E4UCLASSROOMS

SETTHEORY
SET:Awel ldefi
nedcollect
ionofobj
ectsiscal
l
edset
 setsareusuallydenotedbycapit
alal
phabetsA,
B,C,
..
.
 object
sint hesetarealsocal
ledaselementsormembersoftheset
 usuall
yobjectsorelementsormember softhesetar
edenotedbysmal
lal
phabet
s
a,
b,c.
..

Repr esentationofset s:
 Ther earemai nlytwomet hodstorepresenttheset s
(i)Rostermet hod
(ii
)Setbui ldermet hod
(i
)Rost ermet hod: Inthismethodwel i
stoutalltheel ementsofthesetandelementsare
separ atedbycommas( ,
)andwhol
eencl osedbycur lybraces’{}’
Ex: Coll
ectionofal l evennumbersbetween1and10
Rosterf orm ofabov eseti
s{2,4,
6,8}
(i
i)Setbui ldermet hod:Inthi
smethodwei nt
roduceav ari
ablefol
lowedbysomepr oper
ty
whi chshoul dsat isfybyeachandev eryelementoft hegi vensetandwholeencl
osedby
curlybr aces‘{} ’
Ex: A={1, 2,3,4,
5}
Setbui l
derf orm ofaboveset={ x:x∈N, x<6}

Ty
pesofset
s:

(i
)Singletonset:Asetwhi chcont ai
nsexactl
yoneel ementiscall
edsi ngl
etonset
Ex:{1}
, {
x:xi sanevenprimenumber }
,..etc
(i
i)Empt yset:Asetwhi chcontainsnoelementi scall
edEmptyset .Emptysetisalso
call
edasnul lsetorv oidset
.Andi tisdenot
edby{}or∅
Ex:{x:x∈R, x≠x}
(i
ii
)Cardinalnumberofaset :Thenumberofel ementsinasetiscalledcardi
nalnumberof
aset
 Car dinalnumberofsetAi sdenotedbyn( A)
I fAi ssingletonsetthenn(A)=1
 n(∅)=0

(i
v)Fini t
eset:Asetwhichcontai
nscount ablenumberofelementsiscall
edFi
nit
eset
Ex:{x:
x∈N, x< 100}
(v)Infini
teset:Asetwhichisnotfinit
eiscall
edinfi
nit
eset
ex:{x: x∈Z,x<5}
(vi
)Subset :LetA, Bar
eanyt woset s,
Ifever
yelementinAisanelementinBthenAis
call
edsubsetofBandi tisdenotedbyA⊆B
(vi
i)Superset :LetA,
Bareanytwoset s,
Ifever
yelementinAisanelementinBandB
containsatleastoneelementwhi chisnotinA,ThenBi scal
ledsupersetofAandi
tis
denot edbyB⊃A
(vi
ii
)Propersubset:LetA,Bareanytwosets,I
fA⊂BbutA≠B, thenAi scal
ledpr
oper
subsetofB.
(i
x)Impropersubset:Asubsetwhichisnotpr
operiscal
ledi
mpr opersubset.
(x)Powerset:Asetwhi chcont
ainsonly
,al
lsubset
softhegivensetiscall
edpowersetof
thegiv
enset .PowersetofasetAi sdenot
edbyP(A)

NOTE:
 Empt ysetissubsetofev er
yset
 Ev erysetissubsetofi t
self
I fasetcont ains‘
n’element st
henno.Ofpossi
blesubsetstothesetare2n.
Ifn( A)=n, t
henn( P(
A) )=2n.
I fasetcont ains‘
n’element st
henno.Ofpossi
blenonempt ysubsetstot e2n
hesetar
–1.
I fasetcont ains‘
n’element st
henno.Ofpossi
blepropersubsetstot e2n–1
hesetar
I fasetcont ains‘
n’element st
henno.Ofpossi
blenonempt ypropersubsetst
otheset
n
ar
e2 –2
 No.Ofi mpropersubset sofanonemptysetisonlyone.i
.eit
self

(xi
)Equal sets:LetA,Bareanyt wosets,Ifalltheelement sinAar eel
ementsinBandall
theelement sinBar eelement si
nAt hentheset sAandBar eequal.
I fA⊂Ba ndB⊂At henA=B
(xi
i)Equivalentset s:LetA,Bareanytwoset s, i
fnumberofel ementsinAareequalt
o
numberofel ement sinB.ThenAandBar ecal l
edequivalentsets.
I fn(A)=n( B)thenAandBar ecall
edequi val
entsets.
(xi
ii
)Di sj
ointset s:LetA,Bareanyt woset s,Iftherei
snocommonel ementbetweenAand
BthenA, Bar ecalleddisj
ointsets.
(xi
v)Uni versalset:Thebiggestsetamongt hegi vensets,andr emai
ningset
saresubset
s
tothisseti scalleduniversalset
.

Venndiagr
ams:Thediagr
amswhichareusedi
nthedi
agr
amati
crepresentat
ionofset
sar
e
cal
ledVenndi
agrams.Thefol
lowi
ngfi
guresar
eusedt
orepr
esentt
heset s.

Operati
onsonset s:
(i
)Unionofsets: LetA,Bar eanytwosets,
uni
onofA, Bisdenot
edbyA∪Bandi tcanbe
def
inedas
A∪B={ x:
x∈Aorx ∈B}
(i
i)Int
ersect
ionofset s:LetA,Bareanytwosets,I
nter
sect
ionofA,
BisdenotedbyA∩B
anditcanbedef i
nedas
A∩B={ x:
x∈Aa ndx∈B}
(i
ii
)Differ
enceofset s:LetA,Bareanytwosets,Di
ffer
enceofA,Bi
sdenotedbyA–B
anditcanbedef i
nedas
A–B={ x:
x∈Aandx∉B}
 (
iv)Sy
mmet r
icdif
fer
enceofsets:LetA,Bar
eanyt
woset
s,Sy
mmet
ri
cdi
ff
erenceofA,
B
i
sdenotedbyA∆Bandi tcanbedefinedas
A∆B=( A-B)∪ (
B-A)
=(A∪B)-(A∩B)

Venndi
agr
amsofOper
ati
onsonset
s:
Venndi
agram ofA∪B

Venndi
agr
am ofA∩B

Venndi
agr
am ofA–B

Venndi
agr
am ofB–A

Venndi
agr
am ofA∆B

Venndi
agr
am f
orA⊆B