THË LÏVÏÑG WØRLD

WHÅT ÏS LÏVÏÑG?

Growth

Cellular
Reproduction
organization
Characteristics
of living beings

Consciousness Metabolism
 GRØWTH
Increase in Increase in
mass number

cell division
sand mounds
unicellular
Twin →
characters of
Mountains growth
→ Multicellular

Animals definite growth

Plants indefinite growth
Not the defining feature
 )
female horse
RËPRØDÜÇTÏØÑ 1- Male-female donkey ✗

Types of reproduction
2. sterile bees

3- tdu man beings infertile

I.
Sexual Asexual

Number of parents involved

Not a defining feature

Two One
MËTÅBØLÏSM
Breakdown of polymers to
Catabolism
Metabolism

monomers
involves

Anabolism Formation of polymers

Defining feature to be performed

Metabolic reactions are possible
→

in vitro
Metabolic
.

Cellular Metabolism Reactions

ÇØÑSÇÏØÜSÑËSS
$defining feature
Consciousness

self -
consciousness
d.
Human beings

Responding to Sensing the

the stimuli environment
ÇËLLÜLÅR ØRGÅÑÏZÅTÏØÑ
Defining feature
DÏVËRSÏTÝ ÏÑ THË LÏVÏÑG WØRLD G. 7- to million)

‹ Classification
iimmilarities and
the basis of
grouping of organisms
on

dissimilarities
for classifications
.

used
‹ Taxonomy -
principles and procedures
Understanding the characters of an
Characterization organism

Correct description of organism such

Identification that the classification can be done

Grouping the organisms in

Classification categories

The scientific naming of the

Nomenclature organisms
ÑØMËÑÇLÅTÜRË
‹ Common Name / vernacular name

‹ Scientific Name →

BÏÑØMÏÅL ÑØMËÑÇLÅTÜRË "

linn
"

Carl von
Carolus Linnaeus

Generic
specific
name
8
epithet
Homo sapiens
RÜLËS indica Linn
Mangifera
.

First name
denotes the

species plantarum
genus and the
second name 1.
denotes specific t
(5900 species)
.
epithet
Plants
The genus
Names should name starts
be in latin
Rules for binomial
with capital
Naturae :
and written in
italics, when
nomenclature
letter while
specific epithet
2. Eysteinnto
(U32b species)
printed with small
letter
Animals
When
handwritten,

Carolus Linnaeus
both the
words should
be underlines
separately to
father of taxonomy
Organizations responsible for naming the organisms

For For
plants animals

" "
ICZN
ICBN
International Code of Botanical International Code of
SYSTEMA
Nomenclature (AIPMT 2007) Zoological Nomenclature

SÝSTËMÅTÏÇS
that deals with
Branch of science

and it's
organism
's
diversity relationships
/ Evolutionary
Phylogenetic
TÅXØÑØMÏÇ ÇÅTËGØRÏËS
Hierarchy of steps The similarities among
When these categories
representing certain the members of lowest
are arranged in a
rank or category are group are highest while,
hierarchy, referred as
involved in the process in highest rank, the
taxonomical hierarchy
of classification lowest

Kingdom → Division / Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

is known as
Taxon /Tara G)
for
scientific term used
category
N
→
Lowest
Highest group
category
SPËÇÏËS
‹ It is the group of organisms which show resemblance in both morphological
characters and the reproductive characters. (AIPMT 2003)

*
isolation
Panthera leo Reproductive
~

Solanum tuberosum Ernst Mayen

t.
Homo sapiens Concept of
Biological
indica species
Mangifera .
GËÑÜS
‹ Genus comprises a group of related species which has more characters in common

in comparison to species of other genera.

Chopard)
‹ Panthera leo (Lion ) Panthera pardus (Tigon)
Panthera tigris

‹ Solanum tuberosum Solanum melongena Solanum nigrum

Rotate) (brinjal) (Maui )
Genus 1 Genus 2

:& : ÷
FÅMÏLÝ
‹ A family bears group of related genera.

Felis
‹ Felidae

Panthera

Solanum
‹ Solanaceae

Datura
ØRDËR
‹ Generally, order and other higher taxonomic categories are identified based on the
aggregates of characters.

Felidae → cats
‹ Carnivora

Canidae -
dogs
Solanaceae
‹ Polymoniales

Convolvulaceae
ÇLÅSS
‹ Made by grouping two or more closely related orders.

Carnivora
‹ Mammalia

Primata

Sapindales
‹ Dicotyledonae

Polymoniales
PHÝLÜM/ DÏVÏSÏØÑ

In plants In animals
• Named as Division • Named as Phylum
• Example: • Example:
Division Phylum Porifera,
Gymnosperm Annelida, etc.
KÏÑGDØM ieighut Category)
‹ Various phyla / divisions are clubbed together to form a kingdom.

Kingdom More inclusive

Phylum/ Division

Class
Going upward
Order to broader
category, number
Family of common
characters
decreases
Genus
Species

Less inclusive
Hierarchy of taxonomical categories in ascending order
Common Biological
Genus Family Order Class Phylum/ Division
name name

Primata
Homo
Man Homo Hominidae (AIPMT Mammalia Chordata
sapiens
2011)

Musca
Housefly Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda
domestica

Mangifera
Mango Mangifera Anarcardiacea Sapindales Dicotyledonae Angiospermae
indica

Triticum
Wheat Triticum Poaceae Poales Monocotyledonae Angiospermae
aestivum
TÅXØÑØMÏÇÅL ÅÏDS (help)

Herbarium

Key Botanical
Taxonomic garden
aids

Zoological
Museum
park
HËRBÅRÏÜM
‹ Store house of collected plant specimens
> Herbarium
that are dried, pressed and preserved on
sheets.
sheet
‹ Royal botanical garden, Kew (London) has
>
1. scientific name

the largest herbarium.

the world
Botanical capital of a common name

↳ 3.
Family Idols
→
Reference 4 .

Collector 's name

/ identification date
Information collection
→ 5.
6- Habitat
7.
tocality
study
→
BØTÅÑÏÇÅL GÅRDËÑ
‹ Each plant is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family.

→ living collection of plants .

Ex situ
-
former rattan .

Scieutif name
Tag
→ ,

name
Common
,

family
 Royal Botanical Garden, Kew
in London

Botanical Gardens

Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah

World’s Major

(India)

National Botanical Research

Institute, Lucknow (India)

Lloyd Botanical Garden,

Darjeeling (India)
MÜSËÜM
‹ Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and
reference.
Preservation methods
Large
Insect species animals
Dry are first such as
Preservation
preservation collected, mammals
in jars or
of plant killed and and birds
container with
and animal pinned then are first
preservatives
specimens preserved in stuffed
insect boxes and then
preserved
May have collection of animal skeletons
ZØØLØGÏÇÅL PÅRKS
‹ These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under
human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and behaviour.

KËÝ
‹ Taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities

and dissimilarities. Placoid -

Lead: Each statement in key Fishers cycloid

Features of Key

Couplet: The listed contrasting characters

Couplets represent the choices to be made

between the two opposite characters

Each taxonomic category like family or genus

require separate key
MÏSÇËLLÅÑËØÜS
Flora
• Accounts the actual habitat and distribution of plants in a specific
region.
Manual
• Provides the information for the identification of species in a region.
Monographs ( Mono -ome )
• Contain information on any one taxon.
Catalogues
• Brief information about the species found in a region.

Fauna → animal species

THÅÑK ÝØÜ