) 4.0 × 10  K < T < 5.0 × 10  K
95. The speed of the particle, that can take discrete values is 98. Results of calculations for four different designs of a fusion
proportional to reactor using D­D reaction are given below. Which of these
–3/2 –1
(a) n (b) n is most promising based on Lawson criterion ?
12 –3
(c) n
1/2
(d) n (a) deuteron density = 2.0 × 10  cm , confinement time
–3
= 5.0 × 10  s
PASSAGE - 3 14 –3
(b) deuteron density = 8.0 × 10  cm , confinement time
–1
Scientists are working hard to develop nuclear fusion reactor. = 9.0 × 10  s
2
Nuclei  of  heavy  hydrogen,  1H,  known  as  deuteron  and 23 –3
(c) deuteron denisty = 4.0 × 10  cm , confinement time
denoted by D, can be thought of as a candidate for fusion –11
= 1.0 × 10  s
24 –3
reactor. The D­D reaction is  12 H  12 H  32 He  n   energy.. (d) deuteron density = 1.0 × 10  cm , confinement time
–12
=4.0 × 10  s
In the core of fusion reactor,  a gas of heavy hydrogen is
fully  ionized  into  deuteron  nuclei  and  electrons.  This PASSAGE - 4

collection of  12 H  nuclei and electrons is known as plasma. The key feature of Bohr’s theory of spectrum of hydrogen

atom  is  the  quantization  of  angular  momentum  when  an
The  nuclei  move  randomly  in  the  reactor  core  and
electron is revolving around a proton. We will extend this to
occasionally come close enough for nuclear fusion to take
a  general  rotational  motion  to  find  quantized  rotational
place. Usually, the temperatures in the reactor core are too
energy of a diatomic molecule assuming it to be rigid. The
high and no material wall can be used to confine the plasma.
rule to be applied is Bohr’s quantization condition.    (2010)
Special techniques are used to confine the plasma for a time
MODERN PHYSICS 67
2
99. A diatomic molecule has moment of interia I. By Bohr’s 102. If the anti­neutrion had a mass of 3 eV/c  (where c is the
th
quantization condition its rotational energy in the n  level speed  of  light)  instead  of  zero  mass,  what  should  be  the
(n = 0 is not allowed) is range of the kinetic energy K, of the electron ?
6
(a) 0 < K < 0.8 × 10  eV
1  h2  1  h2 
6
(a)  2  2  (b)  n  2  (b) 3.0 eV < K < 0.8 × 10  eV
n  8 I   8 I  6
(c) 3.0 eV < K < 0.8 × 10  eV
6
 h2  2 h
2
 (d) 0 < K < 0.8 × 10  eV
(c)  n  2  (d)  n  2 
 8 I   8 I  103. What is the maximum energy of the anti­neutrino ?
6
100. It is found that the excitation frequency from ground to the (a) Zero (b) Much less than 0.8 × 10  eV
6
first excited state of rotation for the CO molecule is close to (c) Nearly 0.8 × 10  eV (d) Much larger than 0.8×106 eV
PASSAGE - 6
4 11
 × 10  Hz. Then the moment of inertia of CO molecule
 The mass of a nucleus  A
Z X  is less that the sum of the masses
–34
about its centre of mass is close to (Take h = 2 × 10  Js) of (A – Z) number of neutrons and Z number of protons in
–46
(a) 2.76 × 10  kg m
2 –46
(b) 1.87 × 10  kg m
2 the  nucleus.  The  energy  equivalent  to  the  corresponding
–47 2 –47 2 mass difference is know as the binding energy of the nucleus.
(c) 4.67 × 10  kg m (d) 1.17 × 10  kg m
A heavy nucleus of mass M can break into two light nuclei
101. In a CO molecule, the distance between C (mass = 12 a.m.u) of masses m1 and m2 only if (m1 + m2) < M. Also two light
5 nuclei of mass m3 and m4 can undergo complete fusion and
–27
and O (mass = 16 a.m.u.), where 1 a.m.u. =   × 10  kg, is form a heavy nucleus of mass M’ only if (m3 + m4) > M’. The
3
masses of some neutral atoms are given in the table below :
close to
1 2
–10 –10 1H 1.007825 u 1H 2.014102 u
(a) 2.4 × 10  m (b) 1.9 × 10  m
–10 –11 6 7
(c) 1.3 × 10  m (d) 4.4 × 10  m 3 Li 6.01513 u 3 Li 7.016004 u
PASSAGE - 5 152
151.919803 u 206
205.974455 u
64 Gd 82 Pb
The ­decay process, discovered around 1900, is basically
3 4
1H 3.016050 u 2 He 4.002603 u
the decay of a neutron (n). In the laboratory, a proton (p)
–
and the electron (e ) are observed as the decay products of 70
69.925325 u 82
81.916709 u
30 Zn 34 Se
the neutron. Therefore, considering the decay of a neutron
209 210
as a two­body decay process, it was predicted theoretically 83 Bi 208.980388 u 84 Po 209.982876 u
that the kinetic energy of the electron should be a constant. 104. The correct statement is : (2013)
But experimentally, it was observed that the electron kinetic
(a) the nucleus  36 Li  can emit and alpha particle
energy  has  a  continuous  spectrum.  Considering  a  three
210
–
decays process, i.e., n  p + e  +  ve , around 1930, Pauli (b) The nucleus  84 Po can emit a proton
explained the observed electron energy spectrum. Assuming (c) Deuteron and alpha particle can undergo complete fusion
70
the  anti­neutrino  ( ve )  to  be  massless  and  possessing (d) The nuclei  30 Zn  and  82
34 Se  can undergo complete fusion

negligible energy, and the neutron to be at rest, momentum 105. The kinetic energy (in KeV) of the alpha particle, when the

and energy conservation principles are applied. From this 210
nucleus  84 Po  at rest undergoes alpha decay, is (2013)
calculation, the maximum kinetic energy of the electron is
6
0.8 × 10  eV. The kinetic energy carried by the proton is only (a) 5319 (b) 5422
the recoil energy. (2012) (c) 5707 (d) 5818
 MODERN PHYSICS 68

Objective Questions (One of more correct option) 112. When a monochromatic source of light is at a distance of

0.2 m from a photoelectric cell, the cut­off voltage and the
106. The threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission from
saturation current are respectively 0.6 V and 18 mA. If the
a material is 5200 Å. Photoelectrons will be emitted when
this material is illuminated with monochromatic radiation same source is placed 0.6 m away from the cell, then (1992)
from a (1982) (a) the stopping potential will be 0.2 V
(a) 50 watt infrared lamp (b) 1 watt infrared lamp (b) the stopping potential will be 0.6 V
(c) 50 watt ultraviolet lamp (d) 1 watt ultraviolet lamp (c) the saturation current will be 0.6 mA
107. Pick the possible nuclear fusion reaction from the following: (d) the saturation current will be 2.0 mA
13 1 14
(a)  C  C  C  4.3MeV
6 1 6
(1984) 113. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct ? (1994)

(b)  12 1 13 (a) The rest mass of a stable nucleus is less than the sum of
6 C  1C  7 N  2 MeV
the rest masses of its separated nucleons
(c)  14 1 15
7 N  1 H  8 O  7 MeV (b) The rest mass of a stable nucleus is greater than the sum
of the rest masses of its separated nucleons
235
(d)  92 U  10 n  140 94 1
54 Xe  38Sr  2(0 n)  200 MeV
(c) In nuclear fission, energy is released by fusing two nuclei
108. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (1984) of medium mass (approximately 100 amu)
2
(a) the radius of the nth orbit is proportional to n (d) In nuclear fission, energy is released by fragmentation
(b) the  total  energy  of  the  electron  in  the  nth  orbit  is of a very heavy nucleus
proportional to n 114. When  photons  of  energy  4.25  eV  strike  the  surface  of  a
(c) the magnitude of the potential energy of the electron in metal A, the ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic
any orbit is greater than its kinetic energy energy KA (in eV) and de Broglie wavelength A. When
(d) the angular momentum of the electron in an orbit is an photons  of  energy  4.70  eV  strike  another  metal  B,  the
integral multiple of h/2. ejected photoelectrons have maximum kinetic energy (in eV)
109. The mass number of a nucleus is (1986) KB = (KA – 1.50) and de Broglie wavelength B. If B = 2 A,
(a) always less than its atomic number then (1994)
(b) always more than its atomic number (a) the work function of A is 2.25 eV
(c) sometimes equal to its atomic number
(b) the work function of B is 4.20 eV
(d) sometimes more than and sometimes equal to its atomic
number (c) KA = 2.00 eV

110. Photoelectric  effect  supports  quantum  nature  of  light (d) KB = 2.75 eV

because (1987) 115. Let mp be the mass of a proton mn the mass of a neutron, M1
(a) there is a minimum frequency of light below which no 20 40
the  mass  of  10 Ne   nucleus  and  M2  the  mass  of  20 Ca
photoelectrons are emitted
(b) the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends nucleus.  Then (1998)
only on the frequency of light and not on its intensity (a) M2 = 2M1 (b) M2 > 2M1
(c) even when the metal surface is faintly illuminated, the (c) M2 < 2M1 (d) M1 < 10(mp + mn)
photoelectrons leave the surface immediately
116. The electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition n1  n2
(d) electric charge of the photoelectrons is quantized. where n1 and n2 are the principal quantum numbers of the
111. The  potential  difference  applied  to  an  X­ray  tube  is states. The time period of the electron in the initial state is 8
increased. As a result, in the emitted radiation (1988) times that in the final state. Assuming the Bohr model to be
(a) the intensity increases valid, the possible values of n1 and n2 are (1998)
(b) the minimum wavelength increases (a) n1 = 4, n2 = 2 (b) n1 = 8, n2 = 2
(c) the intensity remains unchanged
(c) n1 = 8, n1 = 1 (d) n1 = 6, n2 = 3
(d) the minimum wavelength decreases
 MODERN PHYSICS 69

117. The graph between 1/ and stopping potential (V) of three 120. The  radius  of  the  orbit  of  an  electon  in  a  Hydrogen­like
metals having work functions 1, 2 and 3 in an experiment atom is 4.5 a0 where a0 is the Bohr radius. Its orbital angular
of  photoelectric  effect  is  plotted  as  shown  in  the  figure.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? (Here  3h
momentum is  . It is given that h is Planck constant and
is the wavelength of the incident ray). (2006) 2
R is Rydberg constant. The possible wavelength(s), when
the atom de­excites, is (are) (2013)
9 9
(a) 32 R (b)  16 R

9 4
(a) Ratio of work functions 1 : 2 : 3 = 1 : 2 : 4 (c)  5R (d)  3R
(b) Ratio of work functions 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 2 : 1
(c) tan  is directly proportional to hc/e, where h is Plank’s 121. Planck’s  constant  h,  speed  of  light  c  and  gravitational
constant and c is the speed of light. constant G are used to form a unit of length L and a unit of
(d)  The violet  colour  light can eject  photoelectrons from mass M. Then the correct option(s) is (are) (2015)
metals 2 and 3. (a)  M  c (b)  M  G
118. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between
the  two  slits  is  d  and  the  wavelenght  of  the  light  .  The (c)  L  h (d)  L  G
intensity of light falling on slit 1 is four times the intensity of
122. For photo­electric effect with incident photon wavelength
light falling on slit 2. Choose the correct choice(s). (2008)
,  the  stopping  potential  is  V 0.  Identify  the  correct
(a) If d = , the screen will contain only one maximum variation(s) of V0 with  and 1/. (2015)
(b) If  < d < 2, at least one more maximum (besides the
central maximum) will be observed on the screen
(c) If the intensity of light falling on slit 1 is reduced so that
it becomes equal to that of slit 2, the intensities of the
observed dark and bright fringes will increase. (a)  (b) 
(d) If the intensity of light falling on slit 2 is increased so
that it becomes equal to that of slit 1, the intensities of
the observed dark and bright fringes will increase.
119. Assume that the nuclear binding energy per nucleon (B/A)
versus mass number is as shown in the figure. Use this plot
to choose the correct choice (s) given below. [2008] (c)  (d) 
B/A

8 123. Highly excited states for hydrogen­like atoms (also called
6 Rydberg states) with nuclear charge Ze are defined by their
4
principal quantum number n,  where n>>1. Which of the
2
following statement(s) is (are) true? (2016)
0 A
100 200 (a) Relative change in the radii of two consecutive orbitals
(a) Fusion  of  two  nuclei  with  mass  numbers  lying  in  the does not depend on Z
range of 1 < A < 50 will release energy
(b) Fusion  of  two  nuclei  with  mass  numbers  lying  in  the (b) Relative change in the radii of two consecutive orbitals
range of 51 < A < 100 will release energy varies as 1/n
(c) Fission of a nucleus lying in the mass number range of (c)  Relative  change  in  the  energy  of  two  consecutive
100 < A < 200 will release energy when broken into equal orbitals varies as 1/n3
fragments
(d)  Relative  change  in  the  angular  momenta  of  two
(d) Fission of a nucleus lying in the mass number range of
consecutive orbitals varies as 1/n
200 < A < 260 will release energy when broken into equal
fragments.
 MODERN PHYSICS 70

124 In  a  radioactive  decay  chain 

232
90 Th   nucleus  decays  to INTEGER TYPE QUESTION
212
128. A single electron orbits around a stationary nucleus of charge
82 Pb nucleus. Let  N  and  N  be the number of  and –
+Ze. Where Z is a constant and e is the magnitude of the
particles, respectively, emitted in this decay process. Which electronic charge. It requires 47.2 eV to excite the electron
of the following statements is(are) true : (2018)
from the second Bohr orbit to the third Bohr orbit: (1981)
(a)  N  = 5 (b)  N  = 6 Find :
(c)   N  = 2 (d)  N  = 4 (a) the value of Z.
Match the Column (b) the energy required to excite the electron from the third
125. Some laws/process are given in Column I. Match these with to the fourth Bohr orbit.
the physical phenomena given in Column II. (2006) (c) the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation required
Column I Column II to remove the electron from the first Bohr orbit to infinity.
(A) Nuclear fusion (P) Converts some matter into
(d)  the  kinetic  energy,  potential  energy  and  the  angular
energy
momentum of the electron in the first Bohr orbit.
(B) Nuclear fission (Q) Generally possible for nuclei
with low atomic number (e) the radius of the first Bohr orbit.
(C) ­decay (R) Generally possible for nuclei (The ionization energy of hydrogen atom = 13.6 eV, Bohr
–11  8
with higher atomic number radius = 5.3 × 10 m, velocity of light = 3 × 10  m/s. Planks’
–34
(D) Exothermic nuclear (S) Essentially proceeds by weak constant = 6.6 × 10  J­s).
reaction nuclear forces 129. Hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by means of
126. Some laws/processes are given in Column I. Match these monochromatic radiation of wavelength 975 Å. How many
with the physical phenomena given in Column II  (2007) different lines are possible in the resulting spectrum ? The
Column I Column II ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. (1982)
(A) Transition between (P) Characteristic X­rays 130. How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there in a
two atomic energy levels nucleus of atomic number 11 and mass number 24 ?(1982)
(B) Electron emission from (Q) Photoelectric effect
(a) Number of electrons =
a material
(C) Mosley’s law (R) Hydrogen spectrum (b) Number of protons =
(D) Change of photon (S) ­decay (c) Number of neutrons =
energy into kinetic energy 131. Ultraviolet light of wavelengths 830 Å and 700 Å when
of electrons allowed to fall on hydrogen atoms in their ground state is
127. Match  the  nuclear  process  given  in  column  I  with  the found to liberate electrons with kinetic energies 1.8 eV
appropriate option(s) in column II. (2015) and 4.0 eV respectively. Find the value of the planck’s
Column–I Column–II constant. (1983)
(A) Nuclear fusion (P)  Absorption of thermal
132. The ionization energy of a hydrogen like Bohr atom is 4
235
neutrons  by  92 U rydbergs.

60
(a) What is the wavelength of radiation emitted when the
(B) Fission in a nuclear reactor (Q)  27 Co  nucleus
electron jumps from the first excited state to the ground
(C) decay (R) Energy production in state ?
stars via  hydrogen (b) What is the radius of the first orbit of this atom ? Given
conversion to helium –11
that the Bohr radius of hydrogen atom = 5 × 10  m and
(D) ray emission (S)  Heavy Water 1 rydberg = 2.2 × 10  J
–18
(1984)
(T)  Neutrino emission
MODERN PHYSICS
133. A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen­like with atomic
number 3. (1985)
(a) Find the wavelength of the radiation required to excite
2+
the electron in Li  from the first to the third Bohr orbit.
(Ionisation  energy  of  the  hydrogen  atom  equals  13.6
eV.)
(b) How many spectral lines are observed in the emission
spectrum of the above excited system ?
134. There is a steam of neutrons with a kinetic energy of 0.0327eV.
If the half­life of neutrons is 700 s, what fraction of neutrons
will decay before they travel a distance of 10 m ? (1986)
135. A particle of charge equal to that of an electron and mass
208 times the mass of electron (called a mumeson) moves in
a circular orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e. (Take the
mass of the nucleus to be infinite). Assuming the Bohr model
of the atom to be applicable to this system. (1988)
(a) derive an expression for the radius of the nth Bohr­orbit,
(b) find the value of n for which the radius of the orbit is
approximately the same as that of the first Bohr orbit for
the hydrogen atom, and
(c) find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when the ­
meson  jumps  from  the  third  orbit  to  the  first  orbit.
7 –1
(Rydberg’s constant = 1.097 × 10  m )
136. A beam of light has there wavelength 4144 Å, 4972 Å and
–3
6216 Å with a total intensity of 3.6 × 10  equally distributed
amongst the three wavelengths. The beam falls normally on
2
an area 1.0 cm  of a clean metallic surface of work function
2.3 eV. Assume that there is no loss of light by reflection and
that each energetically capable photon ejects one electron.
Calculate  the  number  of  photoelectrons  liberated  in  two
seconds. (1989)
137. A gas of identical hydrogen­like atoms has some atoms in
the  lowest  (ground)  energy  level A  and  some  atoms  in  a
particular upper (excited) energy level B and there are no
atoms in any other energy level. The atoms of the gas make
transition  to  a  higher  energy  level  by  absorbing
monochromatic light of photon energy 2.7 eV. Subsequently,
the  atoms  emit  radiation  of  only  six  different  photon
energies. Some of the emitted photons have energy 2.7 eV,
some have energy more and some have less than 2.7 eV.
(i) Find the principal quantum number of the initially excited
level B.
71
(ii) Find the ionization energy for the gas atoms.
(iii) Find the maximum and minimum energies of radiations
emitted. (1989)
138. Electrons in hydrogen­like atom (Z = 3) make transitions
from the fifth to the fourth orbit and from the fourth to the
third orbit. The resulting radiations are incident normally on
a  metal  plate  and  eject  photoelectrons.  The  stopping
potential  for  the  photoelectrons  ejected  by  the  shorter
wavelength is 3.95 V. Calculate  the work function of the
metal,  and  the  stopping  potential  for  the  photoelectrons
ejected by  the longer wavelength  (Rydberg’s constant
7 –1
= 1.094 × 10  m ) (1990)
139. It is proposed to use the nuclear fusion reaction :
2 2
1 H 1H  24 He
in a nuclear reactor 200 MW rating. If the energy from the
above reaction is used with a 25 per cent efficiency in the
reactor, how many grams of deuterium fuel will be needed
per day ? (The mass of  12 H  and  42 He  are 2.0141 atomic mass
units and 4.0026 atomic mass units respectively.) (1990)
140. A monochromic point source S radiating wavelength 6000
Å, with power 2 W, an aperture A diameter 0.1 m and a large
screen SC are placed as shown in figure. A photoemissive
2
detector D of surface area 0.5 cm  is placed at the centre of the
screen. The efficiency of the detector for the photoelectron
generation per incident photon is 0.9. (1991)
(a) Calculate the photon flux at the centre of the screen and
the photocurrent in the detector.
(b) If the concave lens L of focal length 0.6 m is inserted in
the aperature as shown, find the new values of photon
flux  and  photocurrent. Assume  a  uniform  average
transmission of 80% from the lens.
(c) If the work function of the photoemissive surface is 1eV,
calculate the values of the stopping potential in the two
cases (without and with the lens in the aperture).
 MODERN PHYSICS
141. A  nucleus  X,  initially  a  rest,  undergoes  alpha­decay
A
according to the equation,  92 X  228
Z Y
(a) Find the values of A and Z in the above process.
(b)  The  alpha  particle  produced  in  the  above  process  is
found to move in a circular track of radius 0.11 m in a
uniform magnetic field of 3 tesla. Find the energy
(in MeV) released during the process.
Given that :
m(Y) = 228.03 u ; m  n   = 1.009 u
1
0
m   4
2   
He  = 4.003 u ; m  11 H  = 1.008 u (1991)
142. Light  from  a  discharge  tube  containing  hydrogen  atoms
falls on the surface of a piece of sodium. The kinetic energy
of the fasters photoelectrons emitted from sodium is 0.73
eV. The work function for sodium is 1.82 eV. (1992)
Find :
(a) the  energy  of  the  photons  causing  the  photoelectrons
emission.
(b) the quantum number of the two levels involved in the
emission of these photons.
(c) the change in the angular momentum of the electron in
the hydrogen atom, in the above transition, and
(d) the recoil speed of the emitting atom assuming it to be at
rest  before  the  transition.  (Ionization  potential  of
hydrogen is 13.6 eV.)
143. A neutron of kinetic energy 65 eV collides inelastically with
a  singly ionized helium atom at  rest. It  is scattered  at  an
angle of 90° with respect of its original direction. (1993)
(a) Find the allowed values of the energy of the neutron and
that of the atom after the collision.
(b)  If  the  atom  gets  de­excited  subsequently  by  emitting
radiation, find the frequencies of the emitted radiation.
[Given : Mass of He atom = 4 × (mass of neutrons)
Ionization energy of H atom = 13.6 eV].
144. A small quantity of solution containing 24Na radio­nuclide
(half life 15 hours) of activity 1.0 microcurie is injected into
the blood of a person. A sample of the blood of volume 1 cm
3 The masses involved in decay are as shown :
taken after 5 hours shows an activity of 296 disintegrations
per minute. Determine the total volume of blood in the body
of the person. Assume that the radioactive solution mixes
10
uniformly in the blood of the person. (1 curie = 3.7 × 10
disintegrations per  second) (1994)
72
145. A hydrogen­like atom of atomic number Z is in an excited
state of quantum number n = 6. This excited atom makes a
transition to the first excited state by successively emitting
two photons of energies 10.20 eV and 17.00 eV respectively.
Find the value of Z.The ionization energy of hydrogen is
13.6 eV. (1994)
146. In a photoelectric effect set­up a point of light of power
–3
3.2 × 10  W emits monoenergetic photons of energy 5.0 eV.
The source is located at a distance of 0.8 from the centre of
a stationary metallic sphere of work function 3.0 eV and of
–3
radius 8.0 × 10  m. The efficiency of photoelectrons emission
6
is one for every 10  incident photons. Assume that the sphere
is isolated and initially netural and that photoelectrons are
instantly swept away after emission. (1995)
(a) Calculate the number of photoelectrons emitted per second.
(b) Find the ratio of the wavelength of incident light to the
de­Broglie wavelength of the fastest photoelectrons emitted.
(c) It is observed that the photoelectrons emission stops at
a certain time t after the light source is switched on why ?
(d) Evaluate the time t.
147. An electron in a hydrogen like atom is in an excited state. It
has a total energy of –3.4 eV. Calculate. (1996)
(a) the kinetic  energy
(b) the de­Broglie wavelength of the electron.
148. At  a  given  instant  there  are  25%  undecayed  radioactive
nuclei in a sample. After 10s the number of undecayed nuclei
reduces to 12.5%. Calculate (1996)
(a) mean life of the nuclei,
(b) the time in which the number of undecayed nuclei will
further reduce to 6.25% to the reduced number.
149. Assume that the de­Broglie wave associated with an electron
can form a standing wave between the atoms arranged in a
one  dimensional  array  with  nodes  at  each  of  the  atomic
sites. It is found that one such standing wave is formed if
the  distance  d  between  the  atoms  of  the  array  is  2Å. A
similartanding wave is again formed if d is increased to 2.5 Å
but not for any intermediate value of d. Find the energy of the
electron in eV and the least value of d for which the standing
wave of the type described above can form. (1997)
248 13
150. The element curim  96 Cm  has a mean life of 10  s. It primary
decay  modes  are  spontaneous  fission  and  ­decay,  the
former  with  a  probability  of  8%  and  the  latter  with  a
probability of 92%, each fission releases 200 MeV of energy.
(1997)
248
96 Cm  248.072220 u,
244
94 Pu = 244.064100 u and  42 He  = 4.002603 u. Calculate the
20
power output from a sample of 10  Cm atoms.
2
(1 u = 931 MeV/c )
MODERN PHYSICS
151. Nuclei of a radioative element A are being produced at a
constant  rate  .  The  element  has  a  decay  constant  . At
time t = 0, there are N0 nuclei of the element. (1998)
(a) Calculate the number N of nuclei of A at time t.
(b) If  = 2N0, calculate the number of nuclei of A after one
half­life of A and also the limiting value of N as t .
152. Photoelectrons are emitted when 400 nm radiation is incident
on a surface of work function 1.9 eV. These photoelectrons
pass through a region containing ­particles. A maximum
+ atom = –13.6 eV)
energy electron combines with an ­particle to form a He
+
ion, emitting a single photon in this process. He  ions thus
formed are in their fourth excited state. Find the energies in
eV of the photons lying in the 2 to 4 eV range, that are likely
to be emitted during and after the combination. (1999)
–15
[Take h = 4.14 × 10  eV­s]
153. A hydrogen like atom of atomic number Z is an excited state
of quantum number 2n. It can emit a maximum energy photon of
204 eV. If it makes a transition to quantum state n, a photon
of energy 40.8 eV is emitted. Find, n, Z and the ground state energy
(in eV) of this atom. Also calculate the minimum energy (in
eV) that can be emitted by this atom during de­excitation.
Ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. (2000)
2
154. When a beam of 10.6 eV photons of intensity 2.0 W/m
–4 2
falls on a platinum surface of area 1.0 × 10  m  and work
function  5.6  eV.  0.53%  of  the  incident  photons  eject
photoelectrons. Find the number of photoelectrons emitted per
second and their minimum and maximum energies (in eV).
–19
Take 1 eV = 1.6 × 10  J. (2000)
235
155. In nuclear reactor  U undergoes fission liberating 200 MeV
of energy. The reactor has a 10% efficiency and produces
1000 MW power. If the reactor is to function for 10 years,
find the total mass of uranium required. (2001)
156. A nucleus at rest undergoes a decay emitting an ­particle
–15
of de­Broglie wavelength,  = 5.76 × 10  m. If the mass of
the daughter nucleus is 223.610 amu and that of the ­particle
is 4.002 amu. Determine the total kinetic energy in the final
state. Hence obtain the mass of the parent nucleus in amu.
2
(1 amu = 931.470 MeV/c ) (2001)
157. A radioactive nucleus X decays to a nucleus Y with a decay
–1
constant x = 0.1s  , Y further decays to a stable nucleus Z
–1
with a decay constant y = 1/30 s . Initially, there are only X
20
nuclei  and  their  number  is  N0  =  10 .  Set­up  the  rate
equations  for  the  populations  of  X,  Y  and  Z.  The
population of Y nucleus as a functions of time is given by
Ny(t) = {N0x/(x–y)} [exp (–yt) –expt (–xt)]. Find the time
at which NY is maximum and determine the populations X
and Y at that instant. (2001)
73
158. A  hydrogen­like  atom  (described  by  the  Bohr  model)  is
observed  to  emit  six  wavelengths,  originating  from  all
possible transitions between a group of levels. These levels
have energies between –0.85 eV and –0.544 eV (including
both  these  values). (2002)
(a) Find the atomic number of the atom.
(b)  Calculate  the  smallest  wavelength  emitted  in  these
transitions.
(Take hc = 1240 eV­nm, ground state energy of hydrogen
–4 2
159. Two metallic plates A and B each of area 5 × 10 m , are
placed parallel to each other at separation of 1cm. Plate B
–12
carries a positive charge of 33.7 × 10  C. A monochromatic
beam  of  light,  with  photons  of  energy  5  eV  each,  starts
16
falling on plate A at t = 0 so that 10  photons fall on it per
square metre per second. Assume that one photoelectron is
6
emitted for every 10  incident photons. Also assume that all
the emitted photoelectrons are collected by plate B and the
work function of plate A remains constant at the value 2 eV.
Determine : (2002)
(a) the number of photoelectrons emitted upt to t = 10 s,
(b) the magnitude of the electric field between the plates A
and B at t = 10s and
(c) The kinetic energy of the most energetic photoelectrons
emitted at t = 10s when it reaches plate B.
Neglect the time taken by the photoelectron to reach plate
–12 2 2
B. (Take 0 = 8.85 × 10  C /N­m ).
18
160. Characteristic X­rays of frequency 4.2 × 10  Hz are produced
when transitions from L­shell to K­shell take palce in a certain
target material. Use Mosley’s law to determine the atomic
number of the target material. Given Rydberg’s constant
7 –1
R = 1.1 × 10  m . (2003)
161. A  radioactive  element  decays  by  ­emission. A  detector
records n beta particles in 2 s and in next 2 s it records 0.75
n  beta  particles.  Find  mean  life  correct  to  nearest  whole
number. Given ln |2| = 0.6931, ln |3| = 1.0986. (2003)
162. In a photoelectric experiment set­up, photon energy 5 eV
falls on the cathode having work function 3 eV. (a) If the
–5 2
saturation current is iA = 4 A for intensity 10  W/m , then
plot a graph between anode potential and current. (b) Also
–5 2
draw a graph for intensity of incident radiation 2 × 10  W/m .
(2003)
238 9 238
163. A rock containing  U is 1.5 × 10  years old.  U disintegrates
206 206
to form  Pb Assuming that there was no  Pb in the rock
initially and it is the only stable product formed by the decay,
206 238
calculate the ratio of number of nuclei of  Pb to that of  U
238 9
in the rock at present. Half­life of  U is 4.5 × 10  years
1/3
(Given : 2  = 1.259) (2004)
 MODERN PHYSICS 74

164. Wavelengths of Balmer series lying in the range of 450 nm 171. A silver sphere of radius 1 cm and work function 4.7 eV is

and 700 nm were used to eject photoelectrons from a metal
surface of work function 2.2 eV. Determine the maximum
kinetic energy in eV of the emitted photoelectron. Take
hc = 1242 eV nm. (2004)
165. The potential energy of a particle of mass m is given by
Vx =  E 0forfor0xx11
0
172. A proton is fired from very far away towards a nucleus with
If the total energy of the particle is 3E0, determine the ratio
of de­Broglie wavelengths in the two ranges of x mentioned
above. (2005)
supspended  from  an  insulating  thread in  free  space.  It  is
under continuous illumination of 200 nm wavelength light.
As photoelectrons are emitted, the sphere gets charged and
acquires a potential. The maximum number of photoelectrons
Z
emitted from the sphere is A × 10  (where 1 < A < 10). The
value of Z is (2011)
charge Q = 120 e, where e is the electronic charge. It makes
a  closest  approach  of  10  fm  to  the  the  nucleus.  The  de­
Broglie wavelength (in units of fm) of the proton at its start
–27 –
is [Take the proton mass, mp = (5/3) × 10  kg;  h/e = 4.2 × 10

166. X­rays are incident on a target metal atom having 30 neutrons. 15
1 9 –15
 J­s/C;  4  = 9 × 10  m/F; 1 fm = 10  m] (2012)
1/3
The ratio of atomic radius of the target atom and  42 He  is (14) . 0

173. A freshly prepared sample of a radioisotope of half­life 1386
(a) Find the mass number of target atom. (2005) 3
s has activity 10  disintegrations per second. Given that ln
(b) Find the frequency of K line emitted by this metal. 2  =  0.693,  the  fraction  of  the  initial  number  of  nuclei
7 –1 8 (expressed in nearest integrer percentage) that will decay in
(R = 1.1 × 10  m , c =3 × 10  m/s)
the first 80 s after preparation of the sample is (2013)
th
167. If the wavelength of the n  line of Lyman series is equal to
174. A nuclear power plant supplying electrical power to a village
the de­Broglie wavelength of electron in initial orbit of a
uses a radioactive material of half life T years as the fuel.
hydrogen like element (Z = 11). Find the value of n.(2005) The amount of fuel at the beginning is such that the total
168. An ­particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by a power requirement of the village is 12.5% of the electrical
potential difference of 100 V. After this, their de Broglie power available from the plant at the time. If the plant is
able  to  meet  the  total  power  needs  of  the  village  for  a
p
wavelengths are  and p respectively. The ratio  , to the maximum period of nT years, then the value of n is(2015)

175. Consider a hydrogen atom with its electron in the nth orbital.
nearest integer, is (2010) An electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 90 nm is used
169. To determine the half life of radioactive element, a student to  ionize  the  atom.  If  the  kinetic  energy  of  the  ejected
electron is 10.4 eV, then the value of n is (hc = 1242 eV nm)
dN (t) dN (t)
plots a graph of ln  versus t. Here   is the rate (2015)
dt dt
176. For a radioactive material, its activity A and rate of change
of radioactive decay at time t. If the number of radioactive
nuclei of this element decreases by a factor of p after 4.16 dN dA
of its  activity  R  are defined  as  A  and R   ,
years, find the value of p. (2010) dt dt
6 where N(t) is the number of nuclei at time t. Two radioactive
5
sources P(mean life ) and Q(means life 2) have the same
activity att = 0. Their rates of change of activities at t = 2
4
3 RP n
are RP and RQ, respectively. If  R  e ,  then the value of
2 Q

1 n is (2015)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2+
Years 177. An  electron  is  an  excited  state  of  Li   ion  has  angular
170. The activity of a freshly prepared radioactive sample is 10
10 momentum 3h/2. The de Broglie wavelength of the electron
–9 in this state is p a0 (where a0 is the Bohr radius). The value
disintegrations per second, whose mean life is 10  s. The
–25 of p is (2015)
mass of an atom of this radioisotope is 10  kg. The mass
(in mg) of the radioactive sample is (2011)
MODERN PHYSICS 75

178. The  isotope  12

5 B   having  a  mass  12.014  u  undergoes  ­
decay  to  12 12
6 C .  6 C   has  an  excited  state  of  the  nucleus
( 12 * 12
6 C ) at 4.041 MeV above its ground state. If  5 B  decays
to  12 *
6 C , the maximum kinetic energy of the ­particle in
units of MeV is  (1 u = 931.5 MeV/c2, where c is the speed of
light in vacuum). (2016)
179. A hydrogen atom in its ground state is irradiated by light
of wavelength 970 Å. Taking hc/e = 1.237 × 10–6 eV m and
the ground state energy of hydrogen atom as –13.6 eV,
The number of lines present in the emission spectrum is
(2016)
180. An  electron  in  a  hydrogen  atom  undergoes  a  transition
from  an  orbit  with  quantum  number  ni   to  another  with
quantum number  n f ·  Vi  and  V f  are respectively the
initial  and  final  potential  energies  of  the  electron.  If
Vi
 6.25 , then the smallest possible  n  is (2017)
Vf f
181. 131
I  is  an  isotope  of  Iodine  that  decays  to  an  isotope  of
Xenon with a half­life of 8 days. A small amount of a serum
labelled with 131I is injected into the blood of a person. The
activity  of  the  amount  of  131I  injected  was  2.4  10 5
Becquerel (Bq). It is known that the injected serum will get
distributed uniformly in the blood stream in less than half
an hour. After 11.5 hours, 2.5 ml of blood is drawn from the
person’s body, and gives an activity of 115 Bq. The total
volume  of  blood  in  the  person’s  body,  in  liters  is
approximately (you may use  e x  1  x  for  x  1  and
2  0.7 ). (2017)
182. In  a  photoelectric  experiment  a  parallel  beam  of
monochromatic light with power of 200 W is incident on a
perfectly absorbing cathode of work function 6.25 eV. The
frequency of light is just above the threshold frequency so
that the photoelectrons are emitted with negligible kinetic
energy. Assume that the photoelectron emission efficiency
is 100%. A potential difference of 500 V is applied between
the  cathode  and  the  anode. All  the  emitted  electrons  are
incident normally on the anode and are absorbed. The anode
experiences a force F = n × 10–4 N due to the impact of the
electrons. The value of n is ............ (2018)
183. Consider a hydrogen­like ionized atom with atomic number
Z with a single electron. In the emission spectrum of this
atom, the photon emitted in the n = 2 to n = 1 transition has
energy 74. eV higher than the photon emitted in the n = 3 to
n = 2 transition. The ionization energy of the hydrogen atom
is 13.6 eV. The value of Z is ........... (2018)


 MODERN PHYSICS 76

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b, c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (a)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (b)

EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE MAINS QUESTIONS

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (c)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (d)
71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (c)
81. (c) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (b) 85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (a) 93. (d) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (a) 97. (c) 98. (a)

EXERCISE - 3 : ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (a)
71. (c) 72. (a) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (a) 82. (a) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (d) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (a, c, d) 93. (a, d) 94. (b, c) 95. (c, d) 96. (b, d) 97. (a, b, c) 98. (a, c, d) 99. (c, d)
100. (a,b, c) 101. (d) 102.  (d) 103. (A – Q; B – S; C – P; D – R) 104. (A – R; B – R; C – P) 105. (A–R; B–P; C–Q)
106. (A – Q, R; B – P, R; C – R; D – S) 107. (A – S; B – R; C – Q; D – P) 108. (A – S; B – Q; C – P; D – R)
109. (A – P, Q; B – T, C – T) 110. (b) 111. (a) 112. (b) 113. (d) 114. (d) 115. (b) 116. (c)
117. (e) 118. (b) 119. (b) 120. (a) 121. (e) 122. (b) 123. (c) 124. 173 125. 1995 years
126. 59 Kev 127. 113.74 Å 128. 0.123 nm 129. 0001 130. 0004 131. 0005

EXERCISE - 4 : PREVIOUS YEAR JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS

3 3
1. 40 × 10 , 30 × 10 2. 500dps, 125 dps 3. Frequency 4. Eight, six 5. Intensity, decrease 6. Lithium 7
8
7. Atomic number, mass number 8. 23.6 MeV 9. 0.27 Å 10. 3 × 10 11. –1 12. Neutrino 13. 0.62 14. 41
 MODERN PHYSICS 77

15. Fusion, 24 16. 4.17 17. False 18. True 19. False 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a)
24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b)
34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b)
44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (a) 53. (c)
54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (c)
64. (b) 65. (d) 66. (b) 67. (a) 68. (c) 69. (a) 70. (c) 71. (c) 72. (b) 73. (b)
74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (c) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (a)
84. (c) 85. (c) 86. (b) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (a) 90. (c) 91. (c) 92. (a) 93. (a)
94. (b) 95. (d) 96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (d) 100. (b) 101. (c) 102. (d) 103. (c)
104. (c) 105. (a) 106. (c, d) 107. (b, c) 108. (a, c, d) 109. (c, d) 110. (a,b,c) 111. (c,d) 112. (b, d) 113. (a, d)
114. (a, b, c) 115. (c, d) 116. (a, d) 117. (a, c) 118. (a, b) 119. (b, d) 120. (a, c) 121. (a,c,d) 122. (a, c)
123. (a,b,d) 124. (a, c) 125. (A  p, q; B  p, r; C  p, s; D  p, q, r) 126. (A  P, R); (B  Q, S); (C  P); (D  Q)
127. (A R, T;  B P, S; C P,Q,R,T; D P,Q,R,T)
–34 kg  m 2 –11
1
128. (a) 5; (b) 16.53 eV; (c) 36.4 Å; (d) 340 eV, –680 eV, –340 eV, 1.05 × 10 ; (e) 1.06 × 10  m 129. (0006)
s
–34 –11
130. zero, 11, 13 131. 5.24 × 10  Js 132. (a) 301 Å, (b) 2.5 × 10  m 133. (a) 113.74 Å; (b) 3

–6
E0 n 2 h 2
135. (a)  rn 
12
134. 3.96 × 10 , (b) n = 25, (c) 0.55 Å 136. 1.1 × 10
624 me2
137. (i) n = 2, (ii) 13.6 eV, (iii) 12.75 eV, 0.66 eV 138. 2eV, 0.74 V 139. 120.26 g
13 –1 –2 –10  13 –1 –2 –10
140. (a) 2.87 × 10  s m , 2.07 × 10 A; (b), 2.06 × 10  s m , 1.483 × 10  A; (c)1.06 V in both cases.

h
141. (a) Z = 90, A = 232; (b) = 5.34 MeV 142. (a) 2.55 eV; (b) 4  2; (c)   ; (d) 0.814 m/s

15 15 15
143. (a) 6.36 eV, 0.312 eV (of neutron), 17.84 eV, 16.328 eV (of atom); (b) 1.82 × 10  Hz, 11.67 × 10  Hz, 9.84 × 10  Hz
5
144. 5.95 litres 145. 0003 146. (a) 10 /s; (b) 285.1; (d) 111 s
147. (a) 3.4 eV; (b) 6.63 Å 148. (a) 14.43 s; (b) 40 s 149. (a) 150.8 eV; (b) 0.5 Å

1 t 3
151. (a)        N 0  e  ; (b) (i)  N 0  (ii) 2N0
–5
150. 3.32 × 10  W
 2
152. During combination 3.4 eV. After combination 3.84 eV,  2.64 eV 153. n = 2, Z = 4, –217.6 eV, 10.58 eV
11 4
154. 6.25 × 10 , zero, 5.0 eV 155. 3.845 × 10  kg 156. (a) 6.25 MeV, (b) 227.62 amu

dN X dN Y dN Z
157. (a)    X N X ,  X NX  Y NY ,   Y N Y ; (b) 16.48s; (c) N  = 1.92 × 1019, N =2.32 × 1019
dt dt dt X Z

7 3
158. (a) Z = 3; (b) 4052.3 nm 159. (a) 5 × 10 ; (b) 2 × 10 N/C; (c) 23 eV 160. Z = 42
1/ 2
3 18
161. 7 163. 0.259 164. 0.35 eV. 165.    166. (a) 56; (b) 1.55 × 10  Hz 167. n = 24 168. 0003
2
169. 0008 170. 0001 171. 0007 172. 0007 173. 0004 174. (0003) 175. (0002) 176. (0002) 177. (0002)
178. (0009) 179. (0006) 180. (0005) 181. (0005) 182. (0024) 183. (3.00)

Dream on !!
