A/CN.4/SER.A/2005/Add.

1 (Part 2)
A/CN.4/SER.A/2005/Add.1 (Part 2)
 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٤‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ" ﻣﺘﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺔ )ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨١‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﻨﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٢‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﲑ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺪﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﳉﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ؛‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ؛‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪﺍﺕ "ﺍﳊﻮﻟﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫)‪A/CN.4/SER.A/2005/Add.1 (Part 2‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫‪ISSN 1014-5532‬‬
 ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ :A/60/10‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )‪ ٢‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ٣ -‬ﺣﺰﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ١١‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٥ -‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪.................................................... (٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪١١٢‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪....... ................................................‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪*A/60/10‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫)‪ ٢‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ٣ -‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ١١‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٥ -‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(٢٠٠٥‬‬

‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪............................ .....................................................................‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪١١-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ‪........................................................................‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪٥-٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻊ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٧-٦‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٩-٨‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻭ ‪ -‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ‪..................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٣-١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ -‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ‪...........................................‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٩-٢٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ‪................‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪............................................‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻭ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪١٠٧-٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪٣١-٣٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪١٠٧-٣٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫‪٤٧-٣٤‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٩٨-٤٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٦٠-٤٨‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٥-٦١‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ‪..................................‬‬
‫‪٢٩‬‬ ‫‪٩٨-٩٦‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ‪.........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠٧-٩٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٩١-١٠٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ‪ -‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪.....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠٩-١٠٨‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٩١-١١٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬

‫__________‬
‫ﻭﺯﻋﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.١٠‬‬ ‫*‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢٧-١١٣‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪.............................................‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١١٦-١١٣‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣-١١٧‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١٢٧-١٢٤‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣٣-١٢٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٢٨‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣١-١٢٩‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬ ‫‪١٣٣-١٣٢‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤١-١٣٤‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ‪............................................‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥-١٣٤‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١٤٠-١٣٦‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤١‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤٨-١٤٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٣‬ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ‪.........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤٢‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤٦-١٤٣‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١٤٨-١٤٧‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١٥٦-١٤٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٤‬ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ‪........‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١٥٠-١٤٩‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫‪١٥٤-١٥١‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٥٦-١٥٥‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٦١-١٥٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٥‬ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪............................‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٥٧‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫‪١٦٠-١٥٨‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦١‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٦-١٦٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٦‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ‪................‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٢‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٤-١٦٣‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١٦٦-١٦٥‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧٥-١٦٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٧‬ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ‪.......‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٦٨-١٦٧‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫‪١٧٣-١٦٩‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪١٧٥-١٧٤‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪١٧٨-١٧٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٨‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ‪...........................................‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪١٧٦‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫‪١٧٧‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٧٨‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨١-١٧٩‬‬ ‫‪ -١٠‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ‪........................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٧٩‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٠‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨١‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٧-١٨٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١١‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪.....................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٢‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫‪١٨٥-١٨٣‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪١٨٧-١٨٦‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪ -١٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١١‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٢‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪١٩١-١٨٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫‪١٨٨‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫‪١٩٠-١٨٩‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫‪١٩١‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٦-١٩٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١٩٤-١٩٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٤-١٩٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﺔ‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٦-٢٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٥‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪........................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٠٦‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ -‬ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ‪...........................................‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٨‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ‪.................................‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪.....................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ‪..........................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١١‬ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ‪............................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ‪..‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪........................‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[١٦]١٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[١٥]١٦‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.....................................‬‬
‫‪٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٤١-٢٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٨‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٤-٢٠٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٤١-٢٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٦-٢٢٦‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٠-٢٢٦‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٦١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٥-٢٣١‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٦١‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٦‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٤١-٢٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪.............................................................‬‬

‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٣٨-٢٣٧‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫‪٢٤١-٢٣٩‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪...................................‬‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٤-٢٤٢‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪..............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪-‬‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٤٣-٢٤٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٤-٢٤٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٠-٢٤٥‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪.............................................‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٠-٢٥١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٥٢-٢٥١‬‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٠-٢٥٣‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ )ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻔﻪ( ‪................................‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٢-٢٦١‬‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٥-٢٦٣‬‬ ‫)ﺩ( ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ‪......................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫‪٢٦٨-٢٦٦‬‬ ‫)ﻫ( ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﺩ ‪..............................................‬‬
‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٠-٢٦٩‬‬ ‫)ﻭ( ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬
‫‪٦٧‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٤-٢٧١‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٢-٢٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ‪....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ‪-‬‬
‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫‪٢٩٣-٢٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٢-٢٩٤‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠-٢٩٥‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٧١‬‬ ‫‪٣١٦-٣٠١‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٢٦-٣١٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫‪٧٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٢-٣٢٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪..................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٨-٣٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪-‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٤٢-٣٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٦-٣٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.................................................‬‬
‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٨-٣٥٠‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ‪.........................................‬‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٢٦-٣٨٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٦-٤٢٧‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪..........................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٨-٤٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٧‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪.............................................‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ‪.......................‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪٦-٢‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪........................................................‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬ ‫‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ‪.............................‬‬
‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪........................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ‪........................................................‬‬
‫‪٩٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ‪........................................................‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٣-٤٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ -‬ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪....................‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٤١-٤٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٤-٤٤٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪............................................‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٣-٤٤٥‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٤٨-٤٤٥‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻘﺒﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪....................‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٦٦-٤٤٩‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘" ‪.........................‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ"‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٦٩‬ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫‪١٠٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٧٩-٤٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺷﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪................‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱠﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٣-٤٨٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ" ‪............................................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٤-٤٩٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.....................................................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٠١-٤٩٤‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ ‪.............................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٧‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ‪................................................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٨‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ‪...............................................................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٩٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ‪........................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳُﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ‪..............‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٠١‬‬ ‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻷﺗﻌﺎﺏ ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ‪...............................‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٠٩-٥٠٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪...................................................‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥١١-٥١٠‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪....................................‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٤-٥١٢‬‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪.................................................‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻟﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﳐﺘﺰﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺰﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ECHR‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪GATT‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫‪IAH‬‬
‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ICJ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‬ ‫‪ICRC‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫‪ILA‬‬
‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪IUSCTR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﻮ‬ ‫‪KFOR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ‬ ‫‪MERCOSUR‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻠﻒ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪NATO‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪OAS‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪OHCHR‬‬
‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪PCIJ‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪UNESCO‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ‬ ‫‪UNHCR‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪UNIDROIT‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪WIPO‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪WTO‬‬

‫‪I.C.J. Reports‬‬
‫‪ILM‬‬
‫‪P.C.I.J., Series A‬‬
‫‪P.C.I.J., Series A/B‬‬
‫‪UNRIAA‬‬
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‫‪ICJ, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders‬‬
‫)‪International Legal Materials (Washington, D.C.‬‬
‫)‪PCIJ, Collection of Judgments (Nos. 1–24: up to and including 1930‬‬
‫)‪PCIJ, Judgments, Orders and Advisory Opinions (Nos. 40–80: beginning in 1931‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards‬‬

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‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﲑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ" ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻳﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩١‬‬

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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﲞﻂ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ*‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﻣﻀـﺎﻑ ﻭﻟـﻢ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﲨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.www.un.org/law/ilc/ :‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 500,‬‬
‫‪No. 7310, p. 95.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 596, No. 8638, p. 261.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪،(A/59/49) ٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪ ،٣٨/٥٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 78,‬‬
‫‪No. 1021, p. 277.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 213, No. 2889, p. 221.‬‬
‫‪Ibid.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1525, No. 2889, p. 195.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 660, No. 9464, p. 195.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 999, No. 14668, p. 171.‬‬
‫‪Ibid.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1144, No. 17955, p. 123.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378, p. 13.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1520, No. 26363, p. 217.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1465, No. 24841, p. 85.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531, p. 3.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 2171, p. 227.‬‬
‫‪Ibid, vol. 2220, No. 39481, p. 3.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ١٨ ،‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪(١٩٦١‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺔ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٤ ،‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪(١٩٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳊﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳـﻮﺭﻙ‪٢ ،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‪(٢٠٠٤ ،‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳـﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٩ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٤٨‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ( )ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ ٤ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٥٠‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪) (١‬ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ٢٠ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٥٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٧‬ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴـﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺳﺒﻮﺭﻍ‪ ٢٢ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼـﺮﻱ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٢١ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٦٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳـﻮﺭﻙ‪ ١٦ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ١٦ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٦٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪" :‬ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺳـﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺳـﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ" )ﺳـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺳﻴﻪ‪ ٢٢ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﺿـﺪ ﺍﳌـﺮﺃﺓ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳـﻮﺭﻙ‪ ١٨ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٧٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ )ﻧﲑﻭﰊ‪ ٢٧ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٨١‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﻨﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ١٠ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٢٠ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺎﺀ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٢٥ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪١٨ ،‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٩٠‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪1582, No. 27627, p. 95.‬‬ ‫)ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٠ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٨‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻮ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ٢٨ ،‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٥١‬‬
‫‪No. 2545, p. 137.‬‬

‫‪Ibid., vol. 606, No. 8791, p. 267.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٣١ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪(١٩٦٧‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1438, No. 24378, p. 127.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ )ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻛﺎﺱ‪ ٢٨ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٥٤‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 360, No. 5158, p. 117.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٢٨ ،‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٥٤‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 989, No.14458, p. 175‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲞﻔﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٣٠ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(١٩٦١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬

‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ ﻭﺍﶈـﻴﻂ ﺍﳍـﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫‪1924, No. 32847, p. 3.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ )ﻟﻮﻣﻲ‪ ١٥ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٩‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟـﱪﻱ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫‪1079, No. 16510, p. 89, and vol.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ( )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٧٥‬‬
‫‪1142, p. 413.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﺔ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 289,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ٦ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٤٨‬‬
‫‪No. 4214, p. 3.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ ١٧ ،‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٩٨‬‬
‫‪2187, No. 38544, p. 3.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ٢٩ ،‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪(١٩٥٨‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 516,‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﲬﺔ‬
‫‪No. 7477, p. 205.‬‬

‫‪Ibid., vol. 499, No. 7302, p. 311.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫‪Ibid., vol. 450, No. 6465, p. 11.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363, p. 3.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ )ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻴﻐﻮ ﺑﺎﻱ‪ ١٠ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٨٢‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 2354, No. 42279, p. 67.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ )ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﺒﺎﺭ( )ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪٢٢ ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪(١٩٩٢‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫‪J. B. Scott, ed., The Hague Conventions‬‬
‫‪and Declarations of 1899 and 1907,‬‬
‫‪3rd ed. (New York, Oxford University‬‬
‫‪Press, 1918), p. 100.‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 49,‬‬
‫‪No. 747, p. 3.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 75, Nos. 970–973, pp. 31 et‬‬
‫‪seq.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 249, No. 3511, p. 215.‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬
‫‪1155, No. 18232, p. 331.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1946, No. 33356, p. 3.‬‬
‫‪A/CONF.129/15.‬‬
‫‪Council of Europe, European Treaty‬‬
‫‪Series, No. 150.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬
‫‪1966, No 33611, p. 265‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬
‫‪1340, No. 22484, p. 61.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1513, No. 26164, p. 293.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1989, No. 34028, p. 309.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1771, No. 30822, p. 107.‬‬
‫‪Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619, p. 79.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪،(A/51/49) ٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪ ،٢٢٩/٥١‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﱪﻳـﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﻓﻬـﺎ )ﻻﻫـﺎﻱ‪ ١٨ ،‬ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪(١٩٠٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ )ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ١٠ ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ‪(١٩٤٧‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ )ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ١٢ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(١٩٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ )ﻻﻫﺎﻱ‪ ١٤ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(١٩٥٤‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٣ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٣ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪(١٩٧٨‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢١ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﻟﻮﻏﺎﻧﻮ‪٢١ ،‬‬
‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٩٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ )ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺳﺒﻮﺭﻍ‪ ٥ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(١٩٨٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‪) ١٩٧٣ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺑﻮﻝ( )ﻟﻨـﺪﻥ‪٢ ،‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ،(١٩٧٣‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﺑﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٧٨‬ﻟﻨـﺪﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ١٧‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ‪(١٩٧٨‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ )ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٢ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٨٥‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ )ﺇﺳﺒﻮ‪ ٢٥ ،‬ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪/‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ‪(١٩٩١‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ٩ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(١٩٩٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ )ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﲑﻭ‪ ٥ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٩٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻴﺔ )ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪٢١ ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(١٩٩٧‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬

‫‪ECE/MP.WAT/11.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ )ﻛﻴﻴﻒ‪ ٢١ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪(٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 294,‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ )ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ ٢٥ ،‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪(١٩٥٧‬‬
‫‪ .No. 4300, p 3‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Official Journal of the European‬‬
‫‪Communities, No. C 340, vol. 40 (10‬‬
‫‪.November 1997), p. 173‬‬
‫‪United Nations, Treaty Series, vol.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺴﺮﻭﻗﺔ‬
‫‪2421, No. 43718, p 457.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺼ ﱠﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ )ﺭﻭﻣﺎ‪ ٢٤ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪(١٩٩٥‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺘﺶ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺩﻛﲔ )ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻛﻮﻣﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺃﻓﻮﻧﺴﻮ )ﻣﻮﺯﺍﻣﺒﻴﻖ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺛﻴﺴﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﹺﻟﻴَﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ )ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ(‬
‫ﲟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﻜﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﺴﻦ ﻓﻄﻴّﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﻱ )ﻗﻄﺮ(‬
‫ﺷﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟِﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﲨﺸﻴﺪ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﻴﻮﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺴﻜﺎﻧﻮ )ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﻬﺎﻭﺱ )ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ )ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻊ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣١‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﲨﺸﻴﺪ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﻴّﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻣﺒﻮ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻴﻔﻮﻧﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺩﻛﲔ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﹺﻟﻴَﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﻬﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ)‪ ،(١‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﲔ)‪.(٢‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﻴّـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻣﺒﻮ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻴﻔﻮﻧﺪﺍ )ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﳝﺎﻧﻮﻳـﻞ ﺃﻛـﻮﻱ ﺁﺩﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻭﻻ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻣﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻴـﻪ ﺃﻭﺑـﺮﰐ ﺑـﺎﺩﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﲔ ﺇﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻧﻎ ﺇﻝ ﺗﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻫ ﻨﻜﲔ ﺷﻪ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨﱵ ﺑﺎﻳﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴـﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﺟﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻨﻴﻔﺎﺳﺎ ﺭﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺎﺗﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻧﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﰐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﻴﻮﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻴـﺴﻜﺎﻧﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﺟﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻨﻴﻔﺎﺳﺎ ﺭﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﺘﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣـﻦ ‪ ١١‬ﲤـﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ ﺇﱃ ‪٥‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪) ٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٤٩٧‬ﺃﺩﻧـﺎﻩ( ﰲ ﻣﻘﺮﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﳝﺎﻧﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻛﻮﻱ ﺁﺩﻭ )ﻏﺎﻧﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻭﻻ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻣﻴﺎ )ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﺑﺮﰐ ﺑﺎﺩﺍﻥ )ﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﲔ ﺇﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﺱ )ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﻴّﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻣﺒﻮ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻴﻔﻮﻧﺪﺍ )ﻏﺎﺑﻮﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨﱵ ﺑﺎﻳﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﺱ )ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭﻧﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﻦ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻠﻲ )ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ )ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻧﻎ ﺇﻝ ﺗﺸﻲ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻭﺩﻱ )ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺭﺩ )ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﺟﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻨﻴﻔﺎﺳﺎ ﺭﺍﻭ )ﺍﳍﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎﺭﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﺭﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﺒﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﺍ )ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﻜﲔ ﺷﻪ )ﺍﻟﺼﲔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ )ﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ )ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﻮ ﻓﻮﻣﺒﺎ )ﻣﺎﱄ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺑﺎﺗﺴﻲ )ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻟﻮﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺰﻳﺒﻮﺍ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ )ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﺘﻮ )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﻭﻥ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻧﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﰐ )ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺸﻪ )ﺗﻮﻧﺲ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ )ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ(‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ )ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﻨﱵ ﺑﺎﻳﻴﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻨﻜﲔ ﺷﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﻣـﻮﺭﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺘﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧـﺪ ﻧﻴﻬـﺎﻭﺱ‬
‫)ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﻣﻴﺸﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠـﺸﺆﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﻼﻑ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻟﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘـﺐ ﺍﻟـﺸﺆﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻸﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﻫﻨﻮﺵ ﻫ ‪ .‬ﺃﺭﺳﻨﺠﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺋﺒﺔﹰ ﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟـﻮﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻭﻧﺘﺰﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻳﻔﻮﺭ ﺗﺸﻴﻤﻴﻤﺒﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﺭﻧﻮﻟـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺘﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﻴﻨَﲔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪَﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪ -‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،٢٨٣١‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬
‫ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺌﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪-٩‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻔﻮ ﻓﻮﻣﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑﺎﺗﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﻤﺲ ﻟﻮﺗﺎﺑﺎﻧﺰﻳﺒﻮﺍ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺤـﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺘﺶ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺩﻛﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻛﻮﻣﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺃﻓﻮﻧﺴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﻬﺎﻭﺱ )ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٤‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٨٤٤‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺗﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ ٦‬ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﳉﻨﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﹺﻟـﻴَﻢ‬
‫ﳑﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ )ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ )ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻭﻻ ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻣﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻳﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﻜﲔ ﺷﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻴﻔﻮ ﻓﻮﻣﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺘﺶ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻟﻮﺩﻛﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻛﻮﻣﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺃﻓﻮﻧﺴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺛﻴﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﻬﺎﻭﺱ )ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ(؛‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﹺﻟﻴَﻢ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ‬
‫)ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ )ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻭﻻ‬
‫ﺇﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍﻣﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻗﺴﻄﻨﻄﲔ ﺇﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻧﻎ ﺇﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﺟﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻨﻴﻔﺎﺳﺎ ﺭﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻫﻨﻜﲔ ﺷـﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﻔﻴﺘﺶ ﻛﻮﻟـﻮﺩﻛﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴـﺪﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻣﻴﺴﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺃﻓﻮﻧﺴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺛﻴﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﲑﻧﺪ ﻧﻴﻬﺎﻭﺱ )ﲝﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﲔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٢‬ﻭ‪٢٨٣٦‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٢٨٤٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٨٤٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ١١‬ﻭ‪ ١٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٤‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ؛‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ؛‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻧﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﰐ؛‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬

‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬

‫‪ -١٧‬ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈـﺮﺕ‬ ‫‪ -١٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ )‪ (A/CN.4/557‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ A/CN.4/551‬ﻭ‪،(Add.1‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ‪ ١١‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﰎ ﳎﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻛﹼﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﰐ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺣﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﱪﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ -١٨‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ"‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ )‪A/CN.4/558‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ( ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‪ (Add.1-2‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻭﻏـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺗـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﳚﺘﻤﻊ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻻﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻹﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٣‬ﻭﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫‪ -١٩‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ )‪ ،(A/CN.4/552‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻈـﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻘـﺪﱘ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳُﻌﻤـﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﺑـﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١٤‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ )ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪،(A/CN.4/553‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،(("١٩٦٩‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲞـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎﺕ )ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌـﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) (١٩٦٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ(‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈـﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ (A/CN.4/546‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ(‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪ -١٦‬ﻭﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٢٠‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ )‪،(A/CN.4/554‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋـﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻉ ﺃﻟـﻒ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊـﺎﱄ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳏﺘﻤﻞ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ(‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻫﻮ "ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ )ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ ‪ ."(aut dedere aut judicare‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﱢﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻳُﻌـﲎ‬
‫‪ -٢٢‬ﻭﻋُﻘِﺪﺕ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﻀﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻫﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢١‬ﻭﻭﺍﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻜﻤـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٣‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴـﻒ ﰲ ﺟـﺰﺃﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻣـﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺃﻳـﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ﺇﱃ ‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫‪ -٢٤‬ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏـﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ )ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪(٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ)‪ (٥‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ؟‬ ‫ﺳﻴُﻌﺪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )‪ A/CN.4/551‬ﻭ‪ .(Add.1‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻫـﻞ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﻗﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌ ّﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪ َﱘ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪ .(٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﻭﺛـﻼﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ A/CN.4/555‬ﻭ‪ (Add.1‬ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺮﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٧‬ﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫_________________________________________‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫")ﺃ( ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ -٢٥‬ﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫)ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺣـﺐ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺑـﺄﻱ‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٧‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ -٢٦‬ﺳﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧـﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫")ﺃ( ﻓﻌﻠﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ؛ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٨٦‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺼﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌـﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٨‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪.(٤‬‬
‫__________‬
‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻜﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٦٧‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨١‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻏـﲑ‬‫")ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌـ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ؛ ﻭ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٦‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠـﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ"‪.‬‬ ‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٨٩‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻭ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫‪ -٢٩‬ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪ -٢٨‬ﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻘـﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺎﺕ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻦ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻐـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)١٩‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٤‬ﻗﺪّﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣـﻦ ‪٢٥‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٠‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ )‪،(٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﹼﺮﺍﹰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ" ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ)‪ .(٨‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪٢١/٥٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ)‪ .(١١‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٩‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳـﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ" ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻟﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣١‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺗﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣـﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫)‪(٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )‪ (٢٠٠٤‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺪّﺩﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ)‪ ،(١٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﹰﺎ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺘﺔ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺻـﺮﳛﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪)١٨٠٣‬ﺩ‪ ،(١٧-‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٤‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٦٢‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻳﺘﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬‫ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺟـﻞ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٢‬ﻋُﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ A/CN.4/551‬ﻭ‪ .(Add.1‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈـﺮﺕ‬
‫‪ -٣٥‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،٢٨٣٦‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٢)١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ٤‬ﻭ‪ ٦‬ﻭ‪ ١٠‬ﻭ‪ ١١‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﹸﺪّﻡ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ)‪ ،(١٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻋﻴﺪﺕ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﻮﺿـﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺽ ﺗﻘﲏ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰـﻲ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ‪ ٤‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﻋﺮ ٌ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬـﺎ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻏﻮﺍﺭﺍﱐ ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻧﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﻮﰐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،٢٨٣٦‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ١١‬ﺟﻠﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪ -٣٣‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٦٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫)‪ (١١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٧‬ﻭﺹ ‪ ،٦٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨٦‬‬ ‫ﰲ ‪ ٣‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺑـﺖ‬
‫ﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬ ‫)‪ (١٢‬ﻳﻨ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺃﺣﺮﺯﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛـﺒﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ١‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[١‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫"ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ؛‬ ‫__________‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٩‬‬ ‫)‪(٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥١٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؛‬ ‫)‪ (٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥١٩‬‬
‫")ﺝ( ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫)‪ (٩‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/533‬ﻭ‪.Add.1‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (١٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/539‬ﻭ‪ ،Add.1‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٠‬‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/539‬ﻭ‪Add.1‬‬

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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪18‬‬

‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٦‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(١٤)٢‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻴـﺪ ﺻـﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻓﺘﲔ ]ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ( ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔﹰ ﻷﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ[‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ" ﻭ"ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ]‪ [...‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ"‬
‫ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﳘﺎ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺗﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻴـﺎﻩ؛ ﻭ)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ" ﻫﻮ‬
‫‪ -٣٨‬ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺝ( ﻭ)ﺩ( ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺗـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻓﲏ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺃﺧﺼﺎﺋﻴﻮ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳـﺪﺗﺎﻥ )ﻫ(‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺪ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﳊﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭ)ﻭ( ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ" ﻭ"ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ" ﻳﺸﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ"‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﺪﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔﹰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓﹲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﺨﺮﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻏﻮﺍﺭﺍﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻔـﺬﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻨﺘﲔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺑﺎﺭﺍﻏﻮﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﺯﻳﻞ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻠـﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﺍﹰ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌـﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘـﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﺎﺣﻠﺔ‪،‬ﻛﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺗﺸﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩُ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﺼﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﱡﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﲞـﺎﺭ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫‪ -٣٩‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٥)٣‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺒﺲ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑﺍ "ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ" ﺃﻭ "ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻚ ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ‪،‬‬‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼ ّ‬
‫‪ -٣٧‬ﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( "ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ"‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (١٥‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫__________‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺸﺠﱠﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫)‪ (١٤‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴـﺐ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫"ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻘـﺪﺭ‬ ‫")ﺃ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‘ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‘ ﺗﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﺿﺎﺭﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣُﻨ ِﻔﺬﺓ ]ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ[ ﺗﻘﻊ ﲢﺘﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺒّﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ؛‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﻖ ﻷﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‘ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‘ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ]‪ ،‬ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ [،‬ﻭﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ؛‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫")ﺝ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ‘ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‘‬
‫ﺃﻭ ‘ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‘ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫")ﺩ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‘ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‘ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻳﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﲝﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ؛‬
‫ﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫")ﻫ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‘ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‘ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ؛‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫")ﻭ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ ‘ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‘ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻣﺖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ"‪.‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻮﳌﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳜﺺّ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤٠‬ﻭﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٥‬ﻭ‪ ٧‬ﳘﺎ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺭُﺋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﹴ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٦)٥‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٤٢‬ﻭﻗﹸﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﻝ )ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﲝﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﲟﺎ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﲝﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﳛﺒﺬﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﲔ ﻭﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﻤـﺎ ﻣﺒـﺪﺁﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٧)٦‬ﻓﻴﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻﹰ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤١‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔـﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺿﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٦‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٦‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (١٦‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٥‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻘـﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٥‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٣‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٥‬ﺃﺧﺬ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫")ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫")ﺃ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫")ﺩ( ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ؛‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫")ﺏ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫")ﻫ( ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻭﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫")ﻭ( ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺸﺠﱠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺘﺨﺬ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ؛‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻔـﻖ‬
‫")ﺯ( ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻳُﺤﺪﱠﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻨﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺔ‬ ‫"‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪ ،٢‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺗـﺴﻮﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻛﻜﻞ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪20‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﳉﺎﻥ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (٢٠)٩‬ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (٢١)١٠‬ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻣُﺜﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻣﱪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٠‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٩‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٩‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٦‬ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻋﻤﻼ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٨‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳍﻴـﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺘﻨﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲨﻊ ﻭﺇﺻـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣـﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴـﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚـﻮﺯ ﳍـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﲡﻌﻞ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑـﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜـﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫"‪ -٤‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺬﻝ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻴﺴﺮ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺑﻼﻏﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬
‫)‪ (٢١‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ‬
‫"ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘـﺴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺮﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﰐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(١٨)٧‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋـﺮﺏ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﺩﱏ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻼﺋ ٌﻢ ﻭﻗﺎﺩﺭٌ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ‪ .٣‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٩٧‬ﻳُﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ("١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪٨‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٠‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٩)٨‬ﻳﻨ ّ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٨‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٧‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٧‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٤‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺿﺮﺭ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻭ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪٥‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،٦‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﲟﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٨‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٨‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٥‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳍﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻟﺪﻯ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺸﺠﱠﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﳉﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺿـﻮﺀ ﺍﳋـﱪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ"‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫_________________________________________‬ ‫‪ -٤٥‬ﻭﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٦‬ﻭ‪ (٢٢)١٧‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒـﺎﺕ‬

‫"‪ -٢‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺃﻥ ﲦـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﳛـﺴﻢ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻓـﺎﹰ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﺈﻳﻼﺀ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﺹ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٢‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻣـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫"ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪ -٤٦‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻭﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪١١‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ‪ (٢٣)١٥‬ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ (٢٤)٢١‬ﺗﻔﺴﱢﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﺘﺨﺬ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢‬ﻳﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٦‬ﻭ‪ ،١٧‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣـﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٦‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﳐﻄﻄﺎﹰ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳜﻠﻒ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٧‬ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﰲ ﺃﻗـﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫"‪ -١‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺬ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﻤﺲ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﳐﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷـﺄﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺧﻔﻀﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺇﺧﻄﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﻔﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫"ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓﹰ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﲤﻜﲔ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌ ﹰﺔ ﲟﻨﻊ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺇﺧﻄﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﻄـﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻠﻘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺫﺍ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻟﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺿـﻮﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻘﻦ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺷـﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺸﺠﱠﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﻬﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧﺞ ﲢﻮﻃﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﲎ ﳍﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﳏﺎﻳﺪ ﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٥‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،٤‬ﻭ‪ ١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،١٥‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫"ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄـﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗُﺠﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫"‪ -١‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﹰﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎ َﺀ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺗـﺴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫)‪ (٢٤‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،٢١‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣـﻪ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٨‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﺘﻊ‬
‫"ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﺼﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲝﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ١١‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[٧‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﻑ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻷﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ؛‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ُﻭﺟﱢﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲪﺎﻳـﺔ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬ ‫‪ -٤٧‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼ ّ‬ ‫ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﺄﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳَﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻭُﺟﱢﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٨‬‬
‫ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴـﺰ‬ ‫ﲢﺒﺬ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳛ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺰﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻬﺪ ﻭﱂ ﳛﺮﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺳﻮﻯ‬
‫)‪(٢٥‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫_________________________________________‬
‫)ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ )‪ (٢٤‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫")ﺏ( ﺗﻴﺴﲑ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -٤٨‬ﺃﺛﲎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‬ ‫")ﺝ( ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ؛‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺬﹰﺍ‬ ‫")ﺩ( ﺩﻋﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ؛‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬ ‫")ﻫ( ﺇﺳﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺻـﺪ ﻭﺍﻟـﱪﺍﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧـﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳍﺎ؛‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻛﻔﻴ ﹲﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫")ﻭ( ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤـﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﹼﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ُﻭﺟﱢﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫")ﺯ( ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٩‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‬
‫)‪ (٢٥‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٢٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺄﺳﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫"ﻳُﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻬﺗﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺷﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﳍﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ...‬ﻭﺣﱴ ‪ ...‬ﲟﻘﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫"‪ -٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘـﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ‪،‬‬
‫"ﲣﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧـﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺩﻉ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒـﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﲣﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢٤‬ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺣﺎﲰﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪،‬‬ ‫"‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻚ ‪ ...‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ"‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺒﻠـﻬﺎ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢٠‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻀﻢ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ ‪ ...‬ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫"ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ...‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻳﺪﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺻﻚ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢٥‬ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫"ﻳُﻮﺩَﻉ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﻨﺺ ﺍﻷﺻـﻠﻲ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺼﻮﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢١‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫"ﻭﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﹼﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻓﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﳍﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫"ﺣُﺮﺭﺕ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ ...‬ﻣﻦ ‪ ...‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﲔ ‪."...‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﲝﺬﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ)‪ (٢٦‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﳌﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺇﻻ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٤٩‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣّﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﻟﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﹶﻬﻢ ﻭﺿ َﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻨﺺ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻨﻊ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻠﻴ ﹰﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ)‪ .(٢٧‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳌﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﰲ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬
‫ﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺇﻻ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﻋﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟـﺼ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﹼﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺘـﺼﻞ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺍﻻﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺿـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﹼﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲰﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﱂ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻗﺪ ﺻﻴﻐﺖ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻹﺛـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -٥٣‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻬـﻴﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺟﺪﻭﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ ﺗﻮﺟﻴـ ٍﻪ ﻭﺍ ٍ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﲤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷ َﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺁﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺺ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧ ﹴ‬
‫ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨُﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺷـﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳُﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﹴ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﹼﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻘـﻮﳍﻢ ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪّﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺃﺧـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﻌﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺳُﻠﱢﻄﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﺤﻈﻰ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﰱ ﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﺑـﺮﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺿﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻮ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻃﻔﻴﻔـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺡ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﺷﺮﻭ ٌ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ )ﻣﲑﻛﻮﺳﻮﺭ( ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻏﻮﺍﺭﺍﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻨﻔﺬ ﺑﺪﻋﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺁﺛﺮ ﺇﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﺍﳋـﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻏﻮﺍﺭﺍﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻼ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳَﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪ ،٢٨٣٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﰊ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫‪ -٥١‬ﻭﺃﳌﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻟـﺘﻤﻜﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ؛ )ﺏ( ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﱡﻙ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷـﺪّﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﳉﻨﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﺍﳉﻐـﺮﺍﰲ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻬﻧﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﻤﻀﻲ ﻗﹸـﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﲣـﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺎﹰ ﻷﻬﻧـﺎ ﲤﻴـﻞ ﻋـﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺻـﺎﱀ‬ ‫‪ -٥٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺃﻣـﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫__________‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٧‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤـﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،١٨٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٧‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‪" ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻣﻨﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ" )‪ ،(A/59/565‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪24‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﳍـﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﹼﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪)١٨٠٣‬ﺩ‪ ،(١٧-‬ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻴﺔ)‪ ،(٢٩‬ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻌـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺿﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ ﺳـﻴﺒﺪﺩ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊـﺎﱄ ﻟـﻦ ﳜـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺿﹰﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻜﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ -٥٩‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺩﻭ ﹴﺭ ﺃﺑـﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧـﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲦﺔ ﳎﺎﺯﻓﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫‪ -٦٠‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺣُﺬﻓﺖ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻠﲔ ﺇﻬﻧﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٥٥‬ﻭﺷﺪّﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻛﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿـﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪّﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺳـﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺬ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻠﻘـﺔ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺿﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﺮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -٦١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳ ّﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻣﱳ‬ ‫‪ -٥٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﳌﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎ ﹴﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻌـﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺺ ﺻـﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲦﺔ ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻛﻮﺭﻓﻮ)‪ (٢٨‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ -٥٧‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺝ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ )ﺏ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥٨‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺪّﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩ َ‬
‫ﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻭﻓـﺮﺕ‬
‫)‪ (٢٩‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻭﺽ ﻭﺇﺑـﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻋﺎ َﻡ ‪) ١٩٩٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(١٩٢‬‬ ‫‪.Corfu Channel, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 4‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٨‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫‪ -٦٥‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿـﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺣﺬﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻌـﲎ ﺍﳌـﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﲢﺴ ﹴ‬ ‫"ﺗﺄﺛﲑ"‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺻﻔﺔ "ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ" ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻛﻌﺘﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ‪ ،‬ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﺒـﺎﻉ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛ ٌﲑ ﻻ ﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﻳُـﺬﻛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "]‪ ،‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳏـﺪﺩﺓ‪ "[،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟ ﹲﺔ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﻃـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﻏﲑ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺆﻳـﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻗﺮّﻭﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺄﺛﲑ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺿﺮﺭ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷـ َﲑ‬
‫‪ -٦٦‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ"‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ" ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻳـﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻱ ﻣـﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻼ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ "ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﻭ"ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻼﺅﻩ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﻗﺪ ﹼﰎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٦٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫‪ -٦٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ "ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ" ﻭ"ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ" ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﻫ( ﻭ)ﻭ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺔ‬ ‫"ﺗﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺻﺨﺮﻳﺔ" ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ" ﻭﺣـﺬﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ "ﻻ ﺗُﺬﻛﺮ" ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ "ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﳍﺎ" ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺗﺎﻓﻬﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "]ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ[" ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻓﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻟـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻼﺟﻴﻮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗُﺬﻛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٣٠)١٩٨٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺔ "ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ"‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻈﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﲤﻴﻴـﺰﹴ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ" ﻭﺗﻮﺿـﻴﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺣﺬ َ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺘﺮ ُ‬
‫ﲨﻮﺩﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ"‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻠﺰﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﺎ" ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٥‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﺴﺎﺀﻝ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷ َﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺗﻘﻊ ﲢﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ "ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ" ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﹰﺍ" ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛـﲑﺕ‬
‫‪ -٦٨‬ﻭﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌـﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻟـﻮ ﱂ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺷﺮﻭﺡ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺗﺄﺛﲑ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪،١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ"ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ"ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﲦـﺔ ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٦٤‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ" ﰲ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌـﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫‪ ،(٣)١٣‬ﻭ"ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٦‬ﻭ"ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳـﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ)‪ .(٣١‬ﻓﻔـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﺄﻥ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٧‬ﻭ"ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺒـﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ" ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪ -٦٩‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٣٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫‪R. D. Hayton and A. E. Utton, "Transboundary‬‬
‫‪groundwaters: the Bellagio draft treaty", Natural Resources Journal,‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪.vol. 29, No. 3 (1989), p. 663‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٠‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٣١‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨـﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺪﺕ ﻣﺼﻮﻏﺔ ﲝـﺬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺘﺜﲑ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑ‬
‫‪ -٧٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٤‬ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻻ ﲤﺲّ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﳝـﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٧٠‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌـﺰﺩﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﱢﻞ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﲦﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺣﺬﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺺ ﳛﺬﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎ ٌﺀ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﹶﻬﻢ ﻟﻨ ﹴ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺑـﺪﻯ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﺮﺑـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﻬﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻔﺎﺿﹰﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻣﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ"‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧـﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻠـﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﱐ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﱂ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺮﺗﻴـﺐ" ﻳﺘـﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ‬
‫‪ -٧١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻔـﻀﻴﻠﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣُﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻐ ٍﺔ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ -٧٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌﻼﺋـﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺣﺎﺳـﻢ ﺍﻷﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺶ ﻛﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭُﺋﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫ ﹴ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﹰﺎ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣـﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺒـﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﱂ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻗﺪ ﻻ‬
‫ﲢﻆ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻬـﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻛﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٧‬‬
‫‪ -٧٢‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺒـﺪﺃﹰ‬
‫‪ -٧٥‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﺪ ﻭُﺟﱢﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻷﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ "ﺗﻨﻈـﺮ ]‪ [...‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٣‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﲤﺲّ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﻨﺺ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﺇﺩﺭﺍ َ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕﹴ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻟﻦ ﳝﺲ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺪّﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ( ﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﺑﲔ "ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ" ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺬ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﺣّﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺏ( ﻭ)ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫)ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠‬ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺗﺸﻤﻼﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٨٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٧‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻌـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺿﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﻮﻗـﻒ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ "ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ" ﻷﻏـﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻷﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻳُﻮﺍﺯَﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﲝﻖ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺒﲑ‬
‫"ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ" ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﻓ ٍﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﺑ ﹴﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻭﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ"‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻱ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺭ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻛـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟـﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺸﺎﺷﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ "ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ" ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﲤﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﺸﱡﻒ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳊﻘﺖ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺣُﺘﺞّ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻜ ﹴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊـﺴﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٩٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻧـﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮﺓ)‪ .(٣٢‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﹼﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﻹﺣﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻔﻴـﺪﺓ ﻹﺳـﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫‪ -٨١‬ﻭﺃﻳّﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ]‪ [...‬ﺃﻭ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺳﻠﱯ" ﻛﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﺍﳌـﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺩ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫‪ -٧٦‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٥‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﺶ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺫﻛﹼﺮﻭﺍ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺟﺪ ﹴﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺧﻲ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﻤـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﻄﺒـﺎﻕ ﻫـﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧٧‬ﻭﺫﻛﹼﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺏ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪٥‬‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٨‬‬
‫‪ -٧٨‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺭﺣّﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎ ٌﺀ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗُﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗُﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛـﲑﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ( ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫"ﻻ ﺗﻌﺮﻗﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ" ﻳﻨﻄـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺘـﺪﺭﱢﺝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮ ّﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻐﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻳﻠـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ" ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘـﱪ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧٩‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٦‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻬﻧﻢ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧـﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪28‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺷﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ -٨٦‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،١٢‬‬ ‫ﺣﺬﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻀﻔﻲ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻓﻨﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻛﻮﺭﻓﻮ)‪ (٣٣‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒ ﹰﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺛﲑﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳـﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜ ﹴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫‪ -٨٧‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٣‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ" ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺤـﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻣﺘُﺜﻞ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺇﺯﺍﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٨٢‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٨‬ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ "ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻠﻔﺘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫‪ -٨٨‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٤‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻨـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠـﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻔﻀﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ ﱂ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻜ ﹴﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺑﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻬﻢ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪ -٨٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺭ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧ ﹴﺞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺬﺭﹰﺍ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫"ﺗُﺸﺠﱠﻊ" ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﺮﺃﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺇﻋـﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻋُﺮﺿﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺭﻳﻮ()‪ ،(٣٤‬ﻭﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻫﻠﺴﻨﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٥‬ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻬﻧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪ (٣٥‬ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺑـﺮﻟﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ)‪ (٣٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -٨٤‬ﻭﺭﺣّﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎ ٌﺀ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑﺘﺒـﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﱴ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٩‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺒـﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﻴﻮﻳـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑـﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﻣﻌـﺎﻳﲑ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ‬
‫‪ -٨٩‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫"ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣٤‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﻮ ﺩﻱ ﺟـﺎﻧﲑﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺗﺒﺬﻝ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫‪ ١٤-٣‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪) ١٩٩٢‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻗـﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴـﻊ‬ ‫ﲨﻊ ]‪ "[...‬ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺗﺒـﺪﻭ‬
‫‪ A.93.I.8‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪International Law Association, Report of the Fifty-Second‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٥‬‬ ‫‪ -٨٥‬ﻭﺭﺣّﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪.Conference, Helsinki, 1966 (London, 1967), p. 484‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺻﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﳚـﺐ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪Report of the Seventy-First Conference, ،‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٦‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫‪.Berlin, 16–21 August 2004 (London, 2004), p. 334‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٣‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻓﻬﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻠﺐ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣـﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺙ‬
‫‪ -٩٤‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢٠‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢١‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻬﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻻ ﲡﺪﺭ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﺪﻭﺍ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ،٢١‬ﻣﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟـﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ)‪. (٣٨‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٥‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﻢ‬
‫‪ -٩٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺁﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ‬
‫‪ -٩٦‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـﺼﻚّ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋـﺮﺏ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻬﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﲣﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺮّﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﺫ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﱵ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻚ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﲢﻴ ٌﺰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺻ ّ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ -٩٧‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﲢﺒﻴﺬﻫﻢ ﺻﻜﹰﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛـﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼ ّ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻬﻧ ﹴﺞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﱂ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﲦﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﲤ ّ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻯ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺎﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﻴﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩٨‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀٌ ﻋﻦ ﲢﺒﻴﺬﻫﻢ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٨‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.٢١٣‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺴﲎ ﻟﻠﺒـﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ (٣٣‬ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﻡ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩٠‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٥‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﳝﺜﻞ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪٢٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻓﺒﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ "ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ"‬
‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺷﱴ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺣﺖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﺧﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩١‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪،١٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻧﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٧‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺎﱀﹶ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄ ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٧‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻜﺮﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﳑﻜـﻦ"‬
‫ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٧‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﲝﲑﺓ‬
‫ﻻﻧﻮ)‪ .(٣٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻـﺮﻳﺢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻁ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺢ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻛﺨﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٨‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺟـﺬﺍﺑﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻨﺸﺌﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺛﺎﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٩٣‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﲝﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺩﻗ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Lake Lanoux, UNRIAA, vol. XII (Sales No. 63.V.3),‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٧‬‬
‫‪.p. 281‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫‪ -١٠١‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺃﻡ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺠﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻨـﻬﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﻟـﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄـﺮﺓ ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،١٩٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻖ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٢‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻄﺒﱠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑـﺎﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊـﺎﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳊﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺼﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﲡﻠـﻰ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٦‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪.(٤١‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺭﻙ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﺷﱴ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﺷﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻨﺸﺌﺔﹰ ﻟﻌﺮ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳـﺘﻌﲔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴـﺬﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺿـﻊ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎ ﹴﻡ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪّﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻚ ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻨﻀﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻓﺰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﱪﺭ‬‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺻ ّ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺿﺮ ﹴﺭ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٧‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺮﻛﱢﺰ ﺑـﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳛﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧـﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﻋﺎﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻫﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
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‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٧‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻘـﺔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻨَﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞَ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ)‪ (٣٩‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﲝﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻚّ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺿـﻮﺀ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﹶ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪ -٩٩‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﲢﻘﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺫﻛﹼﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻱ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺘﻪ)‪ . (٤٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘـﺎﺭﻳﺮﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﺖ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘﲔ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌ ﹰﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﻤﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪٩٧‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻭُﻭﺟﻬـﺖ ﻣـﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘُﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴُﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﲢﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٠‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿـﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﲤﺎﺛﻞ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓـﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳎﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻟﲔ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭﱃ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻳﻼﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٨١‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٧٥‬‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٥٩‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﻭﳉﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏـﻢ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳـﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻻﻳـﺔ ﻗـﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻐﺰﻯ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨ ّ‬
‫‪ -١٠٦‬ﻭﺃﻗ ّﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺺ ﻧﺰﻳﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘ ﹴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣٣‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٧‬ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻷﻧـﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫‪ -١٠٧‬ﻭﺃﺟﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﰱ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﺸﱴ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬

‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٠‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ -١١٣‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺇﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘـﺼﺪ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺗﻘـﺪﱘ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ )ﲟﺎ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٠‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٦‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫‪ -١١٤‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﻩ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻴﻘﱡﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻪ‪ :‬ﻓﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﻬـﻴﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣ ّﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺅﻯ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﻧﻮﻋﻴـﹰﺎ ﻣﻨـﺬ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٢٠‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﲔ ﻗـﺪ ﲤﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـﺮﺃﻱ‬
‫‪ -١١٠‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳜﻀﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬
‫‪ -١١٥‬ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺭﻳ َﺪ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺷﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ؛ ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺪﺕ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧٣‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻟﻴـﺔ ﺗـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١١٧‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺗﻘـﺪ َﱘ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
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‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٠٨‬ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ" ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻳُﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ)‪ .(٤٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﺭﻓﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻂ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳍﻴﻜ ﹶﻞ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﳐﻄ ﹲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬ َﺞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ .(٤٣‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ‪ ١٥٢/٥٥‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٠٩‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ" ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴّﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻠـﻲ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ .(٤٤‬ﻭﺃﻳﺪﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ٤١/٥٩‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠٠٤‬ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍ َ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ ،(A/CN.4/552‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ" )‪ A/CN.4/550‬ﻭ‪.(Corr.1-2‬‬
‫‪ -١١١‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٨٣٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٤٠‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٨‬ﺃﻳـﺎﺭ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪ -١١٢‬ﻭﺃﻳﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٦٦‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪٥‬‬
‫ﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳُﻄﻠـﺐ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍ َ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٢٣٩‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٢٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٤٣‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٥٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٤٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٦٤‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -١٢٢‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﰲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻣﺮ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﻃﺮﺍﺋـﻖ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢٣‬ﻭﹸﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌـﻀﻲ ﻗﹸـﺪﻣﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ )ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻘـﻂ( ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﹸﺒﺪﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍ ُﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺯﱠﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٢٤‬ﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳎﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺪﱠﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫـﺎ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺜﲑ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﺠﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗـﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﲨﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻗﹸﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ )ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻌـﺪّ ﺑﻴﻨـﺔﹰ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ( ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﺣﺬﺭﺍﹰ؛ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻓﻌـﻼﹰ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﹼﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳊﺼﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗُﺤﻠﱠﻞ ﲝﺬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﲡﺪﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢٦‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲝﺜﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ)‪ (٤٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٥‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﺟـﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﹼﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١٨‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻔـﺮﻁ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻼ ﺣﻔـﺎﺯﹰﺍ‬‫ﻼ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﲢﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻒ ﻟﻼﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﲝﺚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١١٩‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳉـﻮﻫﺮﻱ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﳉﻤـﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧـﺸﺄﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢٠‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ "ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﹼﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ]ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ[‬
‫‘ﻻ ﲡﺪﻱ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ‘")‪ .(٤٥‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈـﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻣﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢١‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﺑـﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻭﺛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﻀﻌﻒ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗُﻮﺿـﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻬﻧﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪C. Parry, "The law of‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘ ﹰ‬ ‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫‪treaties", in M. Sørensen, ed., Manual of Public International Law,‬‬
‫)‪(٤٦‬‬ ‫‪.(London, Macmillan, 1968), p. 237‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺁﺧـﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻻ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣١‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﻜـ ُﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌ ﹶﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـ َﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋ َﺪ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺒﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻻﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺿـﺤﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗـﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺎﻓـﺬﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨـﺪﺭﺝ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﻓﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٧‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ "ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ" ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٣٢‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋـﻞ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﺗﻐﻄـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻌ ُ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﲟﺠـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺼﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺧﻲ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ؛ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺿـﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ)‪ .(٤٩‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻠﻘﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﻠﱢﻢ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﺧﻲ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ )ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(١٠‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻤّﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﻳـﺮﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳـﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻈﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ ﺟـﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣـﱪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢٧‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱠﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧـﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻃﻠـﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳُﻄﻠﹶﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋـﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺎﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٤٧‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٢٨‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٢٩‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺍﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﺪ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺫﹸﻛﺮﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳌﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﻬﺑـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٥‬ﺑﻌﻨـﻮﺍﻥ "ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ")‪ ،(٤٨‬ﻗـﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪١٩٨٦‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.("١٩٨٦‬‬
‫‪ -١٣٠‬ﻭﺍﹸﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﻭ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻓﻀﱠﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪(٤٧‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫"ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ"‪.‬‬
‫‪Yearbook of the Institute of International Law, vol. 61,‬‬ ‫)‪(٤٨‬‬
‫)‪(٤٩‬‬ ‫‪.part II (1986), p. 281‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫)‪(٥٠‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -١٣٦‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫"ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ" ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٩‬؛ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﳋﻼﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ -١٣٤‬ﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻳﻌـﺮﱢﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٧٨‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑ "ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ" ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺗﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪("١٩٧٨‬؛ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ" ﻳﺘﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﻛﻬﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺃ( ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (٢‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺢ" ﻳـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ -١٣٧‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫‪ .(٥١)١٩٨٥‬ﻭﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ ﻋﻦ ﳐﺎﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ "ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻯ" ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ "ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔـﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫]‪ ،"[...‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻟـﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻙ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳُﻔﻀﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺷﺎﻣﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ -١٣٨‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻬﻧﺠﺎﹰ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﻴﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳊﺼﺎﺭ )ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﺮﺑـﻮﺍ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -١٣٥‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺣـﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺮﻱ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻋﻨﻒ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ)‪،(٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺗﻔـﻀﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴـﺪ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻃﹸﺮﺡ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ" ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﹰﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟـﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰊ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺳـﺮﺍﺋﻴﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺨـﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ )ﺏ(‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٣٩‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺀﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺄﻳـﺪﻭﺍ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪(٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﲔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫"ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫"ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫")ﺃ( ُﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑ ‘ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‘ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﻌﻘـﻮﺩ ﺑـﲔ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﺎﺑﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﹸﺛﺒﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻫـﻲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻵﺛـﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﺛﻨﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ؛‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﲢﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬ ‫")ﺏ( ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﺑ ‘ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‘ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣـﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻧـﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻳُﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﲝﻜﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣـﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺭﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪ (٥٢‬ﹸﺃﺷﲑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺼﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٥١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٤٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪36‬‬

‫ﻻﺯﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻥ ﻏﺮﺿﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉُ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴـﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﺖ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺮﺑﺎﹰ ﻣﻌﻠﻨﺔﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳُﻨﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻠﻖ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻏﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ .‬ﻓـﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٥٥)١٩٨٥‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٤٣‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﻣـﺬﻛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩُ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔﹶ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٤٤‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳُﻨﻬﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣ ٌﺮ‬
‫ﻳُﻨﻈﱠﻢ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٧‬ﻭ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(٥٦)١٩٨٥‬‬
‫‪ -١٤٥‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻮﺿﱠﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻵﺛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦٩‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﳉـﺬﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈـﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٤٦‬ﻭﹸﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴـﺎﹰ"‬
‫ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺮﺗـﺎﺣﲔ‬
‫ﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺩﺭﺍ َ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ .‬ﻭﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎ ٌ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٤٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠‬ﺹ ‪ ٤٢‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٤٠‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻭُﺟﺪ ﺃﻡ ﱂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌـﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤـﺪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳ ُ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺘﺨﺬ ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﹴ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺎﺩﻳﺘﺶ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﳉﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﻒ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﻄﻮﻝ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﲨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ")‪ .(٥٣‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُـﺮﺡ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧـﺬ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ]‪ "[...‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُـﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ )ﺏ(‪ .‬ﻭﺗـﺴﺎﺀﻝ‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ" ﱂ ﺗﻌﺮﱢﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٤١‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ"‪ ،‬ﱂ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺢ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﺮﺏ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٣‬ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٤٢‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻲ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٤‬ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪(٥٣‬‬
‫‪The Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić a/k/a “DULE”,‬‬
‫‪International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Case No. IT-94-1-‬‬
‫‪A72, decision of 2 October 1995, Judicial Reports 1994–1995, vol. I, p.‬‬
‫‪ .429, para. 70‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ –‪ILM, vol. 35, No. 1 (January 1996), pp. 37‬‬
‫‪.38, para. 70‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪(٥٤‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳُﻨﻬﻲ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﱢﻖ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫)‪(٥٦‬‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘـﺮﺍﻑ ﺑـﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﺳـﺦ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﲤﺜﻴﻼﹰ ﻟﻺﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ" ﺑﻜﻠﻤـﺔ "ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ"(‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٣‬‬
‫‪ -١٥٠‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻳﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻤﺎﹰ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ‪ (١) :‬ﺃﻥ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﻞ ﳌـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺃﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ؛ ﻭ)‪ (٢‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺒُﻄﻼﻥ )‪ ،(caducité‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳَﱪﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﺝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ ﻋﻬﺪﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﺃﺛﺮُ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕِ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﺎﻗﺾ ﺃﺻـﻼﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺭﻙ ﻗﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﺇﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒـﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺠﲔ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻭﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٥١‬ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻭﺟﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺳـﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٥٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻋـﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﰐ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺜﲑ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺌﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺜﲑ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺈﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﻜـﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﳏﺘﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٤٧‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣُﺴﻨﺖ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ )ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻕ ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼ ﹴ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﹸﺪﱢﻣﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٤٨‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻴـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺎﺭﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻳﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳُﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺑـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺒﻴﱡﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٤‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٤‬ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﻬﻧﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٤٩‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻛﹸﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ (١) :‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻐﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊـﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﲔ؛ )‪ (٢‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﻚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻈﻞ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺭﻫﻨﺎﹰ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ؛ )‪ (٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ؛ )‪ (٤‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩١٩‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪38‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺧﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﻋﻘـﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﻳﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬
‫‪ -١٥٦‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻗﺪ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌـﲔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻭ‪) ٤‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﳎﻬﻤﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٥٣‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫)‪(٥٨‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺼﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٢‬ﺏ((؛ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ -١٥٧‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(٥‬؛ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻧﺎﻓـﺬ ﹰﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﻟﻔﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻉ ﻣﺴﻠ ﹴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧـﺰﺍ ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﳌﺘﺤﺎﺭﺑﲔ ﰲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺃﺑﺮﻣـﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘَﻨﺺُ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊُ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺆﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﹸﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘـﺔ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -١٥٨‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ -١٥٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺻـﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﻡ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﱵ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺘﲔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﺗﻮﺧﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ( ﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ؛ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٥٩‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺗﻈﻞ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﱄ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﺩﻩ "ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﲑ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺋﻴـﺔ")‪.(٥٩‬‬
‫‪ -١٥٥‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉَ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺷـﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫)‪ (٥٨‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟـﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴـﺔ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫"ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺁﺧـﺮ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡَ ﺑﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﴰﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺢ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺣﺬﹼﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻣﻨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﹼﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻘﱡﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٤‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹸﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒـﺪﻭ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫)‪Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, (٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﻩ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻻﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪.Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports, 1996, p. 226 at p. 240, para. 25‬‬ ‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﳎﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﻞ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﻛـﺪ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٦٣‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﹸﺛﲑﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺿﻄﹸﺮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺤﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٦٤‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٣‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٦٥‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﻀﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟـﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺷﻜﹼﻠﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻉ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫـﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮ َ‬
‫ﻻﻏﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٦٦‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﻠﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳـﻴُﻌﺪﱠﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﳌﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺭﻳﺘﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺛﻴﻮﺑﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ‪١٣‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.(٦١)٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Decision Regarding Delimitation of the Border between the‬‬
‫‪State of Eritrea and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,‬‬
‫‪.ILM, vol. 41, No. 5 (September 2002), p. 1057‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗُﺪﺭَﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﲑ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺻﻔﺔ "ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٦٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺕ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫"ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ" ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺴﺘﺒﺪﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ "ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٦١‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻤﱢـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﳏﻞ ﺧﻼﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻠﻔﻈﺔ "ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ"‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﱪﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﹶﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝٌ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﻛﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﺘﺤﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕٍ ﺧﺎﺻﺔٍ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕٌ ﺗﺮﻣـﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻔﻈﺔ "ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ" ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉَ ﲝﺚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﹰ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻻﺣﻘﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠـﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻯ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٧‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٦‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ‬
‫)‪(٦٠‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٦٢‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻃﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ ﻻ ﺗﻌـﲏ ﺑﺎﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٦٠‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪(٦١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻔﺘـﺮﺽ ﺃﻬﻧـﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗُﻨﻬﻰ ﲝﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ٤‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘـﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻉ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١٦٨‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻭﺍ ﹴ‬
‫ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺿـﻮﺀ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧُﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻳﲑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻮﻗـﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺢ ﻳـﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٦٩‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺟﺎﻫ ﹰﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔـﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻐـﺮﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻠﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﴰﻠـﺖ‬
‫ﺝ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻋﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ‪" :‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕٌ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺩﺭﺍ َ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٧٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﺷـﻜﻮﻛﹰﺎ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻓﺌـﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ؛ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻳُﺨﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ؛ ﻭﺣﱴ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻭﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻈﲑﺗﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳑﺎﺛﻠـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻨﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻻﺯﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٧‬ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٦٧‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﳝﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﺣـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻏﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻏﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺘﻈﻞ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺔ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٦٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳌـﺆﺩﻯ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﻉ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﹶﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮ ُ‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻤﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠِﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈِﻤﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ؛‬
‫")ﺝ( ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣـﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ؛‬
‫")ﺩ( ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛‬
‫")ﻫ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؛‬
‫")ﻭ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺂﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ؛‬
‫")ﺯ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ؛‬
‫")ﺡ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻭﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؛‬
‫")ﻁ( ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ؛‬
‫")ﻱ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛‬
‫")ﻙ( ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﹸﺪﱢﻣﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٧١‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻻ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٥‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ( ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫‪ -١٧٤‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ "ﺩﺍﺋﻤـﺔ" ﻭﻣـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﺮﻛﺰ"‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٤‬ﻭﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻴﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻤﺸﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺬﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲰﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲰﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻛﹸﺘﺐ ﻋـﻦ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻋﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺭﻃﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٧٥‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳛﻴﻂ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺷﻜﻮﻛﹰﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑـﺪﻳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻋـﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٧‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ -١٧٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺩ( ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﺟﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﺣﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻫﻨﺎﹰ ﲟﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑﺎﻷﺳـﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ)‪ (٦٣‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ)‪ .(٦٤‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﰲ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫‪ -٩‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٨‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‬ ‫)ﻫ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺗﻔـﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -١٧٦‬ﻭُﺻﻔﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٧٣‬ﻭﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻭ(‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻹﻬﻧـﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ -١٧٧‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻀﻤ ُ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻣﻨ ُﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪُ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗ َ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺯ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫)‪ (٦٥‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫"ﺷﺎﺭﻋﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫"ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‬
‫__________‬
‫"ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٤٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٥‬ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫)‪ (٦٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٥٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٦٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٥‬ﺹ ‪ ٣٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪42‬‬

‫ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻭﻫـﺎ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٤‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲟﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗُﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺰ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻹﻬﻧـﺎﺀ‬
‫‪)٢‬ﺝ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻐـﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﴰﻠﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕٌ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈ َﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﺳﻴﻌﲏ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺗَﺒَﻌِﻴّﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٣‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٩‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝُ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﺪ ﻋُﻠﱢﻘﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺃﹸﻬﻧﻴـﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﱰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١٧٨‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻓـﺼﻞ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓﹸ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ -١٨١‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻜﻤﻠـﺔ ﻷﻏـﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﺘُﻌﻄﻰ ﻗـﺪﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٤‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٧‬‬
‫‪ -١١‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫‪ -١٠‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫‪ -١٨٢‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ‬
‫ﻬﻧﺠﹰﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (٦٨)١٩٨٥‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗُﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﺘﺘﻐﲑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٧٩‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٩‬ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺷـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٨‬ﺁﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑُﺬﻟﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻭُﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﳐﻠﻔـﺎﺕ ﻛـﺒﲑﺓ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻏﻤـﻮﺽ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫‪ -١٨٠‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﲢﺒﻴـﺬ‬
‫‪ -١٨٣‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﻳﻴـﺪﺍﹰ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﳑﺎﺛﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٧‬ﻭ‪ ٨‬ﻭ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٩‬‬
‫ﲤﻴﱢﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣـﻦ ﳎﻠـﺲ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬ ‫)‪ (٦٦‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫"ﺍﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٦٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫"‪ -١‬ﻳُﺴﺘﺄﻧﻒ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫"ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋُﻠﱢﻖ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﹸﻫﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲟـﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺗـﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫")ﺃ( ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ؛‬
‫)‪ (٦٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٤٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫")ﺏ( ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ"‪.‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -١٨٧‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻧﻴﺔ ﲝﺚ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٢‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١١‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ)‪ ،(٧٠‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-١٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﹰﻻ ﳏﺎﻳـﺪﺓ)‪،(٧١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻬﻧـﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻖ)‪،(٧٢‬‬
‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻛﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -١٨٨‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺣﻜ َﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻪ ﻏﺮﺽ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭ ُ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٣‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﻠﱠﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٧٠‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕٍ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗـﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺎﺭﺑـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﹰﻻ ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻮﺻـﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻭ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﳏﺎﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﱰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺈﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺧﺮﻕ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻱ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫")ﺝ( ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﺔ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫")ﺩ( ﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٣‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﺣﺴﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻲ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗـﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻧـﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺎﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ)‪ .(٦٩‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋـﺮﺏ ﻋـﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔـﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺅﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٨٤‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀُ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ًﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١٨٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔﹲ ﻟﺘﻀﻤﲔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺻـﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣـﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻻ ﲣﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻻﹰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺠـﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺆﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳُـﺪﱠﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٨٦‬ﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻟـﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﳛﺘـﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻋـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﻤـﺎﻋﻲ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٦٩‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٩-٧‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(١٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻤﻴﱠﺰ ﲜﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍ ُ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺬﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -١٩١‬ﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪١١‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٤‬ﱂ ﺗﻠﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀًﹶﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪١١‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺪﺭَﺝ ﰲ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻢ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺼ َﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﻋﺮﺿَـﻪ ﳌـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﹶﻗ َ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -١٨٩‬ﻭُﺟﺪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪ -١٩٠‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻜـﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٣‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ)‪ (٨٠‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ)‪ (٨١‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑـﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪.(٨٢)٧‬‬
‫‪ -١٩٢‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٠‬ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝَ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ "ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳـﻞ ﺍﻷﺟـﻞ)‪.(٧٤‬‬
‫‪ -١٩٥‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـ ُﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪.(A/CN.4/553‬‬ ‫‪ ١٥٢/٥٥‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ)‪ ،(٨٣‬ﻋﻤﻤﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -١٩٦‬ﻭﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼ ﹶﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬‫ـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛـ‬ ‫ـﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫ ـﺎ ‪ ٨٢/٥٦‬ﺍﳌـ‬ ‫ـﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘـ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠـﻬﺎ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋُﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ)‪.(٨٤‬‬
‫‪ -١٩٣‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ -١٩٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻏـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٢‬ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝَ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﹰ ﺧﺎﺻﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ .(٧٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪.(٧٦‬‬
‫ﺑُﺤﺜﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺯ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ)‪ (٧٧‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺳـﻨﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ)‪ ،(٧٨‬ﻭﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺳـﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫‪ -١٩٨‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﲟـﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٦‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ٨‬ﻭﻗـﻮﻉ ﺧـﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗـﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٨٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ)‪.(٧٩‬‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/532‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٨١‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫‪ -١٩٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/541‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٤‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪ (٨٢‬ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪﺕ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪،(٤٩‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪﺕ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫)‪ (٧٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٤٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٥٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .(٦٩‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ‬ ‫)‪ (٧٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟـﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٠٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٤٦٣-٤٦١‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٠٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (٧٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٦٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٤٦٤‬ﻭﺹ ‪ ،١١٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٤٨٨‬ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥٢‬‬ ‫)‪ (٧٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١١٣-١٠٩‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٤٨٨-٤٦٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٤‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫)‪ (٧٨‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٦‬‬
‫‪A/CN.4/545‬؛ ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘـﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (٧٩‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٠٩‬‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/547‬ﻭ‪.A/CN.4/556‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٦٤‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ()‪ ،(٩٠‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٤‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ()‪ ،(٩١‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٥‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ()‪ ،(٩٢‬ﻭﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٦‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ()‪.(٩٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ()‪ ،(٨٩‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٩٠‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٣‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮ ﱢﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﹰﺎ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٩١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٤‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫")ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٩٢‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٥‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٥‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٤‬ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٩٣‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٦‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٦‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺧﺬ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻋـﻀﻮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻭﺍﺭُﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺫﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻭﺃﻥ ُﻳﺮَﺗ ﹶﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻘـﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
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‫ﺩﻭﱄ()‪ ،(٨٥‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ٩‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓـﺬ ﲡـﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ()‪ ،(٨٦‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٠‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ()‪،(٨٧‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١١‬ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ()‪ ،(٨٨‬ﻭﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٢‬‬
‫)ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﻏـﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٨٥‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:٨‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٨‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﲣﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻭﻃﺎﺑﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٦‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:٩‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٠‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻃـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٣‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٨‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١١‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١١‬ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﹰﺍ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﻜـﺮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨٩‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪:١٢‬‬
‫"ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫"ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـَﹰﺎ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢٠٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ،٢٨٤٣‬ﺃﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪٩‬‬ ‫‪ -١٩٩‬ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﺗﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪١٥‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥‬ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٨‬ﻭ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤٤‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﹰﺍ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫‪ -٢٠٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٤٨‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٣‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴـﻪ ‪٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ)‪ .(٩٤‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ [١٥]١٦‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ‪ ١-‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ -٢٠٤‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٦٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٨٦٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﲞﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ ٢-‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑـﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫‪ -٢٠٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،١٦‬ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٩‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٠٥‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﲞﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ)‪ .(٩٥‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﳓﻮ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(٩٦)١‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺌﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٨‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺰﻣـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺫﻭﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(٩٧)٢‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ"‬ ‫‪ -٢٠١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻚ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳛﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﲤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٤٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ‬‫ﰲ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٨‬ﻭ‪ .١٦‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٤٤‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٩٦‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪،٢٠٠٣‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٣-٢١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥٤‬‬ ‫)‪ (٩٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ (٩٧‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪.٣٣-٣٢‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.٢٦-٢٣‬‬ ‫)‪ (٩٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪48‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪-(٩٨)٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٠٤‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٦‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳُﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳُﺸﻜﹼﻞ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٥)٧‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪﻩ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪(٩٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﱪﺗﻪ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٠)٤‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪(١٠٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳّـﹰﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٧)٨‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،١‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻴﻞ" ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳑﱠﻦ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﻢ)‪.(١٠١‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﲣﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﺗُﻄﺒﱠﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﻭﻇـﺎﺋﻒ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻭﻃﺎﺑﻌﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻛﻼﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌـﲏ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ "ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟـﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٨)٩‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ)‪.(١٠٢‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣـﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٣)٥‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﻼﺀ ﳑّﻦ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﻢ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔﹲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔﹲ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١٠٩)١٠‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺟﻬـﺎﺯ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٩٨‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻃـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺹ ‪.٢٧-٢٦‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﻏـﲑ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٩٩‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻉ ﺟـﻴﻢ‪،٢-‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٤‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠٠‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٥‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠١‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (١٠٦‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟـﻴﻢ‪٢-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٢‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠٢‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (١٠٧‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٨‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠٣‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪،٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٩‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ‪ ،٢-‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٢‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١١٤)١٤‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻭﻳﻈﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١١٠)١١‬ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ؛‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗـﻮﻉ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣـﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺧﺬ ﻣﻊ ﻏـﲑﻩ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١١٥)[١٦]١٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈـﻞ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮﹰﺍ ﻃﺎﳌـﺎ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫)‪(١١١‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬

‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺃﺫﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜـﺎﺏ ﻓﻌـﻞ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ؛‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١١٢)١٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ ﺃﻭ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﻳﻜﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ؛‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﹰﺎ ﻟـﻮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫)‪(١١٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪[١٥]١٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻻ ﳜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -(١١٣)١٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -٢٠٦‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ؛‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘـﻪ‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٤‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٥‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻓﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(١١٠‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫)‪(١١١‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٦‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟـﻴﻢ‪٢-‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺳﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻓﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(١١٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(١١٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊُ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻣﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪.(١١٩‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﲔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﲔ ﻟﻜـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ "ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ "ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤـﻞ"‪ .‬ﻭﻳـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻌﲏ "ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏـﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ؛ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ .(١١٧‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺷـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻬﻧﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ "ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ُﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﻄﺮﺡ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٨‬ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﲣﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﳌﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪ .(١٢٠‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳌـﺆﻟﻔﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻭﻃﺎﺑﻌﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳛﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﱴ ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺟـﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻊ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫)‪ (١١٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ٦٩‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﳌـﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫)‪ (١٢٠‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ "ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ" ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ (١١٨‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ﳏﻞ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺩﻭﻟﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ‪Matteo Decleva, Il diritto interno delle‬‬
‫)‪Unioni internazionali (Padua, Cedam, 1962‬؛ ﻭ ‪Giorgio Balladore‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ"‬
‫‪Pallieri, “Le droit interne des organisations internationales”, Recueil‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ "ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ"‪.‬‬
‫‪des cours de l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, 1969–II,‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Patrick‬‬ ‫‪ .vol. 127, p. 1‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫‪Daillier and Alain Pellet, Droit international public, 7th ed. (Paris,‬‬ ‫)‪ (١١٧‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٦‬‬
‫‪.Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 2002), pp. 576–577‬‬ ‫)‪ (١١٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٦٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٧٣-٦٩‬‬
‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊـﺎﱄ)‪.(١٢٣‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺧﺮﻭﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻣـﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲡﺎﻫﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫)‪ (٨‬ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ "]ﺑﺎﻟ[ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫]ﺍﻟ[ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ")‪.(١٢٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٩‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‪ ،‬ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﲟﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﰲ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜـﺎﻝ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪ .(١٢١‬ﻭﲦﺔ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﳚﺪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ)‪ .(١٢٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻻ‬
‫ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺘﻜﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳋـﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺧﺮﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠـﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺃﺧﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪L. Focsaneanu, “Le‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬
‫‪droit interne de l’Organisation des Nations Unies”, Annuaire français de‬‬

‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﻓﺖ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪P. Cahier, “Le droit interne‬‬ ‫‪droit international, vol. 3 (1957), p. 315‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺿﺪ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻋُﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫‪des organisations internationales”, Revue générale de droit international‬‬
‫‪J. A. Barberis, “Nouvelles questions‬‬ ‫‪public, vol. 67 (1963), p. 563‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪concernant la personnalité juridique internationale”, Recueil des cours de‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, 1983-I, vol. 179, pp. 145 et‬‬
‫‪ .seq. at pp. 222–225‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒــﻞ ‪Rudolf Bernhardt,‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺮ‬
‫‪“Qualifikation‬‬ ‫‪und‬‬ ‫‪Anwendungsbereich‬‬ ‫‪des‬‬ ‫‪internen‬‬ ‫‪Rechts‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﱯ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔﹲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‬
‫‪internationaler Organisationen”, Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪.Völkerrecht, vol. 12 (1973), p. 7‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(١٢٥‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٢‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﹶﺪﻣﺖ ﲞﺼﻮﺻﻬﺎ ﳏﻜﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻ َ‬
‫)‪ (١٢٣‬ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ "ﻭﺻﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ ﺇ‪ .‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺇ‪ .‬ﻝ‪ ،(Costa v. E.N.E.L.) .‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪:١٩٦٤‬‬
‫ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳛﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧـﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ" ) ‪"Final Report of the Committee‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺀ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫‪on Accountability of International Organisations", part three, section‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﳏﺎﻛﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺈﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﳍﺎ‬
‫‪one, adopted by resolution No. 1/2004, Report of the Seventy-First‬‬
‫‪) Conference, Berlin, 16–21 August 2004‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٦‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ .(١٩٩‬ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺃﺧﺺ ﳍﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﺖ‬
‫)‪ (١٢٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﳏـﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻠﻘـﺖ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٧١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪Case C-316/91. Judgment of 2 March 1994, European (١٢٥‬‬ ‫‪Case 6/64, Judgment of 15 July 1964, European Court Reports, vol. X‬‬
‫‪.Court Reports, 1994–I, p. 625 at pp. 661–662‬‬ ‫‪.(1964), p. 585‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪52‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -٩‬ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﺎ ﱂ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠـﺴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻈـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﹰﺍ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺗﻜﺮﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻠﺖ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﹰﺎ)‪ (١٢٦‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻛﺘُﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٩‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻊ‬ ‫ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﻭﻧﺼﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ ،(١٢٨‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٠‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ" ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣـﱴ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﳝﺘﺪ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﻳﻈﻞ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ (١٢٩‬ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟ ﹸﺔ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﺘﺪ ﻃـﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﱢﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻭﻳﻈـﻞ ﻏـﲑ ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﻫﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٩‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ ،(١٢٧‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌـﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﰲ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ" ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١١‬ﺍﳋﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﺑﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻬﻧـﺎ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻻ ﺗـﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫)‪ (١٢٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ ،٧٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٧٥-٧٣‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺻـﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ ‪1/2004‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻟﲔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪" :‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗُﻌﺘـﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـ ﹸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ" )–‪Report of the Seventy-First Conference, Berlin, 16‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫‪) 21 August 2004‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(١٩٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٧٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٨١-٧٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٢٧‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ (١٢٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.٩٠-٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ ،٧٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٧٩-٧٥‬‬
‫‪53‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫)‪ (٥‬ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ﻏـﲑ‬‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﻩ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﱯ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﱢﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳐﺘﺼﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺑﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺒﺤـﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﳌﺘـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ]‪ [...‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﳊﻜﻢ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﺄﻬﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﲤﺘﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ)‪.(١٣٦‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹶﻗ ّﺮ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﻓﺮﻳ ُﻖ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬ ﹶﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻳﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏـﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺆﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺗُﻨﻔﺬ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﱂ ﺗﺒﺤﺜﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ "ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺄﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﻘﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ )‪.(ratione personae‬‬
‫)‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪(١٣١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ")‪.(١٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ؛ ﻭﻛـﺎﻧﺘﻮﱐ ؛‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎﺛﻴﻮﺱ)‪(١٣٢‬؛ ﻭﺳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻻﻳﱰ)‪ (١٣٣‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛ ﻭﻫ‪ .‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ (١٣٤).‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ ﲝﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑـﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺳـﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫"ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺧ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ (٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﹸﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻜﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ")‪.(١٣٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺘﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﺔ ﻻﺣﻘـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿـﻤﻦ ﺍﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫‪M. & Co. v. the Federal Republic of Germany, Application‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ]ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪No. 13258/87, Decision of 9 February 1990, European Commission of‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ[‪ ،‬ﺣﲔ ﺗﺪﻋﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪.Human Rights, Decisions and Reports, vol. 64, p. 138‬‬
‫ﺩﻋﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺋﺤﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﹰﺓ ﻭﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(١٣٨‬‬ ‫)‪Cantoni v. France, Application No. 17862/91, Judgment of (١٣١‬‬
‫‪15 November 1996, ECHR, Reports of Judgments and Decisions,‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﻜﻤﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪.1996–V, p. 1614‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻹﲨﺎﻉ ﰲ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺇﻧﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Matthews v. the United Kingdom,‬‬ ‫)‪Application No. (١٣٢‬‬
‫‪24833/94, Grand Chamber, Judgment of 18 February 1999, ECHR,‬‬

‫__________‬
‫‪.Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 1999–I, p. 251‬‬
‫‪Senator Lines‬‬ ‫)‪v. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, (١٣٣‬‬
‫ـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ـﻴﺔ ‪ ١٣٠‬ﺃﻋـ‬
‫ـﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـ‬
‫‪) M.‬ﺍﻧﻈـ‬ ‫‪& Co. v. Germany‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣٦‬‬
‫‪France,‬‬ ‫‪Germany,‬‬ ‫‪Greece,‬‬ ‫‪Ireland,‬‬ ‫‪Italy,‬‬ ‫‪Luxembourg,‬‬ ‫‪the‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.١٤٤‬‬ ‫‪Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom,‬‬
‫‪WTO, European Communities―Protection of Trademarks‬‬ ‫)‪(١٣٧‬‬ ‫‪Application No. 56672/00, Grand Chamber, Decision of 10 March‬‬
‫‪and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and‬‬ ‫‪.2004, ECHR, Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 2004–IV, p. 335‬‬
‫‪Foodstuffs: Complaint by the United States, Report of the Panel, 15‬‬
‫)‪H.v.d.P. v. the Netherlands, Communication No. 217/1986, (١٣٤‬‬
‫‪.March 2005 (WT/DS/174/R), para. 7.725‬‬
‫)‪Bosphorus Hava Yollari ve Ticaret AS v. Ireland, (١٣٨‬‬
‫‪decision of 8 April 1987, Official Records of the General Assembly,‬‬

‫‪Application No. 45036/98, Decision of 13 September 2001‬‬

‫‪.Forty-Second Session, Supplement No. 40 (A/42/40), p. 185‬‬
‫‪.(unpublished), para. A‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٣٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ١٨٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(٢-٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋـﻦ ﻭﺯﻳـﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ؛‬
‫ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻠـﺰﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٧‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ ،(١٤٢‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺮﺣﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٢‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺣﻠﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ" ﳏﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻮﺟﱠﻪ ﻭﺗُﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﻮ )ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﻮ )‪ ((KFOR‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺘﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺍ ﱡﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﲔ ﺍﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ‪" :‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻠﻒ‬
‫ﴰﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ‘ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‘ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻮﺳـﻮﻓﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ‘ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‘ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ")‪ .(١٤٣‬ﻭﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻮﱠﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٤٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٨٦‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٨٩-٨٦‬‬
‫)‪I.C.J. Pleadings, Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and (١٤٣‬‬
‫‪Montenegro v. France), Preliminary Objections of the French Republic‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬‫‪ .(5 July 2000), p. 33, para. 46‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻖ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﳑـﺎﺛ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺴﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻛﻮﺳﻮﻓﻮ ‪Alain Pellet, “L’imputabilité‬‬
‫‪d’éventuels actes illicites: responsabilité de l’OTAN ou des États‬‬
‫‪membres”, in C. Tomuschat, ed., Kosovo and the International‬‬
‫‪Community: A Legal Assessment (The Hague, Kluwer Law‬‬
‫‪.International, 2002), pp. 193 et seq. at p. 199‬‬
‫‪54‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺄﺟﺮﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻧﻔﺬﺗﻪ ﺳـﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﻌﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ "ﻭﻻﻳﺔ" ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗـﺐ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ)‪.(١٣٩‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻧـﺸﺄﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٢‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌـﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ؛‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ (١٤٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻝ)‪ .(١٤١‬ﻭﻻ ﺗـﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺑﻀﻌﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﲔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹲﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﻋﺪﱢﻟﺖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘـﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Grand Chamber, decision of 30 June 2005,‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٣٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫‪.ECHR, Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 2005–VI, para. 137‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٨٤‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٨٦-٨٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤١‬ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻟﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ‪" :‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ"‪Report of the Seventy-First ) .‬‬
‫‪) Conference, Berlin, 16–21 August 2004‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٦‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ .(٢٠١-٢٠٠‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺗﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٢‬‬
‫‪55‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻗﺪ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ" ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٧‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ١٧‬ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ[ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﳐﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻮﻙ")‪ ،(١٤٤‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪ ،(١٤٧‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷُـﺮﺣﺖ ﰲ‬ ‫"ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‘ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‘ ]‪ [...‬ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٢‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ")‪ .(١٤٥‬ﻭﺃﻥ "ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ‘ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‘‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻤﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﳛﺎﺀ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ")‪ .(١٤٦‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻦ "ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ" ﺇﱃ "ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺮﱠﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳُﻌﻴﱢﻦ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﹶﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳُﺤﺪﺙ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻫﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻖ‬ ‫ﳝﺘﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٨‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺷﻜﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،(١٤٨)"٢٣‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﳚـﱪ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺮَﻫـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٥‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٣‬ﻭ‪ ١٥‬ﻟﻦ ﳜﻠﻖ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻤـﲔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻭﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٥‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻳﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳـﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻫـﺬﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎﹰ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٥‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -١٤‬ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌﺘَـﱪ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٥‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺮﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[١٦]١٥‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻏـﲑ‬‫)ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻻ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ؛‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻟـﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٤٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٨٨‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(١٧‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٨٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٩٠-٨٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٤٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(١٧‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ٨٩‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ(‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٤٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪56‬‬

‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻑ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻃﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﲔ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﺗﺒـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﺃﺫﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﳌـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺘـﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻭﺻـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ؛‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻛـﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻟﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻝ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﻳﻀﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻔـﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﹸﻌﺮﱠﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺲ ﺇﻧﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﹰﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﻨﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﻳﺢ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻜﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺒﻮﺍ ﰲ‬ ‫)‪ (١‬ﺇﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺷـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﻢ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗُﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮ ﺳـﻠﻄﺔﹰ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﺍ ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻭﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺴﺎ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻓﺎﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ [...]" :‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺳـﻔﻮﺭﻭﺱ ﻗـﺪ ﻧﻈـﺮﺕ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻓﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲜﻌﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‘ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‘")‪.(١٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﺕ ﻬﺑـﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺭﺗﻜـﺎ َ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻫـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻀﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﱠﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻟﻄﻠـﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ]‪ [...‬ﻓﻜـﻞ ﻗـﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳜﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫)ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٦٢٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ (٢٦‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳـﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪.(١٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ)‪.(١٥١‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻑ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﺣـﲔ‬
‫)‪ (٧‬ﻭﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻠـﺰﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺧﺮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻮﻓﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳـﻢ ﺑﻠـﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻭﻻ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ]‪ [...‬ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ‬
‫"ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺭﺓ" ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻌﲔ)‪.(١٥٢‬‬
‫__________‬
‫__________‬ ‫)‪ (١٤٩‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪Bosphorus Hava Yollari Turizm ve Ticaret AS v. Ireland,‬‬ ‫)‪(١٥١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ (A/C.6/59/SR.22) ٢٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٤‬‬
‫‪) decision of 30 June 2005‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٣٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٥٧‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (١٥٢‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٤٩‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪،A/CN.4/556‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٦٦‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ ،٦٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻧﻮﻥ‪.٥-‬‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ ...‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑ "ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻛﻮﺍﺯ" ]”‪ [“Opération Turquoise‬ﻓـﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ ﻳـﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ "ﹶﺃﺫِﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ" ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﲢـﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻳﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﻓﻠﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗُﻨﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ "ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻛﻮﺍﺯ")‪.(١٥٣‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٥‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧـﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،١٤‬ﻻ ﻳﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٨‬ﻭﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺘﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋـﻀﻮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﱢﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٣‬ﻭ‪،١٤‬‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺤﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﺗُﺴﺘﻮﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻫـﺬﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٥‬ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻮﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢‬ﻟﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ -[١٥]١٦‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﻻ ﳜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺰﻣﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭُﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗُﻜﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﻁ "ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺧـﻼﻝ" ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﳏـﺪﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ‬ ‫)‪ (١٠‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗـﺪ ﺍﺭﺗُﻜـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ)‪ .(١٥٤‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺧـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲤﺎﺭﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﲢﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ "ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺿﻴﻔﺖ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٦‬ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪ (١١‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨـﺸﺄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣُﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻘﻄﺖ ﻣﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟُﻌﻠﺖ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃـﺮﺃﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١٢‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻓﻌﻞ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺧﺮﻕ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (١٥٣‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺄﺕ "ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻛﻮﺍﺯ" ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻬﺑـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ‪.(١٩٩٤) ٩٢٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ (١٥٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺋـﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺭﻭﺍﻧـﺪﺍ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٩٠‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٩١-٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎﹰ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪.(١٦١‬‬
‫‪ -٢٠٧‬ﺣﺪّﺩﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢١١‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٩‬ﻋﻴّﻨـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪" (١٩٩٦‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ" ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﺕ ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺭﺩ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ)‪ .(١٥٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ ،(١٦٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘُﺨﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﺿـﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔﹸ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﻏﻮﺳﻼﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ١٦٠/٥١‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٦‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔﹶ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫‪ -٢١٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨــﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤــﺴﲔ )ﻋــﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـــﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـــﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻘـﺪﳝﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ)‪ (١٦٣‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .٩‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٧٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺟﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٧‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﺎﹰ ﻋـﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻳُﻌـﲎ ﻬﺑـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ ،(١٥٦‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.١٦٠/٥١‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﺍﹰ ﺃﻳﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ)‪.(١٥٧‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ .(١٦٤)٦‬ﰒ ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،٢٦٣٥‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﻭ‪ ٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ،٨‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺣﺪ ﳑﻜﻦ؛ )ﺏ( ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﳐﻄﻄـﺎﹰ‬
‫‪ -٢١٣‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻳـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠١‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﱄ)‪.(١٥٨‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ)‪ .(١٦٥‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٩‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ -٢٠٨‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﳏﻤﺪ ﺑﻨﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪.(١٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٠‬ﻭ‪ ،١١‬ﻭﺃﺭﺟـﺄﺕ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ -٢٠٩‬ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻘــﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘــﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣــﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻋـﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪ .١٣‬ﻭﻗـﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ١٥٦/٥٢‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳـﺴﻤﱪ ‪،١٩٩٧‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ" ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢١٤‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٩‬ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢١٠‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪ .(١٦٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -٢١٥‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈـﺮ ﰲ‬‫ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫__________‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٦١‬ﺗﺮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٠٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٠٨‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ ‪،A/51/10‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٢٠٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٤٨‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،١‬ﺹ ‪.٢٩٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ ‪،A/54/10‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٦٩‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬ ‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬‫)‪ (١٦٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/506‬ﻭ‪.Add.1‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٧١‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦٤‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٢٠-١١٧‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ١٨٩‬ﻭ‪.١٩٠‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٤٢-١٤٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٩٥‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٥٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٢٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٩٠‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬ ‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬‫)‪ (١٦٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (١٦٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/514‬‬ ‫‪.A/CN.4/484‬‬
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‫‪59‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢٢١‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌــﻮﺍﺩ ‪ [١٠]٨‬ﻭ‪ [١١]٩‬ﻭ‪ [١٤]١٠‬ﰲ ﺟﻠــﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪.٢٧٦٨‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ﺫﺍﺗـﻬﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ‪[١٠]٨‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ [١١]٩‬ﻭ‪.(١٧١)[١٤]١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ((‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻫ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴـﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ -٢٢٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ)‪.(١٧٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٧٩١‬ﺇﱃ ‪٢٧٩٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ .٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ)‪ (١٧٣‬ﻋﻦ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ" ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺿـﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺃﺭﺟﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ)‪ ،(١٦٦‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪ ،١٣‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .١٦‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴـﺔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ(‬
‫ﻭ)ﺩ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪) ١٤‬ﻟﻜﻲ ُﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻟﺘﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢١٦‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .[٨]٧‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ [٥]٣‬ﻭ‪ [٩]٤‬ﻭ‪ [٧]٥‬ﻭ‪ ٦‬ﻭ‪ ،[٨]٧‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﹸﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ)‪.(١٦٧‬‬

‫‪ -٢٢٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٧٩٤‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٦‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪،٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫‪ -٢١٧‬ﻭﺃﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻏـﲑ ﺭﲰﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٢٦‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻃﻘـﻢ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﲪﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪٢٧٩٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٢١٨‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪ .(١٦٨‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻃﻘﻢ ﺍﻟـﺴﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪،٢٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٧٥٧‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٧٦٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢٧٦٤‬ﻭ‪ ٢٧٦٨‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ﻭﰲ ‪ ٢٨‬ﺃﻳـﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ﻭ‪٥‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٢١‬ﻭ‪ ،٢٢‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ)‪ .(١٧٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻗـﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻠــﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٧٧٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٧٧٧‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘــﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪ ١٦‬ﻭ‪١٨‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٦‬ﻭ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﻬﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪ -٢١٩‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٧٦٢‬ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ‪ ١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .(١٦٩)١٧‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪.٢٧٦٤‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢٠‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٧٦٤‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٢٥‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٧‬ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ)‪،(١٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ .(A/CN.4/546‬ﻭﻧﻈـﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪١٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ .٢٠‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٤٤‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٤٦‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪٢٥‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٧٧٧‬ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٢١‬ﻭ‪ ٢٢‬ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣١‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (١٦٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫__________‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/523‬ﻭ‪.Add.1‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧١‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٦٧‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٤٩-٤١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٩٠-٧٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪.٢٨١-٢٨٠‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (١٧٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (١٦٨‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/538‬‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/530‬ﻭ‪.Add.1‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٣‬ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫)‪ (١٦٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٣٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪.(A/CN.4/546‬‬ ‫‪.٩٢-٩٠‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٧٠‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٢‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺠﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢٩‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧَﺘﻬﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻠـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻈـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﺆﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣـﻆ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﱴ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺩﻭﻟ ﹲﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺔ ﻷﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬـﺎ ﺗﺘـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟ "ﺍﻻﻓﺘـﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻔـﺎﺗﻴﻠﻲ" )‪(Vattelian fiction‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﻴـﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣـﺎﺗﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺪﺱ)‪،(١٧٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﱠﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﲟﺜﻠﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﱵ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺪ)‪ (١٧٧‬ﻭﺃﻓﻴﻨـﺎ)‪ ،(١٧٨‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺐ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺑﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺪﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﻢ ﻛﺤﺠﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻬﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺼﲑ ﰲ ﲤﻜﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻨـﺼﻠﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﲢﻤﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺎﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٢٣٠‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩُﻓﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻃﹸﺒﻖ ﰲ ﻗـﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣـﻆ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘُﺸﻬﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻻ ﺗـﺼﻠﺢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻪ)‪ .(١٧٩‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺘـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻪ ﳏـﻞ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈـﺮﻫﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗـﺮﺍﻭﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺒﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳـﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻠﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -٢٢٦‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻭﺛﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﱪﻳـﺮ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﲟﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳُﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢٧‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺩُﻓﻊ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻳﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭ ُﺩﻓﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﺣﺠﺞ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٢٨‬ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﺩُﻓﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳏﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺿـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪ (١٧٥‬ﻟﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜ َﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﺿـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﳊﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻗﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺪﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻣـﺎ ﻭﺟـﺪﺕ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻗﻂ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﻗـﻂ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٧٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫‪the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports‬‬
‫‪Oil Platforms (Islamic‬‬ ‫‪2004, p. 136 at pp. 163–164, paras. 63–64‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪LaGrand (Germany v.‬‬ ‫‪2003, p. 161 at pp. 176–178, paras. 27–30‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 466 at pp.‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫‪488–489, paras. 61–63‬؛ ﻭ ‪Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico‬‬

‫‪Mavrommatis Jerusalem Concessions, Judgment No. 5,‬‬ ‫)‪(١٧٦‬‬ ‫‪v. United States of America), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2004, p. 12 at p.‬‬
‫‪38, paras. 45–47‬؛ ﻭ ‪Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia),‬‬
‫‪.1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 5, p. 12‬‬
‫‪Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 7 at p. 76, para. 133‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
‫)‪ (١٧٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻳﻨﻐﺎﺭﺕ ‪Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, I.C.J.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Ben Tillett (Belgium v. Great Britain), C. G. Fenwick,‬‬ ‫‪Reports 2002, p. 3 at p. 159, para. 35‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟـﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿـﻲ‬
‫‪Cases on International Law (Chicago, Callaghan, 1935) p. 181‬؛‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻳﺒﻞ ‪Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪Virginius in J. B. Moore, A Digest of International Law (Washington‬‬ ‫‪(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports‬‬
‫‪.D.C., United States Government Printing Office, 1906), vol. II, p. 895‬‬ ‫‪ .1986, p. 14, at pp. 392–394, paras. 268–272‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪.١٣‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٣٤‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺷﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﻀﻴﱵ ﺍﻹﺧﻄـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻨـﺼﻠﻲ )ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧـﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﻴﻨﺎ()‪ ،(١٨٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ "ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ" ﺃﻳـﺪﻱ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣١‬ﹸﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﺺ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﲔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻻ ﻳُﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺛﲑ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔـﺔ ﻷﻧـﻪ ﱂ‬
‫ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ)‪ ،(١٨٠‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺮﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﺗﺘﱠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌـﻀﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻍ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻜﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ -٢٣٥‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ (١٦‬ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻔـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻳُﺴﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﹸﻗﺪّﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑـﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺣﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺟـﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻃﻲ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎ ﳜـﻞ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ؛ )ﺏ( ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺟﺰﺍﹰ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣٢‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺫﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻛﺮﻭﺍ ﺃﻬﻧـﻢ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﹸﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٢٣٦‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻦ ﳛﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻛﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﱴ ﻭُﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﻤﺲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻴﺔ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﻫﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑـﲔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٩‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺠﺔ "ﻻ ﺗَﻨﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻌ ﹴﻞ ﺃﺗﻴﺘَﻪ" )"‪ ("tu quoque‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ)‪.(١٨١‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻜﺖ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣٣‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ُﺣ ﱢﺬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺼﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻴﺔ ﺗـﺼﺮﻓﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ)‪ ،(١٨٢‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻗﺮ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﲟﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻫﻮ ﺿـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭُﺟﻬﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺗـﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻏﻔﻞ‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ" ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﻃﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻧﺎﻭﺭﻭ)‪.(١٨٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﻭﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٨٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٨٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫)‪Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), (١٨٤‬‬
‫‪Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 240 at p.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ١‬ﻭ‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪Preliminary Objections of the‬‬ ‫‪ .255,‬ﺍﻧﻈــﺮ ﺃﻳــﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫‪paras. 37–38‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٨١‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٤٢‬‬
‫‪Government of Australia (December 1990), I.C.J. Pleadings, vol. I, part‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٨٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2,‬‬
‫‪.V, chap. 2, sect. I, pp. 162–163, paras. 400–406‬‬ ‫‪.1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 12‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪62‬‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺘﲔ)‪ ،(١٨٦‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ)‪.(١٨٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬

‫‪ -٢٤٠‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣٧‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋُﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٨٥)٢٠٠٤‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺃﺣﻴﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻥ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻘـ ﱠﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨـﻪ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﺃﻣﻮﺍ ﹰﻻ ﺗﻠﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺪﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳُﻘﻴﱠﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺘـﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ )ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺭﺟﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﻘـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻖ ﳍﺎ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻖ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻭﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭ( ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ؛ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻀﺮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻠﻘﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﰲ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﻟﻠﻔـﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠـﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺣﻜﻢ ﳚﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣٨‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻘﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﳌﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻩ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻏـﲑ ﻭﺟﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺣـﻖ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﲝﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻋﻔﱠﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﺭﲟـﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻤـﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ -٢٤١‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ َﻡ ‪ - ١٩٢٤‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‬
‫ﰲ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ‪ -‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ ‪ ٨٠‬ﻋﺎﻣـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ُﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺗﻘـﺪﱘ ﺃﻭ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺄﻧﹰﺎ ﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻮّﺗﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﺻ ﹰﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲤﺎﺭﺱ ﺣﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ)‪ (١٨٨‬ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﰲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﳊﻘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﳑﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘُﻬﻜﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ﹲﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺘـﺴﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﺗـﺸﻮﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ -٢٣٩‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘـﺼﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈ َﺮ ﰲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫ ﱠﻛﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋُﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻯ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺑ ِﻘ َﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺟﻨـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)‪ (١٨٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٦‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤٤‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪ (١٨٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٥٧‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٦٨٣‬ﻭ‪.٦٨٧‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٨٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٦٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٨٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺃﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻴﺄ ﻟﻠﺘـﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺩﳎﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻂ ﻋـﺎﻡ‬‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ)‪ (١٩١‬ﳐﻄ ﹲ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٦‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺃﻣ ٌﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻲ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ )ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ( ﺗﻌﺮﹺﺽ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٤٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﶈﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻫﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺻﻞ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﺗُﻌﺪ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﺳـﺒﺎﺑﹰﺎ ﺟـﺎﺋﺰﺓ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ ﻓﻄﺮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻕ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳُﺮﺗﱢﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ﹸﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮ ٍﹴ‬
‫ﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻗ َ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٤‬ﻋُﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٨‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﻪ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ‬
‫ﻋﻦ "ﻃﺮﺩ" ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺃﺿﻴﻖ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺣﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻀﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﲟـﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬
‫"ﻃﺮﺩ"‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ"‬
‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٤٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺲ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻬﺑـﺎ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ (١٨٩‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٢٢٥‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﻌﺎﹰ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﻘـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٢‬ﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٨‬ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻴّﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻃﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ"‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ)‪ ،(١٨٩‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(١٩٠)(٢٠٠٠‬ﻭﺃﹸﺭﻓﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ١٥٢/٥٥‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٢‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٠‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٦‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ" ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊـﺎﱄ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻌـﻴّﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﺘﻮ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ .(١٩٢‬ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٤١/٥٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ .(A/CN.4/554‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٤٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٥٢‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫‪ -٢٤٥‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﹰ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺭﻗـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﻌﻮﱂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﻌﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺮﺷﱢﺢ ﻳﻔﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠـﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺪ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٥٥٤‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٢٣٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٢٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٦٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٤٩‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٦٤‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺎﺭﺳﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺳﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٥٤‬ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪٍ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ُ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ َﺗﺮﹺﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺣﻴـﻞ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺩﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺻـﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻀﻞ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ)‪ .(١٩٣‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﱃ ﳎـﺮﺩ ﺩﺧـﻮﳍﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬـﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻻ ﻳـﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﴰﻮﻝ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻨﺺ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﻃﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﱪﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟـﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﺹ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬
‫‪ -٢٥٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻻ ﺗُﺪﺭَﺱ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﺩ ﻃﺎﻟﱯ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﳍﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻨـﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﺫﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﱡﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎ َﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﺩﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُـﺮﺡ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻋﺮﻗﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﲏ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٥٦‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘُﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳـﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺕ ﻭﻛﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺘﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻤـﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑـﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﳍﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (١٩٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟـﺌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٣٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٣‬‬
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‫‪ -٢٥٠‬ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌ ﱠﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫‪ -٢٥١‬ﻟﹶﻘِﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭُ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺀَ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﹼـﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀٌ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﻗﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﳝﺲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻛﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﱡﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻓﹸﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻬﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋـﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٥٢‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻳﺬﻛﱢﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘـﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻄـﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻻﲡـﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﹸﻨﺘـﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ )ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻔﻪ(‬
‫‪ -٢٥٣‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘُﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺇﺷـﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑـﺪﺧﻮﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺃﹸﻛﱢﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﺳﺘﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﶈﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺑ "ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺧـﻼﻝ" ﻟﻴـﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﳍﻢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﻬﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﻧﻴﲔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺷﺆﻭﻬﻧﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﲝﺚ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻗﺴﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺃﺟﻨﱯ"‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻳُﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻗـﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻓﺘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ )ﲢﻜﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٥٤‬‬ ‫‪ -٢٥٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎ َﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻠﺘﻤﺴﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﻮﻥ )ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺿـﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻃﺮﺩ" ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳُﻄﺒﻖ ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥١‬ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻭﻥ )ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﲢﻤﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻃﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳـﺮﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻗﺴﺮﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻃﺮﺩ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺣﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٠‬ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻮ ﺍﳉﻨـﺴﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ ﺗـﺸﻤﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﹰﺎ ﻭﺻﻔﻴﹰﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳏﺪﻭ ُﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪١٩٥٤‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲞﻔﺾ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(١٩٦١‬‬
‫‪ -٢٥٨‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻃﺮﺩ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪١٣‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ)‪ ،(١٩٤‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﺿﻴﻖ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻷﻧـﻪ‬
‫‪ -٢٦١‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ "ﺍﳊﻖ" ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﰲ ﻃـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺭﲰﻲ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ "ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺩ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻐـﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺑﻠﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺠﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ)‪ .(١٩٥‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﻙ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠـﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﹺﻠﺔ ﺗُﺘﺨﺬ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗـﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺖ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻓﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻃﺮﺩ" ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻲ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳُﻤﻨَﻌﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷـﺌﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﱳ ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺗﺎﺑﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﹼﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﳊﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٢‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻮﻛﻬﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻋﺘُﱪ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺴﻠﱠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺟُﻌﻠـﺖ‬
‫‪ -٢٥٩‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﻃﺮﺩ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭ ُﺳﻠﱢﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳉﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ ﲟﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋـﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺿﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻃـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻌﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ "ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ" ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴ ﹴﻞ ﻻﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫"ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ "ﺣﻖ" ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪" (١٩٤‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﲡﱪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٣‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻖ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻮﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ‬ ‫)‪ (١٩٥‬ﺍﻧﻈــﺮ ‪International Technical Products Corporation v.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺣﻘﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﻃـﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1985), Iran-United‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘـﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬ ‫‪.States Claims Tribunal Reports, vol. 9, p. 10‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪66‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ؛ )ﺏ( ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻬﺑـﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺘﺨَﺬ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻱ)‪(١٩٩‬؛ )ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺼﺖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﻳﺔ)‪(٢٠٠‬؛ )ﺩ( ﲝﺚ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫"ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﰲ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘـﺼﺪ)‪.(٢٠١‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﹰﺍ ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﲣﺬ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ]‪ ."[...‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻗﺪ ﻣُﻨﺢ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭُﻃﱢﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ﺑﻄـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺩ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)ﻫ( ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺣﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻃﺮﺩﻩ)‪ .(١٩٦‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٦‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻳﻌﺘـﺮﻑ ﲝﻘـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﺩ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻧﺰﻳﻬﺔ ﻭﻳﻔـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﺸﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺫﻯ ﻏﲑ ﻣﱪﺭ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻃﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴـﺬ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺇﻛﺮﺍﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺯ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ)‪ .(٢٠٢‬ﻭﻃﹸﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻪ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻃﺮﺩٍ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ‬
‫ﺭﲰﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳـﺘﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺇﻳﻼﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻟﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻣـﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ ﺳـﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ)‪ ،(١٩٧‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﻤﺢ ﻟـﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻨﻊ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﻃﹸﺮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪ‬ ‫‪ -٢٦٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳُِﻠﱢﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺀٍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﳉﻮﺀﺍﹰ ﻓﻌﺎﻻﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻠﺘﺒﺴﺎﹰ ﻷﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﳌـﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﲝـﺚ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺩ ُﻣﻠﺰﻣَـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﺈﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﱪﺭﻩ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .(١٦‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿـﺢ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﺳـﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺈﺛﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ؛ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﱠﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻻ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺬﻝ؛ ﻭﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺐ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﹸﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠـﺔ ﺃﻣـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﲟﺮﺍﻋـﺎﺓ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٥‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪،‬‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺍﻋﺚ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘـﺼﻞ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫)‪ (١٩٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﲑﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺟﻔـﺮﺍ ﻭ‪ ١٩‬ﺍﻣـﺮﺃﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺸﻴﻮﺱ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺸﻴﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٩‬ﻧﻴـﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳـﻞ ‪،١٩٨١‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ ،(A/36/40‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ "ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪Berrehab v. The Netherlands, Application no. ،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ")‪ ،(١٩٨‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬
‫‪10730/84, ECHR, Judgment of 21 June 1988, Series A: Judgments and‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫‪Slivenko v. Latvia, Application no.‬‬ ‫‪Decisions,‬؛ ﻭ‬ ‫‪vol. 138, p. 3‬‬ ‫‪Boffolo (1903), UNRIAA, vol. X (Sales No.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٩٦‬ﺍﻧﻈــﺮ‬
‫‪48321/99, ECHR, Judgment of 9 October 2003, Reports of Judgments‬‬ ‫‪.1960.V.4), p. 528‬‬
‫‪.and Decisions, 2003–X, p. 229, at pp. 263-264, para. 113‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٩٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Kenneth P. Yeager v. The Islamic Republic of Iran,‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪Iran-United States Claims Tribunal Reports (1987), vol. 17, p. 92‬؛‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻬﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٣‬؛ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪International Law Reports, vol. 82 (1990), p. 179, at pp.‬‬
‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪" :‬ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٨‬‬ ‫‪.196–197‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٧‬ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (١٩٨‬ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٣‬؛‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ "ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪" :‬ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺳﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﺎﺭﻳﻜﺎ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﲏ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٧‬ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪٦‬؛ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟـﺸﻌﻮﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ١٤٤/٤٠‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٣‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪.١٩٨٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﺪ‬ ‫ﲤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﳌـﻦ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻐﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺚ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻔـﺼﱠﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٢٧٠‬ﻭ ُﺣ ﱠ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﳌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻈﱢﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ "ﺣﻖ" ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻛﺪ‬
‫‪ -٢٧١‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻠﺤﻆ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌﺘﺒَﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳊـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﳏﺮﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻫ ﹰﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ ،‬ﻳـﺘﻌﲔ ﺇﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌـﺼﺎﱀ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﳏﺮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺿﻴﻒ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮّﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺘﺨَﺬ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﻓـﺮﺩﻱ ﻻ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻘـﺼﺪ‬
‫ﲨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﲨـﺎﻋﻲ" ﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﳌﺘـﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﻛﻢ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺮﺩﻫﻢ ﻃﺮﺩﹰﺍ "ﲨﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ"‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ -٢٧٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻻﺣـﻆ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﲟﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬـﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﻟـﻪ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳊـﻖ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ؛ ﻭﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ -٢٦٨‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑـﺈﻳﻼﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗـﻨﻘﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﲑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﶈﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺃﹸﺧﺬﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﹸﺮﺣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻮﻩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲟﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰُ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﻧﻘـﺪ ﻟﻠﺘـﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﲣﺺ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻭﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗُﺘﺮﻙ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔﹸ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺯﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫)ﻭ( ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٦٩‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫‪ -٢٧٣‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺮﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻔﺼﻼﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻮﺍ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﻛﱢﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ" ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺬ‬
‫ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺭﲰﻲ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﺍﹰ ﺗﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺠﺮﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﱢﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔﹲ ﻗﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﻜﻤﺎﹰ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ" ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘـﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﲟﺎ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳـﻴﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﻢ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﻄﻮﻱ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ -٢٧٤‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﻓ َ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟـﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻘـﻴﻤﲔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺇﻬﻧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﻮﺽ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲜﻨـﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨــﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻘـﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﲟﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻣـﺪ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﺩﻫﻢ(‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ ﻭﻣﻠﺘﻤﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﻭﻋﺪﳝﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻋﺪﳝﻲ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﳛﺘﻔﻈﻮﻥ ﲝﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺗﻪ)‪.(٢٠٧‬‬
‫‪ -٢٧٥‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢٨٢‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٦‬ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٨‬‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳ ُﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪.(٢٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٧٦‬ﻭﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ -٢٨٣‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٦٠/٥١‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٦‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔﹶ‪،‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ" ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﳉﻤﻊ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ؛ )ﺏ( ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﲨﻊ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ؛‬ ‫‪ -٢٧٧‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ )ﻋـﺎﻡ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﲑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫‪ (١٩٩٧‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )ﺏ( ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﳐﻄﻄﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﻄﻠـﺐ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺃﻗﺮﺗﻪ)‪.(٢٠٤‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻔﺴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢٧٨‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ‪ -‬ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪.(٢٠٥‬‬
‫ـﺴﲔ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـ‬
‫ـﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـ‬‫‪ -٢٨٤‬ﻭﻧﻈـ‬ ‫‪ -٢٧٩‬ﻭﺃﻳــﺪﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘــﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣــﻦ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺚ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ١٥٦/٥٢‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳـﺴﻤﱪ ‪،١٩٩٧‬‬
‫)‪(٢١٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ ،(٢٠٩‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻋُﻤـﻢ ﰲ ‪٣٠‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪/‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ .١٩٩٩‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪ -٢٨٠‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺤﺔ ‪ ١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤‬ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺢ‬ ‫ـﺸﺄﻥ‬‫ـﺎﺹ ﺑـ‬ ‫ـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮُ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـ‬ ‫)ﻋـ‬
‫)‪(٢٠٦‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ـﺴﲔ‬‫ـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـ‬‫ـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـ‬
‫ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـ‬‫ـﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـ‬‫‪ -٢٨٥‬ﻭﻧﻈـ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٢١١‬‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠١‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﻧـﺸﺄﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ -٢٨١‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﱠﺒﻊ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٢٠٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٢٠-١١٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ١٩٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪.٢٠١‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٨‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ ‪،A/51/10‬‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/500‬ﻭ‪.Add.1‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪ ،٢٠٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢٤٨‬ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٨٤‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٩‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٢١‬‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/505‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،١٩٤‬ﻭﺹ ‪ ،١٢٦-١٢١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٢١٠-١٩٦‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١٠‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪.A/CN.4/511‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٢٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ،٢١٢‬ﻭﺹ ‪ ،١٣٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٣٤‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢١١‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٠٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫‪.A/CN.4/519‬‬ ‫‪.A/CN.4/486‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪70‬‬

‫‪ -٢٩٣‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﻤﱠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻳـﺪﻋﻮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﳑﺎﺭﺳـﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺻـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﻄﻄﹰﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣﻮﺣـﺪﺓ)‪.(٢١٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ)‪.(٢١٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺳـﻴﺠﺮﻱ‬
‫ـﺴﲔ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌـ‬‫‪ -٢٨٦‬ﻭﻧﻈـﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺗُﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫)‪(٢١٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪/‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪.٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٢‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺰﺓ ﺣﺼﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋُﻤﻢ ﰲ ‪ ٣١‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ .(٢١٤)٢٠٠١‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ)‪.(٢٢٠‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ)‪.(٢١٥‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٢٨٧‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣـﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٣‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪.(٢١٦‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩٤‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳ ُﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻳُﻌـﲎ‬ ‫‪ -٢٨٨‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ (A/CN.4/557‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪٢٨٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٥٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪ ١٩‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢١‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢٨٩‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫‪ -٢٩٥‬ﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻯ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ)‪ ،(٢١٧‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ -٢٩٠‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٠٤‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪.(٢١٨‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩٦‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫‪ -٢٩١‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨١٨‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪١٦‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻳُﻌﲎ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻓﺮﻳﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺗُﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻬﺑﺎﻣﺶ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٢٩‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٥‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪،٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ -٢٩٧‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﹰﺎ ﻣﻔﺼ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﲤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺧﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫)‪ (٢١٢‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪،٢٩‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ﻟﻸﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺹ ‪ ،٢٦٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .٢٥٤‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/sessions/53/english/unilateral_acts_questionnaire‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩٨‬ﻭﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻧـﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪.(e).pdf‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬‫)‪ (٢١٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴـﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/525‬ﻭ‪.Add.1-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲝﺮ ﻗﺰﻭﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢١٤‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪.A/CN.4/524‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫)‪ (٢١٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢١٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢١٩‬ﴰﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ‪/‬ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺯ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬‫)‪ (٢١٦‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ‪/‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.A/CN.4/534‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻬﻧﺎﺀ‪/‬ﺍﻹﻟﻐـﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄـﺎﻕ‬ ‫)‪ (٢١٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٦٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٣٠٨-٣٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٢٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢٤٧‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.(٥١٦‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬
‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬‫)‪ (٢١٨‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫)‪ (٢٢٠‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٤٧‬‬ ‫‪.A/CN.4/542‬‬
‫‪71‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬‫ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑﺎﳌـﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -٣٠٠‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻠﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ )ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٠٤‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻄﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ "ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﺂﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٠٥‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ )ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺸﻤﻞ ﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗـﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻷﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٠٣‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ -٣٠٦‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺻﻌﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣَﻦ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻭﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲰﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٠٧‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﹸﺒﻠﺖ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳﻨـﺴﺐ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻃﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ )ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗُﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻟﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 253 at pp. 266–267‬؛‬
‫‪ -٣٠٨‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻّﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢٩٩‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠـﺼﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﻭ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﻯ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﹸﻠﺐ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٠١‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻴﺎﺣﻬﻢ ﻟﻸﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺟـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﻫـﻮ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻟﻮﺍ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٣٠٢‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻪ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٢١‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﳚﻌﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳـﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ" ﻟﻸﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟـﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒـﺪﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺇﻏﻔـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺟـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﻗـﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﶈﻜﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﻝ‬ ‫)ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ )ﺑﻮﺭﻛﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﺳـﻮ ﺿـﺪ‬
‫ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﱄ()‪ (٢٢٢‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﲰﻲ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Legal Status of Eastern Greenland, Judgment, 1933,‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫‪P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 53, p. 22 at p. 71‬؛ ﻭ ‪Nuclear Tests (Australia‬‬
‫ﻭ‪Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), ibid., p. 457 at pp. 471–472‬؛‬
‫ﻭ ‪Temple of Preah Vihear, Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962,‬‬
‫‪.p. 6 at p. 21‬‬
‫)‪.Frontier Dispute, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554 (٢٢٢‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪72‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻩ‬ ‫‪ -٣٠٩‬ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻮ ﹶﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻌﺮ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺒـﺪﻭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﺣﺎﲰﹰﺎ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣١٠‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﺎﺓ‬
‫‪ -٣١٤‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﲎ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﺮﺷﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻮﻛﺎﹰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺜﻮﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻤـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫‪ -٣١٥‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺿـﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﳌﻦ ﺻـﺪﺭ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺳـﻠﻄﺘﻪ‬
‫"ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺣﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗُﺆﺩَﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﲰﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻌﻄـﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟـﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔـﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺭﻳ َﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺷـﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮّﻕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗُﻘﺒﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ُﺗﺜِﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻮﺥ ﻗﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺗـﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﺗُﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺳـﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻌﻬـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺞ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﱪﺭﺍﹰ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﻻﺗﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﲝﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬﻧﺞ ﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ -٣١٦‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺻﻌﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﱠﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﺮﰲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪ -٣١١‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﺑـﲔ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )‪(autonomous acts‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ )‪) (auto-normative acts‬ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ )ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ( ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺛﺎﻟﺜـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ( ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ )‪) (hetero-normative acts‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺎﺭﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴ ٍﺔ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻐﻴّﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣١٧‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻠﺨﻴـﺼﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪ -٣١٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻫـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺿ ُﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﱂ ﻳﺮﻭﺍ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺑﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣُﺪﺩﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﲤﻜﹼﻦ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺣـﱴ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺣـﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣١٨‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺮﻑ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻜـﺲ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨـﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﲰﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ -٣١٣‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﺎﲰﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫‪ -٣٢٨‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﻭ‪ ١٨‬ﺃﻳـﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ‬ ‫‪ -٣١٩‬ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘ ﹸﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻊ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ‪ ١‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ ‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﺧﺼـﺼﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻄـﻂ‬ ‫ﺫﻱ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭُﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٢٠‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٢٣)(٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣٢٩‬ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪٢٨٥٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢١‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺷﺮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٣٣٠‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٥٩‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٨‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪ -٣٣١‬ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺤـﺪﺙ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﲟﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲝﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻼﻗﺘـﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻺﺑﻄﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٣٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻷﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺋ ٍﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٦‬ﻣﺸﻔﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣـﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪّﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٢٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢١٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٢١‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٢٢‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ )ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٢٣‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘـﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﻃـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٢٤‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳ ٍﺔ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻭﺇﺛﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﻳـﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫‪ -٣٢٥‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻛﻼﻣﻪ ﻗﺎﺋ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٢٦‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ -٣٢٧‬ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌـﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺃﺳﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ‪١١‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻴﱡﻦ ﻣـﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬـﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ -٣٣٣‬ﺃﻳﺪﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ‪ ٣١/٤٨‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪٩‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ)‪ .(٢٢٨‬ﻭﺃﺭﺳﻠﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻬـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ‪٤٥/٥٠‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٣‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١١‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٥‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ" ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌـﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻋﺖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹶﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ)‪.(٢٢٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٣٤‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٤‬ﺑﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻘـﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻـﹰﺎ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫‪ -٣٣٨‬ﻭﻋُﺮﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪.(٢٢٤‬‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٦‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ)‪ .(٢٣٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٣٣٥‬ﻭﺗﻠﻘـﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﲟـﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ)‪ (٢٢٥‬ﻭﻧﺎﻗـﺸﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﱠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﻟﻔـﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ)‪.(٢٣١‬‬
‫‪ -٣٣٦‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﳋـﺺ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬
‫‪ -٣٣٩‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳـﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﺼﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‬
‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٩٧‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺻـﺒﺢ ﺍﻵﻥ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺨﺬﻩ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ)‪.(٢٣٢‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٣٤٠‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫـﺎ ‪١٥٦/٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٥‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﻭ‪ .(٢٢٦)١٩٨٦‬ﻭﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﻬﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘـﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﻠﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ‪ ٣١/٤٨‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٩‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬‬ ‫ـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٩‬ﻛـ‬ ‫ـﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ١٩٩٣‬ﻭ‪ ٥١/٤٩‬ﺍﳌـ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳـ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ .١٩٩٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺑﺂﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺻـﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹶﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎ ِ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٢٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٢١٠‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٣٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﺫﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .٤٨٩‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺳـﻼﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ)‪ ،(٢٢٧‬ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﻌـﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻣﻔﺼ ﹰ‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/477‬ﻭ‪ ،Add.1‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٢٩‬ﺣﱴ ‪ ٣١‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺭﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ ‪٣٣‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ‪ ٢٥‬ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٣٧٣‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٨١‬‬
‫‪ A/CN.4/477‬ﻭ‪ ،Add.1‬ﻭ‪.A/CN.4/478‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـ‬‫ـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫ـﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـ‬
‫)‪ (٢٣١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٧٥‬‬ ‫‪.A/CN.4/470‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٣٦‬ﻭﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.٢٣٨‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢١٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٨٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٧‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٠٩-١٠٨‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٨٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٢٨٦‬‬
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‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -٣٤٦‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤٢‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪) ١-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ( ﻭ‪) ٢-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘـﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬـﺎ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺃﹸﺣﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٨‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٤‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٩‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ‪ ٢-‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫‪ -٣٥٠‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣ ﹰﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ)‪،(٢٣٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﺃﻭﻝ ﳜﺘﻢ ﻬﻧﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﳌـﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺁﺛﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻌﺬﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٥١‬ﻭﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑ "ﺻـﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ" ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺎﲢﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﺘﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)١٩‬ﺝ( )ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٥٢‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٥٣‬ﻭﺗﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺻـﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ"‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻓﺬﻛﱠﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﻜﻮﻙ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٣٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤١‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ)‪ (٢٣٣‬ﺃﻋـﺪّﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ ‪ ٦٩‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ ﺗـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٢‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٢٢‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٣‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ)‪ ،(٢٣٤‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪) ١-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ( ﻭ‪) ٢-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٤٣‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـ ُﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )‪ A/CN.4/558‬ﻭ‪ (Add.1-2‬ﺍﳌﻜﺮﺱ ﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٤‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٥٤‬ﻭ‪ ٢٨٥٦‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨٥٩‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻭ‪٢٢‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٨‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪.٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫‪ -٣٤٥‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٥٩‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴـﻞ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪) ١-٣‬ﺣﺮﻳـﺔ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻆ( ﻭ‪) ١-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈـﻮﺭﺓ ﺻـﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ( ﻭ‪) ٢-١-٣‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈـﺪﺩﺓ( ﻭ‪٣-١-٣‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ( ﻭ‪) ٤-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٦-١‬ﻭ‪،٨-١-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﳘﺎ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ)‪ ،(٢٣٥‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺻـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/491‬ﻭ‪Add.1-6‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ‪ A/CN.4/499‬ﻭ‪A/CN.4/478/Rev.1‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪A/CN.4/508‬‬
‫ﻭ‪Add.1-4‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/518‬ﻭ‪Add.1-3‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/526‬ﻭ‪Add.1-3‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/535‬ﻭ‪Add.1‬؛‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘـﺔ‬
‫‪ .A/CN.4/544‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪،٢٠٠٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١٢٣-١٢٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٢٦٩-٢٥٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٢٥٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪76‬‬

‫‪ -٣٦٠‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٥٤‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻷﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﺍﶈﺎﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺻـﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳉـﻮﺍﺯ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ "ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺻﺪﺍﺀ ﻓﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)"ﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٩‬ﻭ‪٢٠‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ .("[...] ٢٣‬ﻭﺗَﻮﺍﻓﹸﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺷـﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫‪ -٣٥٥‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤـﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ( ﻭﻻ ﻣﺪﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻴـﺔ )ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻬﺗـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺎﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ( ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﲔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳُﻈﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦١‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈ َﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺚ‬
‫‪ -٣٥٦‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣ ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‪/‬ﻏـﲑ ﺟـﺎﺋﺰ")‪ (٢٣٧‬ﻭﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﻬﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ )ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗـﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘـﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(٢٣٨)١-٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻏﲑ "ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦٢‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﹰﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻋﻴﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪ -٣٥٧‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻗـﺪ ﻳُـﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻬـﻢ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻀﱠﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺒﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫"‪ "licéité/illicéité‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺮﲨﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "‪) "permissibility/impermissibility‬ﺍﳉـﻮﺍﺯ‪/‬ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫‪ -٣٦٣‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻠﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳُﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﲢﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻤﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺷﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﺗـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑﻳﺔ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ‬ ‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻈﺮ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻭﻻﻏﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻃ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫‪ -٣٥٨‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓـﺼﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻳـﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈـﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﺍﶈﺎﻳﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﲟـﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤـﺪﻳﻦ )‪ ٦-١‬ﻭ‪(٨-١-٢‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗُﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ "ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‪/‬ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ" ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻓﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﲢﻈﺮ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٥٩‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮﻥ "ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻖ ﺑـﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ" ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺎﲢﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٨‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫"‪ ١-٣‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻬﺑﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫"ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻹﲨﺎﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱂ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.١٩‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﲢﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚـﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺒـﺪَﻯ ﺳـﻮﻯ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ؛ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪D. W. Bowett, "Reservations to non-restricted‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٣٧‬ﺍﻧﻈــﺮ‬
‫")ﺝ( ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﺎﻥ‬ ‫–‪multilateral treaties", British Year Book of International Law, 1976‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﺎﻥ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ(‪ ،‬ﳐﺎﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬ ‫‪.1977, pp. 67–92‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -٣٧١‬ﰒ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘـﻮﻯ‬
‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٦٦‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ)‪ (٢٤٣‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(٢٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗَﻮﺍﻓﹸﻖ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ﹲﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜـﻦ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﻈﺮﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﲝﺠﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﻬﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﲝﻜـﻢ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻔﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺒـﹰﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ -٣٧٢‬ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻳﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﻏـﲑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻠﺘـﺎ ﺍﳊـﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨـﺎﰱ ﻣـﻊ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑﻳﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ()‪ (٢٤٤‬ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺄﺫﻭﻥ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺿﻤﻨﺎﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﳘﻔﺮﻱ ﻭﻟـﺪﻭﻙ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ)‪ .(٢٤٥‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪(٢٤٦‬‬
‫ﺗــﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ﻣﻨﻔــﺼﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﳘـــﺎ ﺍﳌــﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﻥ ‪٣-١-٣‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٤٣‬‬
‫‪Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Advisory Opinion, I. C. J.‬‬
‫"ﻳُﺤﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪.Reports 1951, p. 15‬‬
‫)‪Case concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf (٢٤٤‬‬
‫‪between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,‬‬
‫‪and the French Republic, decision of 30 June 1977, UNRIAA, vol.‬‬
‫‪.XVIII (Sales No. E/F.80.V.7), p. 3‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٦٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/177‬ﻭ‪،Add.1-2‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٦‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٦‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ٣-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﺎﹰ‬
‫"ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲢﻈﺮ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚـﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻻ ﲢﻈﺮﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦٥‬ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺃ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(٢٣٩)١-١-٣‬‬
‫ﲢﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳏﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﲢﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﱪﻣﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏـﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫‪ -٣٦٧‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ" ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺒـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦٨‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﲢـﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ (٢٤٠)٢-١-٣‬ﺍﳌﻘـﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٦٩‬ﻭﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﹸﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ")‪.(٢٤١‬‬
‫‪ -٣٧٠‬ﻭﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻣﻘﺮﻫـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻮﻣﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.(٢٤٢)١٩٩٧‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٣٩‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ١-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﳛﻈﺮ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻆ؛‬
‫")ﺏ( ﳛﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ؛‬
‫")ﺝ( ﳛﻈﺮ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٠‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ٢-١-٣‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫"ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ،١-٣‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ ‘ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‘ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﹰﺎ ﲢﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ‪ A/CN.4/508‬ﻭ‪ ،Add.1-4‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٢٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٦٤‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٣٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪78‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺷﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ (٢٤٧)٤-١-٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻀﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳚﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺒﻘﻴـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪ -٣٧٣‬ﰒ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣـﺴﺎﺳﻴ ﹰﺔ ﰲ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﳘﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﻣﺮﺍﻋـﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﹸﻐﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ ﲝـﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻋﺪﻳـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ -٣٧٧‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﻋﺚ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٣٧٤‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻔﺴﱢﺮ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﻭ‪ ،٦-١-٣‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻛـﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﳏﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ )"ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫"ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ"‪" ،‬ﺣُﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ"( ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺫﺍﰐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﱢﺮ ﻋـﱪ‬
‫‪ -٣٧٨‬ﻭﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﻄﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺜﲑ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻻ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ -٣٧٥‬ﻭﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪٍ‪ ،‬ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ؛ ﺑﻞ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺃﺟﺪﻯ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ( ﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺟﺎﻫـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻣﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻳﻘﲔ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳍـﺪﻑ ﻳـﺸﻜﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﲔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫‪ -٣٧٩‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ (٢٤٨)٥-١-٣‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ ﳍـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﲢﺖ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٣٧٦‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ (٢٤٩)٦-١-٣‬ﻓﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳜﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻨـﻬﺞ‬
‫‪ -٣٨٠‬ﰒ ﺗﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﻭﺫﻛﱠﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٧‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘـﺔ‬
‫"‪ ٤-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨـﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬
‫"ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺟﺎﺯﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ)‪ (٢٥٠‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٤٨‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫"‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫"ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻘﺼﺪ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٤٩‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫"‪ ٦-١-٣‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،٢٤‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ ﲝﻘـﻮﻕ‬ ‫"‪ -١‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﳚـﺐ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳُﻌﻄﹶﻰ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ‬
‫)‪ ،(A/50/40‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﳋـﺎﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪١٣٠‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟـﺒﻼﻍ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ِ ،١٩٩٩/٨٤٥‬ﻛﻨﹺﺪﻱ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺮﻳﻨﻴﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻏﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫"‪ -٢‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺒﺎﺟـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘـﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ،(A/55/40) ٤٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺹ ‪٢٥٢‬؛ ﻭ ‪Loizidou v. Turkey. ECHR, Application No. 15318/89,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫‪Judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions,‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.1996–VI‬‬ ‫]ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ["‪.‬‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(٢٥٤)٧-١-٣‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨٥‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻢ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ)‪ .(٢٥٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ "ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻱ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ (٢٥٦)٨-١-٣‬ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻨﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ -٣٨٦‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗـﻨﺺ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳏﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻭ‪ ٦٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪.١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻸﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫‪ -٣٨٧‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺗـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٦٩‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(٢٥٧)٩-١-٣‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨٨‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺒﺪﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺁﻣـﺮﺓ‬
‫__________‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٤‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ٧-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻆ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳُـﺼﺎﻍ‬ ‫"ﻳﺘﻨﺎﰱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔ ﹸ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪North Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports (٢٥٥‬‬
‫‪.1969, p. 3‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٦‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ٨-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻜﻢ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫"‪ -١‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﹰﺎ ﳛﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﳝﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٧‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ٩-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫"ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨١‬ﻭﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ (٢٥١)١٣-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻭﺟﻬﱵ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪(٢٥٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١٢-١-٣‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨٣‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘـﺮﺭ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﲢﺘﺮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫)‪(٢٥٣‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ُﻳ ِﻘﺮﱡﻩ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١١-١-٣‬‬
‫‪ -٣٨٤‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﲝﻜﻢ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﲏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٥١‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ١٣-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﺪ ﺫﺍﺗـﻪ‪ ،‬ﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ‪:‬‬
‫")ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫")ﺏ( ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﻋﻔﺎﺀ ﻣُﺒﺪﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘـﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺒﻖ‬
‫ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﹶﻗﺒﹺﻠﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٢‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ١٢-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫"ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻖ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٣‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"‪ ١١-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫"ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪80‬‬

‫)‪(٢٥٨‬‬
‫ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺤﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻴـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١٠-١-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ )ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ( ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ )ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ( ﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺪ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠـﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﺎﺽ ﺃﻭ ﳏﻜﱢﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﲟﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ)‪.(٢٥٩‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺮﻳـﺔ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪.١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٣‬ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻫـﻮ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬ ‫‪ -٣٨٩‬ﺃﺛﲎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺘﻪ" ﺃﻭ "ﺟﻮﺍﺯﻩ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﻃﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺎﺀﻟﻮﺍ ﻋﻤّﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈـﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٠‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﲝﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳚﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣٩٤‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋـﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣـﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺻـﺤﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٩١‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑَ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌـﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤـﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋـﺎﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‪/‬ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ"‬
‫ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﲔ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﳏﺎﻳـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٥‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﻳﺘﻨـﺎﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺪّﻋﺎﺓ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻗﻴﻤﻲ ﺫﺍﰐ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺅﻩ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ‬
‫"ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌـﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﳒﺎﺯﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺞ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺿـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺻﺤﻴﺢ" ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٦‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺗﺄﻳﻴـﺪﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‪/‬ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ" ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻼﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪/‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘـﺼﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑَ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﻳﺘـﻀﻤﻦ ﺻـﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎﻥ ﲟﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺴﺘﻮﰲ‬ ‫‪ -٣٩٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‪ .‬ﻏـﲑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳُﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗَﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻐﻴـﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻬﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑـﺼﺤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻘﺮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲝﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﲦﺔ ﳏﻞ ﻷﻥ ﲢﺬﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ،٦-١‬ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﻭﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ" ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (٢٥٨‬ﺻﻴﻎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ ١٠-١-٣‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٨‬ﻭﺭﺃﺕ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻷﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫"ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜـﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﰲ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣٩٩‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﻮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺷـﻜﻮﻛﻬﻢ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻭﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﲜﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪Restrictions to the Death Penalty (arts. 4.2 and 4.4 of the (٢٥٩‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﰲ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫‪American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-3/83‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.of 8 September 1983, Series A, No. 3‬‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻯ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺛـﲑ‬ ‫‪ -٤٠٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٣‬ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺗﺄﺫﻥ"‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٣‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﻜﺲ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﺪﻗـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱪﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﺒﹰﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛـﻮﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺴﺘﻮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ -٤٠٥‬ﻭﺭﺋﻲ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟـﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴ ُﺰ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻘﻨﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٤٠٦‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺗﻨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﲣﻀﻊ ﺑـﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٠٧‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٤٠١‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﺇﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ "ﺣﻖ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ ﻷﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﻟﻐﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﳜﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻖ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫‪ -٤٠٨‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻫﻮ "ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺣﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ ‪ ٣-١-٣‬ﻭ‪.٤-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٠٩‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٤-١-٣‬ﻟـﻮﺣﻆ‬ ‫‪ -٤٠٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-١-٣‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﻛﻴـﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺻﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ" ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻧـﺺ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﻻ ﺗـﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲰﺎﺡ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌـﺔ ﺻـﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ -٤١٠‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻤﺖ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳏﻈﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﻈـﺮﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻬﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺛﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﶈﻈـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﲟﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﳍﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺗﲔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻈﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫‪ -٤١١‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﳛﺎﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻋﻘﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﻋﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ" ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻀﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻔﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٤٠٣‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘُﻤﻨَﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺟـﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﲑﺕ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻟﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑـﲔ ﻣـﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲢﻈﺮ ﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺭُﺋﻲ‬
‫"ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ" ﻭ"ﻫﺪﻑ"‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠـﺬﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺤﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٠٤‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٢-١-٣‬ﺃﹸﺷﲑَ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪)١٩‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ -٤١٢‬ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١٣-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻹﳚﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪82‬‬

‫‪ -٤١٧‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ "ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ" ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻠﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﻭ‪.٦-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﹰ؛ ﻓﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻐﺪﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻮﻛﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤١٨‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٧-١-٣‬ﻓﻘـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺑﻪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٤١٣‬ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﹰ ﺣُﺮﺭ ﺑﺘﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳـﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻜﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻳﻐﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻘﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ -٤١٩‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﲜﻼﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.٨-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻹﺑـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤٢٠‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٩-١-٣‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ)‪ ،(٢٦٠‬ﻓﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺗﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻞ ﺷﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﺼﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺘﻨـﺎﻓﺮﺍﹰ‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ﳏﺪﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻷﺳـﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﳑﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ .(٨-١-٣‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺣﻈـﺮ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺳﻴﻈﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻏﺎﻣﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤١٤‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﺀﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘَﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻷﻥ ﺃﻱ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻌـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﲤﻴﻴـﺰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ -٤٢١‬ﻭﺷﺪﺩ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺟـﺪﻭﻯ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺻﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.٩-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٢٢‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١١-١-٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٤١٥‬ﻭﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺑﺪﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻐﺰﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻌﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻪ ﺃﻣﺜﻠ ﹸﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪،‬‬
‫ﲝﻜﻢ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﻜﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﻗﺘـﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺿﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻬﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٧-١-٣‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤١٦‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٦-١-٣‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﻥ‬
‫‪ -٤٢٣‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١٢-١-٣‬ﻗﻴـﻞ ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲟﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (٣١‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺪﺭﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻـﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ -٤٢٤‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١٣-١-٣‬ﻗﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻷﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﳜﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻧ ﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴـﺔ‬‫ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﺷـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺘﲔ )ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒـﺔ ﺇﻧﻔـﺎﺫ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﲟﺎ ﻳﱪﺭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﻣﺒـﺪﺃﻳﻦ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﰱ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫‪ -٤٢٥‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﺐ ﺍﻗﺘـﺮﺍﺡ ﻋﻘـﺪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ (٢٦١)١٩٨٦‬ﻭﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ‬ ‫"ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﹼﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳُﻌﺪﻝ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻳﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ )"‪ ("validité‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒـﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٣‬ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫‪ -٤٢٦‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .١٩‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ"‬
‫)"‪) ("permissibility‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ "ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ" )"‪ ،(("admissibility‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٦‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺪﺩ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﻈﻮﺍ ﲟﻮﻗﻔﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ـﺎﺕ" )" ‪Validity of‬‬ ‫ـﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـ‬ ‫ـﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺻـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻅ ﲟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔـ‬
‫‪ ("reservations‬ﻛﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳُﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻲ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٤٢٧‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﻴﺎﺣـﻪ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ )ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ(‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﻨـﻮَﻥ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١-٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ "‪") "Permissibility of reservations‬ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ"(‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧــﺴﻴﺔ "‪") "Validité substantielle des réserves‬ﺍﻟــﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻓﻘﻬﻲ ﳎﺮﺩ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺗﺰﻭﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ"(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﺟﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﱪﺯ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٣١‬ﻭﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٦-١‬ﻭ‪٨-١-٢‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫‪ -٤٢٨‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﻛﹶﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫"ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺯ" ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﲟﺼﻄﻠﺢ "ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ" ﻭﻋﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻓﺈﻬﻧـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘـﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٨-١-٢‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﺔ ]‪"[...‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﺛﻖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﲔ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﻴـﺪ ﺃﻻ‬
‫‪ -٤٣٢‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٣‬ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳎﺮﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺰﻋﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻔـﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻏﻤﺎﺗﻴـﹰﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺘـﺪﻻﹰ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠ ﹶﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠ ﹸﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻬﺗﺘﻢ ﻬﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺳﻄﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭﳘﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺗﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٣٣‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-١-٣‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻌﺎﹰ‬ ‫‪ -٤٢٩‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺎﻍ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷـﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٩‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ -٤٣٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﳏﻈﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧـﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻤـﹰﺎ ﺑـﺎﳌﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤٣٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴــﺔ ‪ ٢-١-٣‬ﻭ‪٣-١-٣‬‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﲡﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻌﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٤-١-٣‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻠـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﲝﺚ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﳉﻮﺍﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑـﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٢٦١‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪) ٢١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪) ١٩‬ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪) ٢٠‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿـﺔ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭ‪) ٢٣‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪.١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﹲﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﳛﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻳﻌﺘـﱪ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪84‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ -٤٣٥‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪ ١-٣‬ﻭ‪١-١-٣‬‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ٢-١-٣‬ﻭ‪ ٣-١-٣‬ﻭ‪ ،٤-١-٣‬ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٨-١-٢‬ﻭ‪) ٦-١‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﳘـﺎ(‬
‫ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫‪ -٤٣٦‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﲟﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻴـﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻨﺪ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﱂ ﺗـﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻴـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ "ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‬
‫‪ ١-١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﲔ ‪ ٥-١-٣‬ﻭ‪ .(٦-١-٣‬ﻭﺃﻋـﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ" ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﹰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﹰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﲰﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ )ﺣﻴـﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻬﺗـﺪﻑ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻻ ﲡﺘﻤﻊ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪(٢٦٣‬‬
‫‪[٤-١-١]١-١-١‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ٢-١-١‬ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -٤٣٧‬ﻳﺮﺩ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻧﺺ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ)‪.(٢٦٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻃﺒﻘـﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١ -١‬ﲨﻴﻊ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٢‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ،١-١‬ﻭ‪،٢-١-١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،[٨-١-١] ٣-١-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٣-١-١] ٤-١-١‬ﻭ‪ [١-١-١] ٧-١-١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٨‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٢٢١-٢٠١‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪ ،[٤-١-١] ١-١-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٦-١-١] ٥-١-١‬ﻭ‪،٦-١-١‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،٢-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٤-٢-١] ١-٢-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[١-٢-١] ٢-٢-١‬ﻭ‪ ،٣-١‬ﻭ‪،١-٣-١‬‬
‫_________________________________________‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،[٢-٢-١]٢-٣-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٣-٢-١]٣-٣-١‬ﻭ‪ ،٤-١‬ﻭ‪،[٥-١-١]١-٤-١‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،[٦-١-١] ٢-٤-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٧-١-١] ٣-٤-١‬ﻭ‪،[٥-٢-١] ٤-٤-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٥٣-٢٦‬؛‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،[٦-٢-١]٥-٤-١‬ﻭ‪ ،٥-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٩-١-١]١-٥-١‬ﻭ‪،[٧-٢-١]٢-٥-١‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴــﺔ ‪،٥-٢‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،[٨-٢-١] ٣-٥-١‬ﻭ‪ ٦-١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،١-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٢-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٣-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٥-٥-٢] ٤-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪٥-٥-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٢٥٧-١٧٥‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪،٨-١-١‬‬
‫]‪ ٥-٥-٢‬ﻣﻜـﺮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ٥-٥-٢ ،‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜـﹰﺎ[‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ،٦-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪،٧-٥-٢] ٧-٥-٢‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،[٧-٤-١ ،٦-٤-١]٦-٤-١‬ﻭ‪ ،[٨-٤-١]٧-٤-١‬ﻭ‪ ،٧-١‬ﻭ‪١-٧-١‬‬
‫‪ ،[٨-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٩-٥-٢] ٨-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[١٠-٥-٢] ٩-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪١٠-٥-٢‬‬ ‫ـﺮ‬‫]‪ ،[٤-٧-١ ،٣-٧-١ ،٢-٧-١ ،١-٧-١‬ﻭ‪ [٥-٧-١] ٢-٧-١‬ﺍﻧﻈـ‬
‫]‪ ،[١١-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ [١٢-٥-٢]١١-٥-٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٢٢١-١٨٥‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪١٠٧-٨١‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪،٥-٣-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ،١-٢-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٣-٢-٢] ٢-٢-٢‬ﻭ‪،[٤-٢-٢] ٣-٢-٢‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،٩-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،١٠-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،١٢-٥-٢‬ﻭ‪ ١٣-٥-٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪،٢٠٠٤‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،١-٣-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٢-٣-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٣-٣-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٤-٣-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٣-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪٤-٤-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .١٣٧-١٣٢‬ﻭﺗﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫]‪ ،[٥-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٤-٤-٢] ٥-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٧-٤-٢] ٦-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪٧-٤-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ،٦-٢‬ﻭ‪ ٢-٦-٢ ،١-٦-٢‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ ٢‬ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫]‪ [٨-٤-٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪،‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٦٣‬ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺳﲔ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻓﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺹ ‪٢٤٩-٢٣٠‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ،١-١-٢‬ﻭ‪،٢-١-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳌـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ٣-١-٢] ٤-١-٢ ،٣-١-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ،[٤-١-٢ ،‬ﻭ‪ ،٥-١-٢‬ﻭ‪٦-١-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻭﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﻭﺃﺩﻣـﺞ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫]‪ ،[٨-١-٢ ،٦-١-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،٧-١-٢‬ﻭ‪ ٧-١-٢] ٨-١-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ[‪ ،‬ﻭ‪،٤-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،١-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ١-٤-٢]٢-٤-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ[‪ ،‬ﻭ‪[٩-٤-٢ ،٢-٤-٢]٧-٤-٢‬‬
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‫‪ [١-٢-١]٢-٢-١‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪ [٨-١-١]٣-١-١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺻـﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋـﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻻ ﳝﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٣-١‬ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ [٣-١-١]٤-١-١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺍﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺩ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ٍﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗُﻘـﺪﱢﻡ‬
‫‪ ١-٣-١‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪[٦-١-١]٥-١-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﲝﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺘـﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄـﻰ‬
‫ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳـﻮﱃ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪[٢-٢-١]٢-٣-١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ ٦-١-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫‪ [٣-٢-١]٣-٣-١‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺍﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪[١-١-١]٧-١-١‬‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٤-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٨-١-١‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺍﺓ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﱵ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ‬
‫‪ [٥-١-١]١-٤-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺧﺺ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩَ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬـﺪ‬ ‫‪ ٢-١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﲏ "ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ" ﺇﻋﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳـﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺻـﻴﻐﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫‪[٦-١-١]٢-٤-١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪ [٤-٢-١]١-٢-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﲰﻴـﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻮﳍـﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪[٧-١-١]٣-٤-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﳋﻼﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗُﺨﻀِﻊ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺇﺣـﺪﻯ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﳍﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪86‬‬

‫‪ [٨-٢-١]٣-٥-١‬ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟـﻮ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺼﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﻋـﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺻـﺎﺩﺭ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪[٥-٢-١]٤-٤-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺏ‬
‫‪ ٦-١‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺭﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳـﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪[٦-٢-١]٥-٤-١‬‬
‫‪ ٧-١‬ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ [٤-٧-١ ،٣-٧-١ ،٢-٧-١ ،١-٧-١]١-٧-١‬ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗـﺒﲔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚـﻮﺯ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺑﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌـﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﲝﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﹰﺎ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻬﺎ؛‬
‫‪ [٧-٤-١ ،٦-٤-١]٦-٤-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺣﻜﻢ ﳏﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻋﻼ ﹸﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻸﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﻻ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪[٥-٧-١]٢-٧-١‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪[٨-٤-١]٧-٤-١‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ؛‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺸﺮﻁ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﻳُﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺣﻜﻤﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻬﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ ١-١-٢‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﰊ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺒﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-١-٢‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٣-١-٢‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺭﻫﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﳑﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻧﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪١-٢‬‬ ‫‪ ٥-١‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪[٩-١-١]١-٥-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺗﻌـﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗُﺨﻀﻊ ﻟـﻪ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪[٧-٢-١]٢-٥-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ٢-١‬ﻭ‪ ١-٢-١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻍ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺼﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭُﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻜﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ ﲟﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ؛‬
‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪٧-١-٢‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﳑﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐـﺮﺽ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺸﻮﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋُﻘﺪﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ؛ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪ ٣-١-٢]٤-١-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍﹰ‪ [٤-١-٢ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ ٧-١-٢]٨-١-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ[ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ]ﻏـﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍـﺎ ﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ[ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﱢﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ]ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ[ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴّﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻩ ]ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ[‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺮﺕ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺒﻠِﻎ‬ ‫ﻹﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﹰﺎ ﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻴﱢﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺜﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪٥-١-٢‬‬
‫‪ ١-٢-٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺑﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘـﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻖ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴـﺴﻲ‬
‫ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳚﺐ‬
‫‪ [٣-٢-٢]٢-٢-٢‬ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫‪ [٨-١-٢ ،٦-١-٢]٦-١-٢‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳَﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ [٤-٢-٢]٣-٢-٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﺪﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺩﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻬـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻖ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓـﹰﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺪﻯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺭﲰﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺩﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳُﺮﺳَﻞ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻭﻗﺖ ﳑﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪88‬‬

‫)‪(٢٦٤‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫]‪[...‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‪[.‬‬
‫‪ ١-٣-٢‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬
‫‪ ٣-٤-٢‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ١-٢-١‬ﻭ‪٦-٤-٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫]‪ [٧-٤-٢‬ﻭ‪ ،[٨-٤-٢] ٧-٤-٢‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﰲ‬ ‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻱ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ [٥-٤-٢]٤-٤-٢‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٢-٣-٢‬ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺛﲏ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﹰﺍ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻲ ﺗﻠﻘﻴّﻪ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ [٤-٤-٢]٥-٤-٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ‬ ‫‪ ٣-٣-٢‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺽ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺘـﺄﺧﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟـﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﲢﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫‪ ٤-٣-٢‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ [٧-٤-٢]٦-٤-٢‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻠﻮﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺃﺑﺪﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ؛ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋـﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٥-٣-٢‬ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫]‪ [٩-٤-٢ ،٢-٤-٢]٧-٤-٢‬ﺇﺻــﺪﺍﺭ ﻭﺇﺑــﻼﻍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧــﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻟﻺﻋـﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﻱ‬
‫‪ ٤-٢‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ١-٤-٢‬ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺍﳌـﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻛﺘﺎﺑـ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ ﳐﻮﱠﻝ ﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻖ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﻧﺺ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺴﻲ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﺟﻬﺎﺯﹰﺍ ﻟــﻪ ﺃﻫﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫]‪ ١-٤-٢]٢-٤-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﹰﺍ[ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﱠﻎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ‪[.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫)‪(٢٦٥‬‬
‫ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪٨-٤-٢‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑﻱ‬
‫ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻋﺮﺍﻬﺑﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺜﲑ ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ ﺃﻱ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﺞ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻹﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﹰﺎ ﳊﻜـﻢ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٦٥‬ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫـﺬﺍ )‪[٨-٤-٢] ٧-٤-٢‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ( ﺇﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ‪ ٣-٢‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫‪ ٥-٥-٢]٥-٥-٢‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭﺍﹰ‪ ٥-٥-٢ ،‬ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ[ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ ٩-٤-٢‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗـﺖ ﻣـﺎ ﱂ ﺗـﻨﺺ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠـﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍـﺎ ﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺳـﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ١٠-٤-٢‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻪ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﻛـﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻪ ﲢﻜﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻄﻞ ﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﹰﺎ ﳊﻜـﻢ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋـﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٥-٢‬ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ ٦-٥-٢‬ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫‪ ١-٥-٢‬ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋ َﺪ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫َﺗﺘﱠﺒﻊ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍ ُ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪٥-١-٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭ‪ [٨-١-٢ ،٦-١-٢]٦-١-٢‬ﻭ‪.٧-١-٢‬‬ ‫ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫‪ [٨-٥-٢ ،٧-٥-٢]٧-٥-٢‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫‪ ٢-٥-٢‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹰﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫‪ ٣-٥-٢‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺤﺐ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺩﺧﻮ ﹸﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘـﻮﺧﻰ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧـﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣـﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ [٩-٥-٢]٨-٥-٢‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ ﺟـﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﺑﻘـﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃـﺮﺃﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻬﻧـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﻠﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺷـﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ‬ ‫‪ [٥-٥-٢]٤-٥-٢‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺭﻫﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﳕﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺟﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠـﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺤﺒﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺼﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻗـﺼﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ )ﺳﲔ( ]ﺷﻬﺮﹰﺍ[ ]ﻳﻮﻣﹰﺎ[ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺼﲑ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﲔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻜﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺩﻭﳕﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺤﺒﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺗـﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺳﺤﺐ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺪﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ؛‬
‫ﻳﺴﺤﺒﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺳﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺪﺩﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ]ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﻊ[‪.‬‬ ‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﺮﻣﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪90‬‬

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‫ـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـ‬
‫ـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـ‬‫ـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒـ‬
‫‪-٢‬ﻧـﺺ ﻣـ‬ ‫‪ [١٠-٥-٢]٩-٥-٢‬ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔـﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫ﻳُﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟـﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -٤٣٨‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻠﹼﻤﺖ‬ ‫) ﺃ(‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫‪ ٦-٢‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﲬـﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪ [١١-٥-٢]١٠-٥-٢‬ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﳛﺪّ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻭﰱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫• ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪" ٢٠‬ﺑـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺮﺿـﻴﺔ"‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ؛‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﳜﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻟـﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫• ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﻬﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻧﺎﻓـﺬﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﺮﺿـﻪ‬ ‫‪ [١٢-٥-٢]١١-٥-٢‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﻧﻔﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﻳُﻌﺪّﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺄﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌـﺎﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻈﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹸﺑﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻘﻢ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ؛‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺑﺴﺤﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺣﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺑﻼﻏﻬـﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ؛‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺃﺛﺮﹰﺍ ﲤﻴﻴﺰﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴـﺪ‬ ‫‪ ١٢-٥-٢‬ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳚﻮﺯ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗـﺖ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﳚﺐ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻬﱠﺪ‬
‫‪ ١٣-٥-٢‬ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺪﺍﺭﻛﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ ﲢﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﺇﱃ ‪-٦-٢‬ﺱ)‪.(٢٦٦‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪١-٦-٢‬‬ ‫‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٦٦‬ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ( ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٢-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻹﺑـﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘـﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪91‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳـﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺻـﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﺗﻘـﺪﱘ‬
‫)‪ (٦‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﻷﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﳊﻈﺔ)‪ .(٢٧٠‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﳛﺴﻢ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺩ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-١‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻟﺘﻪ ﲟـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ ﹰﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘـﻀﻤﲔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ )"ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ*" ﻭﺇﱃ "ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ*")‪ ،(٢٧١‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ"(؛‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ )"ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺻـﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﲢﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔـﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ"(؛‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃـﻼﻕ ﺍﳌـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ )"ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻃﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﹰﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"(؛‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪)٢‬ﻭ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ؛‬ ‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌـﻴّﻦ ﺧﻼﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ ﺑﺈﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺅﻩ )ﻭﻗـﺖ ﺍﻹﻋـﺮﺍﺏ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺿـﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺗﺒـﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ)‪((٢٦٧‬؛‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺮﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤـﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ "ﻃﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺍﹰ"‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﲝﺴﺐ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﻔـﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ )"ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣـﺎ" ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ؛ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ؛‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ")‪.((٢٦٨‬‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺑﺬﺍﺗـﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳛﻖ ﳍﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ؛ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺪﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺣﺼﺮﹰﺍ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿـﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨‬ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﻛﲑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﻗـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﻭﺑﺪﺍ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪،١٩٦٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﻴّﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ؛ ﻓﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺘﺎ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﱂ ﲢﺴﻤﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣـﻦ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻞ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٧٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،٢٠‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪،٢١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ)‪.(٢٦٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ‪)٣‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪R. Baratta, Gli effetti delle riserve :‬‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﻳﻘﻴﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ai trattati (Milan, Giuffrè, 1999), p. 341‬؛ ﻭ ‪R. Szafarz, “Reservations‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪to multilateral treaties”, Polish Yearbook of International Law, vol. 3‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪ .(1970), p. 293 at p. 313‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳُﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.٢-١-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺩ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫)‪ (٢٧١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.[٤-١-١]١-١-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺺ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦٩‬ﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪92‬‬

‫)‪ (١٠‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪٢١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺟﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗـﹰﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ١٩٨٦‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ")‪ (٢٧٢‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻬﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺑﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫"ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﱄ ]‪ [...‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ")‪ .(٢٧٣‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧـﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻌﺮﱠﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ")‪ .(٢٧٤‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨــﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﺪ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺑﻪ "ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑﻳﺔ)‪ .(٢٧٥‬ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪" ،‬ﻓﺎﳌﻬﻢ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ" ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻻ ﻳﺜﻮﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻚ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻨـﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍ َ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.١-٦-٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١١‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫)‪ (٩‬ﻭﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﻻ ﳜﻔﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﺟﺲ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﻬﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ "ﺳﺒﺒﺎﹰ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺟﺲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌ ﹰﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻹﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﳎﺎﻬﺑﺘﻬﺎ")‪ .(٢٧٦‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟ "ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ"‪" ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ‬
‫)‪ (١٢‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻭﺿﺤﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟـﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ")‪ .(٢٧٧‬ﻭﻳﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪:١٩٧٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪" :‬ﺇﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺭﻓـﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺗﻘـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٧٩‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ")‪.(٢٧٨‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﺒﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ "ﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ" ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ "ﺗـﺼﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻟـﻮ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ")‪ ،(٢٨٠‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻃﺒّﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪٣‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٧٢‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗﻌﺒﲑ" ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌـﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻛﺮّﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٧٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫)‪ (١٣‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘُﻘﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ)‪ ،(٢٨١‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ‪ ١‬ﲤـﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ ‪١٩٩٤‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺗﻈﻬـﺮ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳊـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ‬ ‫) ‪Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﻧﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻋـﻼﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘـﺎﱄ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Bahrain, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 112 at‬‬

‫"ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ )ﺏ(")‪.(٢٨٢‬‬ ‫‪" :(p. 120, para. 23‬ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺷﻜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺄﲰﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ ﺑـﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٧٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺩ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٧٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘـﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٢-١‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،١٩٩٩‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ٢٠٠-١٨٦‬ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪) English‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٤‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٣٣‬‬ ‫‪Channel‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٧٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ )‪ (١٤‬ﻭ)‪ (١٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪٢-٣-١‬‬
‫‪P. H. Imbert, “La question des réserves dans la décision‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٨٠‬‬ ‫]‪) [٢-٢-١‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٢٠-٢١٥‬‬
‫)‪Grand Larousse encyclopédique, vol. 7, (Paris, Larousse, (٢٧٦‬‬
‫‪arbitrale du 30 juin 1977 relative à la délimitation du plateau‬‬
‫‪continental entre la République française et le Royaume-Uni de‬‬
‫‪Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord”, Annuaire français de droit‬‬
‫)‪.1963‬‬
‫‪.international, vol. 24 (1978), p. 29 at p. 45‬‬ ‫)‪J. Salmon, ed., Dictionnaire de droit international public (٢٧٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.(Brussels, Bruylant, 2001), p. 763‬‬
‫)‪) English Channel (٢٨٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٤‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٣٣‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٧٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٧٦٤‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﲦﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻳُﺬﻛﹶﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺭﲰﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ)‪(٢٨٦‬؛‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﺨـﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫"ﻻ ﻳﻌﻔﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪٦‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﺿﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪ ٣٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ )ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﲔ‬
‫ﲝﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ(؛ ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻘـﺼﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﺒـﻖ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ* ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﲔ ﲝﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺘـﺮﺽ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ*")‪(٢٨٧‬؛ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ "ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ" ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ؛ ﺃﻭ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٢٨٨‬‬
‫)‪ (١٦‬ﺇﻥ "ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ" ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﻀﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ "ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﻲ"‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪ُ ،‬ﺗﻄﻠـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ )ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ( ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺤﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﻛﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺪﺩﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏـﺎﺕ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧـﺎﻥ )ﺹ ‪،(٩٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ )ﺹ ‪ ،(٩٥‬ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ )ﺹ ‪ ،(٩٦-٩٥‬ﺃﻭ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺗﱰﺍﻧﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺹ ‪ ،(٩٧‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋـﻦ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜـﺎ‬
‫)ﺹ ‪ .(٩٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻍ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘـﺔ ﺑـﺼﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﻛﺘﻔﺴﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺤﻜـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻗِﺒﻞ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٦٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪vol. II (United Nations ،‬‬
‫‪ (publication, Sales No. E.05.V.3), p. 360‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨـﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ" ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏـﺴﻄﺲ ‪١٩٨٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٨‬ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‪) ١٩٧٣ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺭﺑﻮﻝ( )ﻭﻫﻮ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺑﺪﺍ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻛـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ( ﻗﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﻬﻧـﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺗـﻪ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ) ‪Status of Multilateral Conventions and Instruments‬‬
‫‪in respect of which the International Maritime Organization or its‬‬
‫‪Secretary-General Performs Depositary or other Functions as at 31‬‬
‫‪.(December 2000, p. 81, footnote 1‬‬
‫)‪) Multilateral Treaties ... (٢٨٧‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ .٤٥١-٤٥٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﰲ ﻭﻗـﺖ ﻻﺣـﻖ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٤٥١‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.(١١‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،٩‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.١٢‬‬
‫)‪ (١٤‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٣‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ .١٩٨٦‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧـﺎﺹ‬
‫ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ – ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ – ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٧٩‬ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻌـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﺍﺑﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻟﱰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤـﺪﺕ ﻋﻘـﺐ "ﺛـﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ" ﲟﻨﺄﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﻜﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺭﲰﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﳕﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳍـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﺴﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٨٧‬ﻋﻘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ)‪.(٢٨٣‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﲟﻮﺟﺒـﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ]‪ [٢٨٤‬ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻼﺭﻭﺳـﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻐﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (١‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ[ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ")‪(٢٨٥‬؛ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ( ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪J. Polakiewicz, Treaty-Making in the Council of Europe‬‬ ‫)‪(٢٨٣‬‬
‫‪(Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing, 1999), p. 106‬؛ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺷـﻲ‬
‫ﳏﺬﻭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٤‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ ﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫"ﻟﺪﻯ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺜـﺔ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻓـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻬﻧـﺎ "ﲢﻔﻈـﺎﺕ"‬
‫) ‪Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General: Status as‬‬
‫‪at 31 December 2004, vol. I (United Nations publication, Sales No.‬‬
‫‪.(E.05.V.3), pp. 90–92‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ٩٣‬ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ(‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﺹ ‪٩٤-٩٣‬‬
‫)ﻛﻨﺪﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺹ ‪) ٩٤‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺮﻧـﺴﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺹ ‪) ٩٥‬ﻣﺎﻟﻄـﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺹ ‪٩٦‬‬
‫)ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺹ ‪) ٩٧‬ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪94‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘُﻤﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟـﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥١‬ﻣﻦ ]ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺅﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫـﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺤﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻧـﻀﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳊﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺗﻄﺒﻴ ﹸﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻓـﺎﺀ ﲟﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻳﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ[‪ .‬ﻭﺑـﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻀﺎﺣﺎﺕ*‪ ،‬ﺇﺟﺮﺍ ُﺀ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻬﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪ ٥١‬ﻣﻦ ]ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ*‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ)‪.(٢٨٩‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﲟﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫)‪ (١٧‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﻬﺗـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﻌﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺰﺯ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺞ ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻮ ﺃﻛﺜـﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ؛ ﻓﺎﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﺴﺎ ﰲ ‪ ١٨‬ﺣﺰﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻥ* ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ١٩٩٦‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ]‪ [...‬ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﻗﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗُﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٩‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣١٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﺴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳـﺎ ]‪[...‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥١‬ﻣﻦ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫"ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺎ ﱂ* ]‪ [...‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ[‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻴﺰ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ*‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴـﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ[ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ)‪.(٢٩٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳـﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻘـﻮﻳﺾ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻃﺎﹰ( ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ )ﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫"ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺬ ﹼﻛﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳـﺔ ﺑـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻟﻪ( ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﹰ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳜﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻛﻴـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳚﻴﺰ ﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺑﺄﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺗﱪﻳﺮ ﻗﺼﻮﺭﻩ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻷﻧـﻪ ﱂ ﻳـﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪﺓ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (١٨‬ﻭﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ "ﲢﺘﻔﻆ" ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ُﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ "ﲟﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ" ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺍﻩ ﻃـﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺻﺤﺘﻪ ﲝﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫"ﻭﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺇﻋـﻼﻥ ﻫﻮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥١‬ﻣﻦ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ[‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ‬
‫"ﺍﺣﺘﻔﻈﺖ" ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ "ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬـﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ*‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﺔ ﻓﱰﻭﻳـﻼ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪] ٢٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺮ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ‬ ‫"ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻠﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ]ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ["‪.‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﺷﺪ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑـﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٠‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٣١٨-٣١٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐـﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟـﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ )ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﺒﻮ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪٢٨٦‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .(٣٢٢-٣١٧‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٤٦٨‬‬ ‫ﲢﻔﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٣٣١‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪.(٢٧‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫)‪ (١٩‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴـﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﲬﺔ[ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ")‪ ،(٢٩١‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ)‪ ،(٢٩٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﳑﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ "ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﻣـﻦ ]ﺗﻠـﻚ[ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ ]ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ ،١٩٨٦‬ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ[ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻛـﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺛﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ "ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﻲ" ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺘﺤﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻘـﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻼﻳﻘﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗُﻈﻬﺮ ﲜﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ")‪ .(٢٩٢‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻃـﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ)‪ (٢٩٣‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨـﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﻦ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀﻩ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ)‪.(٢٩٦‬‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٥‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧـﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫)‪ (٢٠‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ -‬ﻭﺻﻒ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﺷﻚ‬
‫ﺑَﻠﹼﻐﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺬﺭﹰﺍ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ "ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ"‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻬﻧﺎ "ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﲟﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ" ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺌـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ "ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ"‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ‪/‬ﺗﻌـﺎﺭﺽ)‪،(٢٩٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔﹰ ﺃﻥ "ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺭﲰـﻲ‬
‫َﺭ ﹾﻓﺾ‪/‬ﺗﺮﻓﺾ)‪ ،(٢٩٨‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺩﻻﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ]‪ [...‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﺿﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫]‪ [...‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺔ")‪ .(٢٩٤‬ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﲑ ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻻ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ‪ ...‬ﲢﻔﻆ ‪ (٢٩٩)"...‬ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﺒﺎﹰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ؛ ﺇﳕـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ‪ ...‬ﻏﲑ ﺟﺎﺋﺰ‪/‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪/‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ")‪.(٣٠٠‬‬
‫"ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ" ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲟﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗـﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﺍﹰ ﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺭﲰﻲ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺆﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺧﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٥‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ )‪(١٧)-(١٣‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ "ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ" ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ) ‪recommendation No.‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫‪ (R (99) 13‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ‪ ١٨‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ‪ .١٩٩٩‬ﻭﳚـﺐ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٩١‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٢٦٩-٢٦٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﻮﺭﻥ ﰲ ‪F. Horn, Reservations and Interpretative Declarations to‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ"‪ .‬ﻭﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻀﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﶈـﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Multilateral Treaties (The Hague, T.M.C. Asser Institute, Swedish‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪ ،Horn‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٩١‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٨٥-١٨٤‬‬ ‫‪Institute of Intenational Law, Studies in Internatinal Law, No. 5, 1988),‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺹ ‪ ١٩٧-١٩١‬ﻭ‪.٢٢٢-٢٢١‬‬ ‫‪) p. 318‬ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٢٩٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻭ‪.p. 336‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Multilateral Treaties ... (٢٩٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪٢٨٤‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‬‫)‪ (٢٩٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .١٩٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟـﺒﻼﻍ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋـﻦ ﻫﻮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ )… ‪ ،Multilateral Treaties‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪٢٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟـﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٩٥‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪(١٨٩-١٨٨‬؛ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻮﻟﻨـﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٢‬ﻭ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٩٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،(١٢٩‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٩٣‬ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﳕﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .(٢٧٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ )ﺏ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ،([٧-٤-١ ،٦-٤-١] ٦-٤-١‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪) Polakiewicz‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ (١٠٧‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻠﻔـﺖ‬
‫ﻼ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ )… ‪ ،Multilateral Treaties‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٩٤‬ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻟﻜﺴﻤﱪﻍ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﺻـﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺗﻠـﻚ‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،(٢٧٥‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻏﻮﺍﺗﻴﻤـﺎﻻ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪٢٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪٢٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ١٩٩٥‬ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴـﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺰﻳﺪﻭ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺎ ‪Loizidou v. Turkey‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٣٦٩-٣٦٨‬‬ ‫‪.(Preliminary Objections), Series A, vol. 310, pp. 12–13, paras. 18–24‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪96‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﳚـﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ "ﳑﻨﻮﻉ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ")‪ ،(٣٠١‬ﺃﻭ "ﻋـﺪﱘ ﺍﻷﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(٣٠٥)٢١‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٠٣‬‬
‫ﲤﺎﻣﺎ")‪ (٣٠٢‬ﺃﻭ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﻳﺘﻨﺎﰱ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ"‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻠﺺ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫)‪ (٢٤‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺗـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻣﻨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ ﺑﺄﺛﺮ "ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ")‪ (٣٠٦‬ﻳﺘﻤﺜـﻞ ﻻ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٩‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕـﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪ :١٩٨٦‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﲔ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺻﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺗـﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ‪/‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﹶﻗ ﹶﻄﺮ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫)‪ (٢١‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺼﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﳊـﺎﻻﺕ ﲢﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔـﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻟﻶﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻨـﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ ﺻـﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻐﺎﺀ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺑﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭ‪،١٩٨٦‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻝ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﻮﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻘﻄـﺮ ﺃﻥ ﲢـﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺤﻔﻈﻬﺎ)‪.(٣٠٧‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢٢‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﲔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻫـﻲ‬ ‫)ﺃ( ﻓﺈﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬
‫ﳏﻞ ﺷﻚ)‪ .(٣٠٨‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﳍﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ"؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ "ﺍﻷﺛـﺮ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ"‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ "ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﺼﻮﻯ"‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ؛‬
‫__________‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔﻆ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻔﻈﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪" :١٩٦٩‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺻﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻴـﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٤‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٢٠‬؛ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﺛـﺮ‬
‫)‪ ،Multilateral Treaties ...‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٣٥٦‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ" ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ)‪.(٣٠٤‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪R. W. Edwards Jr., “Reservations to treaties”, Michigan‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪.Journal of International Law, vol. 10, No. 2 (1989), p. 400‬‬ ‫"ﺍﻷﺩﱏ" ﻭ"ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ" ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻮﺧﺎﳘﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺜﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣٠٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪B. Simma, “Reservations to human rights treaties: some‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬
‫‪recent developments”, in G. Hafnered., Liber Amicorum―Professor‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern: in honour of his 80th birthday (The Hague,‬‬
‫ـﻊ‬
‫‪ ،Riquelme‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟـ‬ ‫‪Cortado‬‬‫‪Kluwer, 1998), p. 659 at pp. 667–668‬؛ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻼ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻼﻧـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٠٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٣٠٥-٣٠٠‬‬ ‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٣١٤-٣١٢‬‬
‫)‪ ،Multilateral Treaties ... (٣٠٧‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠــﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷــﻴﺔ ‪٢٨٤‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٣٤٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪) ٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻠﺒﻀﺎﺋﻊ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺩﻓﺎﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟـﱪﻱ‬
‫)‪ (٣٠٨‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺒﻨﺘﻪ ﺃﺟﻬـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ( )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٥٩٨‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺪﻓﻊ ﻳـﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺪﻳﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،(٢٦٣‬‬
‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻋﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٣٢‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٣١٨‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ "ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﲑ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﲑﻩ"‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٠٤‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ‪R. Riquelme Cortado, Las Reservas a los tratados:‬‬
‫"ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻟـﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺒـﺪﺃ‬ ‫‪Lagunas y Ambigüedades del Régimen de Viena (University of Murcia,‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ" )ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪) English Channel‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬ ‫‪2004), pp. 279–280‬؛ ﻭ ‪ ،Horn‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٩١‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٤٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.(٦٠‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪.١٧٢-١٧٠‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﱪﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ)‪ (٣٠٩‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﺑﻨـﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻣﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١-٦-٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫]ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ[ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ‬
‫)‪ (٢٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺗُـﺼﺪﺭﻩ"‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ" ﺃﺭﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﹰﺎ ﳏﺎﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪١-٦-٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺤـﺪﺛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)"ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ]‪ [...‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ* ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴـﺔ"(‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﹸﺧﺬﺕ ﺣﺮﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻳُﺤﺪﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫)‪ (٢٦‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﲔ ﺍﳌﺨـﺎﻟﻒ ﳌـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺷـﺮﻁ ﺁﺧـﺮ؛ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ)‪ ،(٣١٠‬ﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﱪﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘُﻔﻆ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺗُﺼﺪﺭﻩ" ﺣﺮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣـﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﳏﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻣﺄﺫﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ)‪ ،(٣١١‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘـﺼﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺭﻓﻀﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﺣـﱴ ﺍﳊـﻖ ﰲ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻳﺼﺪﺭ "ﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﻯ ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﻔﻆ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ"‪ ،‬ﲟـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪" :‬ﺗﻨﻮﻱ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ‪ ...‬ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﱂ "ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ‪ ،(٣١٢)"...‬ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ١٩‬ﻭ‪ ٢٠‬ﻭ‪.(٣١٤) "٢٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣـﺪﻋﻮﻡ ﲝﺠـﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ)‪ .(٣١٣‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺰﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ٢-٦-٢‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٣٠٩‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪) ٦-١‬ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ( ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻻ ﲣﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈـﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (٣١٠‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺼﺪﺩ ﺍﺳﺘـﺸﻬﺪﺕ ﻟـﻴﺠﱰﺍﺩ ) ‪Liesbeth Lijnzaad,‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫?‪Reservations to UN–Human Rights Treaties: Ratify and Ruin‬‬
‫‪Rolf Kühner,‬‬ ‫‪ ((Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995), p. 45‬ﺑﻜـﻞ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪Vorbehalte zu multilateralen völkerrechtlichen Verträgen (Berlin,‬‬
‫‪ ،Springer-Verlag, 1986), p. 183‬ﻭ‪ ،Renata Szafarz‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟــﻊ ﺍﳌــﺬﻛﻮﺭ‬
‫)‪ (١‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﻣﺸـﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ ‪١-٣-٢‬‬ ‫)ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٧٠‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٣٠٩‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜـﺺ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔـﺔ ﺍﻷﺧـﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ٣-٣-٢‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻸﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗـﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫)‪ ،(Szafarz‬ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺫﺍﻙ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﹰﺎ" ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘـﺄﺧﺮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﺘﱪﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﻬﺗﺎ؛ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧـﺎﺹ ‪،Horn‬‬
‫ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٩١‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺑـﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﺹ ‪ ،١٣١‬ﻭﺑـﺎﻷﺧﺺ‬
‫ﺹ ‪.٢١٩-٢٠٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﺀﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫)‪ (٣١١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼـﺪﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻴﻢ ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺣﺰﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ، ١ -٣ -٢‬ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻼﺀﻣﺔ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪) English Channel‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪" :‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﱂ ﲡﺰ‬
‫"ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ" ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﲢﻔﻈﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ" )ﺹ ‪ ،٣٢‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ .(٣٩‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻣﺒﲑ )‪(Imbert‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲢﻔﻆٍ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺣﱴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣُﺠﺎﺯ ﺻﺮﺍﺣ ﹰﺔ ﺇﺑـﺪﺍﺅﻩ ) ‪Les réserves‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺗـﺴﺎﺀﻟﻮﺍ‬ ‫‪.(aux traités multilatéraux (Paris, Pedone, 1978), pp. 151–152‬‬
‫"ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‘ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ‘ ﰲ‬
‫)‪ (٣١٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺃﺳـﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﲢﻔـﻆ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ١ -٣ -٢‬ﻟﻺﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘـﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ )… ‪ ،Multilateral Treaties‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺇﺑﺪﺍﺋـﻪ‬ ‫)ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،((٢٧٤‬ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔـﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫__________‬ ‫)ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(١٤٩-١٤٤‬‬
‫)‪ (٣١٤‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔـﺎﻗﻴﱵ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻣﻲ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣١٣‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺗﻪ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﻭ‪.١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫ﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ )ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪ ٢-٦-٢‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺃﺑﺪﻭﺍ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﻢ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ)‪ (٣١٦‬ﻓﻘـﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻨﻮﺍ ﳎﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﺿﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣١٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪) ٢٣٧‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(١-٣-٢‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ")‪.(٣١٥‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﺑﻖ‬
‫ﱂ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺿﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣١٥‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٢٤١‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٢٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪.(١-٣-٢‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤٤٢‬ﺃﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٤٣٩‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫـﺎ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻘﺪ ‪ ٨‬ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪ ١٧‬ﻭ‪ ٢٣‬ﺃﻳـﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣـﺎﻳﻮ ﻭ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻯ)‪ (٣١٧‬ﺃﹸﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ )ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ١٢‬ﻭ‪ ١٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٧‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏـﺴﻄﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ" ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ)‪ .(٣١٨‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣـﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ ﻭﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ )ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪(٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ"؛ )ﺏ( ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ "ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ"‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪ .(٣١٩‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٦٩‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺻـﻴﺎﺕ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺷـﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤـﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻼﻉ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ )ﺝ( ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌـﺔ ﺍﳌﺘـﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻬﻧﺎ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٦٩‬؛‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬
‫)ﺩ( ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬ ‫ـﺴﲔ‬ ‫ـﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـ‬ ‫‪ -٤٤٠‬ﻭﻋﻴﻨـ‬
‫ـﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٦٩‬؛‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻫ( ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺟﺪﻭ ﹰﻻ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻳﻨﻔﱠﺬ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤـﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴـﺔ )‪،(٢٠٠٦-٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻋُﺮﺿﺖ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ َﻭﺯﱠﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ "ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ")‪.(٣٢٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺗﱡﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٣٢٠)٢٠٠٢‬ﻭﺃﻗﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳـﺘﻌﲔ‬
‫‪ -٤٤٣‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٨٥٩‬ﻭ‪ ٢٨٦٠‬ﻭ‪٢٨٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٨‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ ٣‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏـﺴﻄﺲ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٤١‬ﺃﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ -٤٤٤‬ﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٦٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪٤‬‬ ‫)ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ (٢٠٠٤‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ )‪A/CN.4/L.676‬‬
‫‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭ‪ ،(Corr.1‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻴﻢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ)‪.(٣٢١‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻘﺒـﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (٣١٧‬ﻍ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﻓﻨﺮ "ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲡـﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٦٧‬‬
‫)‪ (٣١٨‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٣٩‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٧٢٩‬‬
‫‪ -٤٤٥‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺒﻌـﺎﹰ ﳕـﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٥‬‬ ‫ـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬‫)‪ (٣١٩‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠـﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٤٩٤-٤٩٢‬‬
‫_________________________________________‬ ‫)‪ (٣٢٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٤-١١٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٤٢٧‬‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻘﻂ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٤١‬‬
‫)‪) (٣٢١‬ﺃ( ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٦٩‬؛ )ﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣـﻦ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٦٩‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺷﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ )ﺏ( ﺗﻄﺒﻴـﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٢‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪(١٩٦٩‬؛‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪ -٤٥٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺒﲑ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﱂ ﻳـﱪﺯ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )‪ ،A/CN.4/549‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﻫﺎﺀ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﲣﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ "ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ" ﺃﻭ "ﻣﺒﺪﺃ"‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺛﲑ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺒﲑ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٤٤٦‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺣـﱴ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﻄـﻮﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻏﺒﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻖ‬
‫ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻛـﺪﻋﻮﻯ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﻘﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(٣٢٣)٢٠٠٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٤٧‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴ َﺰ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧـﺐ‬
‫‪ -٤٥١‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ ﺗﻔﻬـﻢ ﻬﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺗﻨﺤﻴـ ﹶﺔ‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻬﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ )ﺏ( ﻛﺘﻘﻨﻴّﺔ ﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺍﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﺰﻣـﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ )ﺝ( ﻛﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻ ﹰﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﰲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳُﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﳋﱪﺓ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٢‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﱡﻨﻬُﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﰲ ﺷﱴ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘُﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻭﻥ ﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺮﺿﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ "ﺍﻷﻧﻐﻠﻮ ‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ "ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻳﺔ" ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪ ،(٣٢٤‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ "ﺍﻟـﺴﻮﻓﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ")‪ (٣٢٥‬ﺃﻭ "ُﻧﻬُـﺞ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ")‪ (٣٢٦‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٤٨‬ﻭﻛﺮﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﺰﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﳎﻤّﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺟـﺰﺃﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﺣـﺪﳘﺎ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٣‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﻘﹰﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻈﻞ ﻣـﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻜﻤـﻦ ﺧﻠـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼـﺼﲔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒـﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗـﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫‪H. Lauterpacht, “The so-called‬‬ ‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣـ‬
‫ـﺮ ﺑـ‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٤‬ﺍﻧﻈـ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺰﺅ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫‪Anglo-American and Continental schools of thought in international‬‬
‫‪.law”, British Year Book of International Law, 1931, vol. 12, pp. 31–62‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ‪E. D. Dickinson, “L’interprétation et ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻟﻜﻠﺘـﺎ‬
‫‪l’application du droit international dans les pays anglo-américains”,‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘﲔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪Collected Courses of The Hague Academy of International Law, 1932‬‬
‫‪.(The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff), vol. 40, pp. 305–395‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﰲ ﺇﻃـﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٥‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ‪K. Grzybowski, Soviet Public International Law:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫‪Doctrines and Diplomatic Practice (Leiden, Sijthoff, 1970); and T.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‬
‫‪Långström, Transformation in Russia and International Law (Leiden,‬‬
‫)‪.Martinus Nijhoff, 2003‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٤٩‬ﻭﺍﺻﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٦‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪A. Anghie and B. S. Chimni, “Third world approaches‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ "ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ"‪،‬‬
‫‪to international law and individual responsibility in international‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻪ ﻋﻦ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪conflict”, in S. R. Ratner and A.-M. Slaughter, eds., The Methods of‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫‪International‬‬ ‫‪Law‬‬ ‫‪(Washington,‬‬ ‫‪D.C.,‬‬ ‫‪American‬‬ ‫‪Society‬‬ ‫‪of‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٢٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١١٤-١١٣‬‬
‫‪.International Law, 2004), pp. 185–210‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٤٢٨-٤٢٤‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫ﺃﻭ )ﺏ( ﲟﻌﲎ ﺳﻠﱯ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ)‪ .(٣٢٧‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺟﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﻧـﺸﺄﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺘُـﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻠﻬﺎﻡ "ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑـﺬﺍ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٤‬ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﱪﺯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )"ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ"(‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳌـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻫـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺌـﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ )ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ( ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﺗﺒـﺪﻭ ﻣـﺸﺎﻬﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ)‪.(٣٣٠‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٧‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨـﺸﺊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ‬ ‫‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘" ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻔﺎﺿﺔ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻐﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒـﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ)‪.(٣٢٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺪﻭ "ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻹﳚـﺎﰊ" ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﺆﺩﺍﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗـﺪ ﺗﻨـﺸﺄ‬ ‫‪ -٤٥٥‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪ -‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻓﻞ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻣـﺔ ﳉﻤﻴـﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻐﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﱀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻮﱠﺭ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻔـﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٨‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺩﻋﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺎﻃﻌـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﺼﺎﻓﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺳﺘُﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻄﺒـﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ)‪ (٣٣١‬ﻭﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺁﻳـﺎ ﺩﻱ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﻬـﺎ ُﻧﻬُـﺞ ﻋﻠـﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﻱ)‪ (٣٣٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺠﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ "ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪ .(٣٢٩‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﹰﺎ" ﻗﺪ ﻧﺸﺄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ)‪ (٣٣٣‬ﺑﻐـﺮﺽ ﺗﻔـﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺼﻮﺏ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﺕ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺣﱴ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻪ)‪ .(٣٣٤‬ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺭﺃﻳـﻪ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ "ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳜﺮﺝ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ "ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺆﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ "ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﲤﺲ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ")‪ .(٣٣٥‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﻮﻝ "ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ"(‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺇﻗﻠـﻴﻢ ﻣـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٦‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪ -‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻓﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪ -‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻻ ﻧﺰﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﲟﻌﲎ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﺃﻱ ﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻟـﻪ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ؛‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫__________‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٠‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫‪R. Y. Jennings, “Universal international‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٢٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫‪law in a multicultural world”, in M. Bos and I. Brownlie, eds., Liber‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬
‫)‪.Asylum, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 266 (٣٣١‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٨‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫)‪.Haya de la Torre, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1951, p. 71 (٣٣٢‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٣‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻲ‪Judgments of 20 and 27 November 1950, I.C.J. Pleadings, ،‬‬
‫‪.Asylum, Vol. I, p. 316, at pp. 330–334‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪Judgment of 13 June‬‬
‫‪.1951, I.C.J. Pleadings, Haya de la Torre, p. 17, at pp. 25–27‬‬
‫)‪) Asylum (٣٣٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٣١‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.٢٩٤‬‬
‫‪Amicorum for the Rt. Hon. Lord Wilberforce (Oxford, Clarendon Press,‬‬
‫‪.1987), pp. 39–51‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٢٩‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ‪M. G. Scelle, Cours de droit international public‬‬
‫‪ .(Paris, Domat-Montchrestien, 1948), p. 253‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪H. Bull, The‬‬
‫‪Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 1st ed.‬‬
‫‪.(London, Macmillan, 1977), at pp. 305–306‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪102‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻬﺞ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ "ﲡﺰﺋﺔ" ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴـﻖ‬
‫‪ -٤٥٩‬ﻭﻭُﺟﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺘﲔ ﳏﺪﺩﺗﲔ ﰲ ﺳـﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -٤٦٣‬ﻭﺃﺟﺮﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﺪﺱ‪ ،‬ﳌﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ "ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ"‬ ‫ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؛ )ﺏ( ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﲟﻘﺘﻀﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻣﺘﻔـﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﲣﺮﺝ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺩﺭﺟﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗُﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺒـﺎﻳﻨﲔ ﻭﻣﺘـﺄﺛﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٣٧‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﹰﺎ)‪(٣٣٦‬؛ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺟﺰﺋﻴـﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﹰﺎ)‪ .(٣٣٨‬ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺿـﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ‬ ‫‪ -٤٦٠‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻏـﲑ ﺍﻷﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻓﺘﺜﲑ ﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﳎﻠﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﺫ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﻘﺘـﻀﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ "ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀً" ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜـﺎﻕ‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٦‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﲟﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ "ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻌﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫"ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗُﻄﺒﱠـﻖ‬ ‫‪ -٤٦١‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪﻩ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟّﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﺿـﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﻪ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻟـﻴﺲ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻣـﺜﻼﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻳـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺇﻳـﻀﺎﺣﹰﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٧‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﺎﳌـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻛﺪﻭﺍ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋـﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺟـﺪﻳﺮﺓ‬
‫"ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑـﺪ ﹰﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ١٥‬ﻭ‪."١٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٣٨‬ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪ -٤٦٢‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺮﻭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﱠﺭﺓ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻏﲑ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺗﻔـﻖ‬
‫"ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑـﺸﺄﻥ ﻣـﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺳﺘﻄﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟـﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺳﻮﺧﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫‪103‬‬ ‫ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫ﻭﺷﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪ .(٣٣٩‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦٩‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ"‪ .‬ﻭﺑـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻱ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﱡﻈﻤﻲ"‪ ،‬ﹶﺃ ْ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻛﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺁﺣﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺧﱪﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻌـﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿـﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻫﻮ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﻛﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﹰﺎ "ﳛﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪.(٣٤٠‬‬
‫‪ -٤٦٨‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻠﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﺷﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﳜﻔـﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺰﺅ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪١٩٦٩‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻛﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﳊﻞ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺑـﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺳﻴﺠﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪ -‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻮ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﹰﺍ ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﺪﺭﺝ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺍﳋﺘـﺎﻣﻲ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ)‪.(٣٤١‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺐ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫‪ -٤٦٩‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘُﻘﺪﺕ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ "ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ]ﻭﺍﻟ[ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ" ﺗـﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺁﺧـﺮ)‪.(٣٤٢‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻛﺸﻔﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠـﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻼ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ ﺇﻳـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﳉﺄﺕ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪C. McLachlan, “The principle of systemic‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٣٩‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫‪integration and article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention”,‬‬
‫‪International and Comparative Law Quarterly. vol. 54, part 2 (April‬‬
‫‪.2005), pp. 279–319‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٤٠‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺃ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٤١‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺸﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٤٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻣـﺎﻧﺘﺮﻱ )‪ (Weeramantry‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻏﺎﺑﺘﺸﻴﻜﻮﻓﻮ ﻧﺎﻏﻴﻤﺎﺭﻭﺱ‪Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project ،‬‬
‫)ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .١١٤‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪H. Thirlway, “The law‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ‬
‫‪and procedure of the International Court of Justice 1960–1989 (Part‬‬
‫‪.Three)”, British Year Book of International Law, 1991, vol. 62, p. 58‬‬
‫‪ -٤٦٤‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺳـﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺩﻭﺍﻓﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﺻـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻋﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣـﻦ ﻗﺒـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻨـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻻ ﺗُﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﻹﺣﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭُﺋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﺛﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳎﺮﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٦٥‬ﻭﺃﹸﻭﺿﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﲟﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ‬
‫ﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺗﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٦٦‬ﻭﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ ﻣـﺎ ﺟـﺮﻯ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻛﺄﻣﺜﻠـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﻄـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨـﺼﻴﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘُﻌﺎﰿ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺑﻨـﺪ ﺍﻟﻔـﺼﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﻳـﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻻﲢـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻔـﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ" )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٦٩‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄـﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺷﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫‪ -٤٦٧‬ﻧﺎﻗﺶ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﺤﺔ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ‘ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‘ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،(١٩٦٩‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪104‬‬

‫‪ -٤٧٠‬ﻓﺄﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ "ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻤـﻲ" ﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﺇﻳـﻼﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ ،(٣٤٣‬ﻭﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ)‪،(٣٤٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ـﺪﺩﺓ‬‫ـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌـ‬ ‫ـﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـ‬ ‫ـﺸﺄﺓ ﲟﻮﺟـ‬‫ـﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨـ‬‫ـﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜـ‬ ‫ﻭﳏـ‬
‫)‪(٣٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ ﻛـﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺳـﻠﱯ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴــﺔ)‪ ،(٣٤٦‬ﻭﳏﻜﻤــﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ)‪ .(٣٤٧‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘُﺮﺡ "ﻹﻧﻔﺎﺫ" ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪٣١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫)ﺃ( ﻛﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺳﻠﱯ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ؛ )ﺏ( ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳُﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﲟﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ؛ )ﺝ( ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫)ﺏ( ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳُﻌﺘـﱪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫)"ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ"(‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ َﻋﺮَﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺢ ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﻡ‬
‫"ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﲢﻠﻬﺎ ]ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ[ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺮﳛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ")‪.(٣٤٨‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫‪Esphahanian v. Bank Tejarat (1983) IUSCTR‬‬ ‫ـﺮ‬
‫)‪ (٣٤٣‬ﺍﻧﻈـ‬
‫‪ -٤٧١‬ﻭﺗﱪﺯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﱴ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪ .(Cambridge, Grotius, 1984), vol. 2, p. 157‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪case No. A/18‬‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻍ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .(1984), ibid., vol. 5, p. 251, at p. 260‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻜـﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﰲ ‪ ،Grimm v. Iran (1983), ibid., vol. 2, p. 78, at p. 82‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﲎ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌـﺮﰲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﻮﺭ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺗـﺪﺑﲑﹰﺍ ﳝـﺲ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻗﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻮَﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺟـﻮﻉ ﺇﻟﻴـﻪ)‪.(٣٤٩‬‬ ‫"ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ" ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪Amoco International Finance‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲝـﺚ ﻣـﺴﺘﻔﻴﺾ ﰲ‬ ‫‪.Corporation v. Iran (1987), ibid., 1988, vol. 15, p. 189, at p. 222‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴـﺔ‬ ‫)‪Golder v. United Kingdom, Judgment of 21 February 1975, (٣٤٤‬‬
‫)‪(٣٥٠‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻖ )ﻛﻤـﺎ ﰲ ﻗـﻀﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳـﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪ECHR, Series A: Judgments and Decisions, vol. 18‬؛ ﻭ ‪Loizidou v.‬‬
‫‪) Turkey‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ‪Fogarty v. United Kingdom,‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ)‪ .((٣٥١‬ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫‪ECHR, application No. 37112/97, Grand Chamber, Judgment of 21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ُﻧﻈﹸﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪November 2001, Reports of Judgments and Decisions, 2001–XI, p.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﹺﻨْﻴَﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ)‪.(٣٥٢‬‬ ‫‪McElhinney v. Ireland, ECHR, application No. 31253/96, ibid.,‬‬ ‫‪157‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom, ECHR, application No.‬‬ ‫‪p. 37‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪Banković and Others v. Belgium and Others,‬‬ ‫‪35763/97, ibid., p. 74‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫__________‬
‫‪ECHR, application No. 52207/99, Judgment of 12 December 2001,‬‬
‫‪Pinson‬‬ ‫‪case,‬‬ ‫‪Franco-Mexican‬‬ ‫‪Commission‬‬ ‫‪(Verzijl‬‬ ‫)‪(٣٤٨‬‬ ‫‪.2001–XII, p. 333‬‬
‫)‪Concerning (٣٤٥‬‬
‫‪President), in A. D. McNair and H. Lauterpacht, eds., Annual Digest of‬‬
‫‪Permanent Court of Arbitration: Dispute‬‬
‫)‪:Public International Law Cases 1927–1928 (London, Longman, 1931‬‬ ‫‪Access to Information Under Article 9 of the OSPAR Convention‬‬
‫"ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺿﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪between Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﻠﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺻـﺮﳛﺔ‬ ‫‪Northern Ireland, Final Award, decision of 2 July 2003, UNRIAA, vol.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ"‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ‪.UNRIAA, vol. V (Sales No. 52.V.3), p. 422‬‬ ‫‪ILM, vol. 42 (2003),‬‬ ‫‪ .XXIII (Sales No. E/F.04.V.15), p. 59‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫)‪ (٣٤٩‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﻲ "ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ‬ ‫‪the International Tribunal for the Law of the‬‬ ‫‪ .p. 1118‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺼﻔﺔ" ﻭ"ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﻣﻼﻥ" ﰲ ‪Pope and Talbot Inc. v.‬‬ ‫‪Sea, Mox Plant case (Ireland v. United Kingdom), Request for‬‬
‫‪) Government of Canada‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٤٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪Provisional Measures Order, 3 December 2001, ITLOS Reports 2001,‬‬

‫)‪ (٣٥٠‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٤٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ‪Pope and Talbot Inc v. Government of Canada before‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٥١‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٥٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Loizidou‬‬
‫‪) v. Turkey‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﻭ‪ ٢٩٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ((؛ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣـﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪Loizidou v. Turkey‬‬
‫‪and Issa and Others v. Turkey, application No. 31821/96, decision of‬‬
‫‪(16 November 2004‬؛ ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫‪Banković and Others v.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘـﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻘـﻀﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﻗـﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪) Belgium and Others‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٤٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٣٥٢-٣٥١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗـﺎﻥ‬
‫‪p.95‬؛ ﻭ‪) Order No. 3 (24 June 2003), ILM‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١١٨٧‬‬
‫‪the North American Free Trade Agreement Tribunal, Award on the‬‬
‫‪award‬‬ ‫‪merits (10 April 2001), ICSID Reports, vol. 7 (2005), p. 102‬؛ ﻭ‬
‫‪ILM,‬‬ ‫‪ .in respect of damages (31 May 2002), ibid., p. 148‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫‪.vol. 41 (2002), p. 1347‬‬
‫)‪WTO, United States: Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp (٣٤٦‬‬
‫‪and Shrimp Products, Appellate Body Report (WT/DS58/AB/R), of 12‬‬
‫‪October 1998‬؛ ﻭ ‪European Communities: Measures Concerning Meat‬‬
‫‪and Meat Products (Hormones), (WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R),‬‬

‫‪٦٠-٥٩‬؛ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠـﻖ‬ ‫‪.of 16 January 1998‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺼﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ؛‬ ‫)‪) Oil Platforms (٣٤٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ؛ ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ) ‪United States: Import Prohibition of‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺮﻱ ﰲ ‪) Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫‪) Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٤٦‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ((‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺹ ‪ ،٨٨‬ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﺹ ‪.١١٤‬‬
‫‪105‬‬ ‫ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫‪ -٤٧٣‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪ -٤٧٢‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻡ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺃﺭﺑـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ)‪ .(٣٥٦‬ﻭﻫﻨـﺎ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫)ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ )ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻭﻓﻘـﹰﺎ ﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ()‪ (٣٥٧‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﹰﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻳُـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑﻫﺎ)‪ .(٣٥٣‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ "ﻏﲑ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ")‪ .(٣٥٨‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻَﺮﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ( ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻫـﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ؛‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺼﺪﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧـﻮﺍ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓـﹰﺎ‬
‫‪ -٤٧٤‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﺣـﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺳـﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺬﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﹰﺎ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌﻔـﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺪ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺸﻮﺀ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑـﺄﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭ‪ ٣٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﲔ؛‬
‫ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦٩‬ﺃﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻀﲑﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﲢﻈﻰ ﲟﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ)‪ .(٣٥٤‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﻣﻴـﺰﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ)‪.(٣٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻳﺎﹰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋـﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻣﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻋﺮﰲ )ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫)‪ (٣٥٦‬ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ(؛‬
‫"ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺷﻮﺍﻏﻞ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ" ﺗﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺻـﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬ ‫)ﺩ( ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳُﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٦٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳُﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫)‪Dispute Concerning Access to Information Under Article 9 (٣٥٧‬‬ ‫ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺿﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧـﺐ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺃﻃـﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫‪of the OSPAR Convention between Ireland and the United Kingdom of‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ)‪.(٣٥٥‬‬
‫‪) Great Britain and Northern Ireland‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٤٥‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪ ،٩١‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪١٠٣‬؛ ﺃﻭ ‪) ILM‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،١١٣٨‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.١٠٣‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪Sir Robert Jennings and Sir Arthur Watts, eds., (٣٥٨‬‬
‫‪Oppenheim’s International Law, 9th ed. (Harlow, Longman, 1992),‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٥٣‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘُﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫‪.p. 1282‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺕ( ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ‪United‬‬
‫)‪States: Restrictions on Imports of Tuna (DS29/R of 16 June 1994‬؛ ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫)‪ (٣٥٩‬ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ‪.ILM, vol. 33 (1994), p. 839, at p. 892, para. 5.19‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺗﻮﺣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﻣـﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻗـﻀﻴﺔ ‪Gabčikovo-‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٥٤‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ‪United States: Import‬‬

‫‪) Nagymaros Project‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .٨٠-٧٦‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .١١٥-١١٣‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa‬‬
‫‪in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council‬‬
‫‪Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971, p. 16, at‬‬
‫‪Aegean Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J.‬‬ ‫‪p. 31‬؛ ﻭﻗﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪.Reports 1978, p. 3, at p. 32‬‬
‫‪) Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷـﻴﺔ ‪٣٤٦‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺼﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻗﺒﻠﺖ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٥٥‬ﻳﺆﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴــﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ‪J. Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public‬‬
‫‪International Law: How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of‬‬
‫‪.International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 257–263‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪106‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑـﲔ‬ ‫‪ -٤٧٥‬ﻭﺭﺣﺐ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗـﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳُﺴﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟـﻮﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻬﻧﺞ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟـﻪ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺭُﺋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒـﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻖ‬
‫‪ -٤٧٩‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﲏ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﲣﺬﻩ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻَﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻳـﻀﺎﹰ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻪ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣـﺴﺄﻟﺔ "ﺍﻟـﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗـﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ)‪ .(٣٦٠‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﻮﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻳﻀﺎﺡ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٦٩‬ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﺇﱃ "ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﻛ "ﻫﺪﻑ" ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻛ "ﻣﺒﺪﺃ"‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ" ﻗﺎﺻـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﻟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤٧٦‬ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ(‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱠﱄ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٣١‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭُﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺘﲔ )ﺃ( ﻭ)ﺏ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٣١‬ﻭﺑـﲔ‬
‫ِﻗَﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺝ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﻬﺗـﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻳـﻀﺎﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ"‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ( ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪.٣١‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻚ ﰲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫‪ -٤٨٠‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻘﱠﺢ ﻗﺪﻣـﻪ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺮﻯ ﻧـﺸﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ ﻋﻦ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫"ﻓﲏ" ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪ -٤٧٧‬ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)٣‬ﺝ(‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﲟﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ .٣١‬ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﻭﺻﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻞ ﺃﻳـﻀﹰﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺟـﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ)‪ ،(٣٦١‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺎﺭ ﻣـﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺘـﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٤٧١‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﱰﺍﻉ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ( ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﻋﺮﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻄﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻫﺮﻣـﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﺠﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﲰﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﰒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ‪.‬‬
‫‪Barcelona Traction, Light and Power‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜـﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫‪Company, Limited,. Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 3,‬‬
‫‪ -٤٧٨‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻫﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‬
‫‪at p. 32‬؛ ﻭ ‪East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports‬‬
‫‪Application of the Convention on the‬‬ ‫‪1995,‬؛ ﻭ‬ ‫‪p. 90, at p. 102‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﹰﺎ‬
‫‪Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Preliminary‬‬ ‫ﳏﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﺮﺓ ‪ ٤٧٢‬ﺃﻋـﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪Objections,‬؛‬ ‫‪Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 595, at p. 616‬‬ ‫ﻓﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭ ‪Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻛـﻞ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪) the Crime of Genocide‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٢٤٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪٢٣‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﻻﻭﺗﺮﺑﺎﺧﺖ )‪Application of the Convention on the ،(Lauterpacht‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺧﺎﻣﺲ ﻫـﻮ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬
‫‪Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Provisonal‬‬
‫__________‬
‫‪Measures, Order of 13 September 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993, p. 325, at‬‬
‫‪Legal Consequences of the Construction‬‬‫‪ .p. 440, para. 100‬ﻭﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٤٣-١٣٩‬‬
‫‪) of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory‬ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪.٣٣٠-٣٠٣‬‬
‫‪107‬‬ ‫ﲡﺰّﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬

‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺏ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫‪ -٤٨١‬ﻭﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﻨـﺎﻗﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺷُﺪﱢﺩ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﻛـﺰ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﺳﻠﻔﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺰﺅ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻧﺸﺄﻩ ﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻘـﻪ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ -٤٨٢‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺿـﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻵﻣـﺮﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١٠٣‬ﻛﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳـﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔـﺼﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫‪ -٤٨٦‬ﻭﺭﺋﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﳊﻞ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺜﻼﺙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛـﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣـﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﺘّﺴﻢ ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺿﻌ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﻨﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻟﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ ﻬﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌـﻦ؛‬
‫ﺃﺩﱏ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘّﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺑﻄـﺎﺑﻊ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫‪ -٤٨٧‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫"ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ" ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ؛‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺗﻘﺮّ‬
‫)ﺝ( ﺧﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻥ ﲦﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﲰﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳُﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳑﻴﺰﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﳍﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻤـﻦ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٤٨٣‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺜﲑ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺳـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﻈـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﹸﺃﻛﱢﺪ ﳎﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺘﻬﺎ "ﻛﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﰲ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜـﺎﻡ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻉ" ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ)‪ .(٣٦٢‬ﻭﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﲝﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻴﺎﻛـﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠـﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭُﺟﺪﺕ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋـﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﻱ "ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٤٨٤‬ﻭﺳﻠﹼﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺑـﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠـﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ" ﻟﻴﺲ ﳎﺪﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﺷُﺪﱢﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺨﻠﺺ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳـﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳍـﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑـﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫‪ -٤٨٨‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻵﻣـﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺘـﻮﺯﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜـﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺍﳌﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗِﺒَـﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ ﻭ)ﺏ( ﺗﻘﺒـﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠـﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗُﻌﲎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﺗﺴﻠـﺴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ ﻭ)ﺝ( ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ؛ ﻭ)ﺩ( ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻫﺮﻣـﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﲝﺜﻪ ﳍـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‬
‫__________‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﲟﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦٢‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ )ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫‪ -٤٨٥‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻘﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ٧٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﲡﺮﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪108‬‬

‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ)‪ .(٣٦٥‬ﻭﺳﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻒ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﻫﺮﻣﻲ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ،١٠٣‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧـﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗِﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻼﹰ ﻫﺮﻣﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ)‪.(٣٦٦‬‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﹸﺷﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﳋـﺎﺹ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٤٩١‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣـﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"‪.‬‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺳﻠﱠﻂ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺷﺪّﺩ ﺁﺧـﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪ -٤٨٩‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻈﻲ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻄـﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺠﻠـﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴـﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨـﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ .(٣٦٣)١٩٦٩‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫‪ -٤٩٢‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺎﺟـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﻝ ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ "ﺗﺮﻙ ﳏﺘـﻮﻯ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻛﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴـﺔ")‪.(٣٦٤‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻫـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺣﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟـﻦ ﻳـﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺜـﻞ ﺃﺛـﺮ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺑﻄﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﲝﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٠‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻗﺪ ﳛ ﹼﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺣﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ ﻛﺄﺳـﺎﺱ ﻟﻨـﺸﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪ُ ،‬ﺳﻠﱢﻢ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺯﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺍﻵﻣـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٠٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ِﻗﺒَﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ ﺗﺘـﺴﻢ ﲨﻴـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﻄـﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣـﺎﺕ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫‪ -٤٩٣‬ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻜﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻠﱠﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﳍﺮﻣﻲ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ)‪.(٣٦٧‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣٦٣‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪" ١٩٦٩‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬
‫__________‬
‫ﻻﻏﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻋﻘﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺁﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋـﺪ‬
‫)‪ (٣٦٥‬ﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٤٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻵﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ‪" :‬ﻳﺴﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑـﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﻧﺎﺷـﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻛﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ" )ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪،٢٠٠١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳍـﺎ ﻧﻔـﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ .(٣٥‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪)١‬ﺏ( ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٦٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ "ﺇﺫﺍ ﻇﻬـﺮﺕ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﺁﻣـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ [...]" :٤٨‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧُﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﺟﺒﹰﺎ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌـﺎﺭﺽ‬
‫ﻛﻜﻞ" )ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.(٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻻﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ"‪.‬‬
‫)‪Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the (٣٦٦‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦٤‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴــﺔ ‪ ،١٩٦٦‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠــﺪ ﺍﻟﺜــﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ،٢٤٨‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘــﺔ‬
‫‪) Occupied Palestinian Territory‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﺷﻴﺔ ‪ ١٧٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،A/6309/Rev.1‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (٣٦٧‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﺪّﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ "ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ )‪ (٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥٠‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ‘ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺬﺍﻬﺗﺎ‘"‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ(‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﲔ ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄـﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗـﺎ ﻭﺃﺳـﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ ٢٥‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ .٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧـﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻞ‬
‫‪ -٤٩٤‬ﺃﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٣٢‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋُﻘـﺪﺕ ﰲ ‪٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(٣٦٨‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳُﺘﻮﺧﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟـﻪ‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٥‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﺿـﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺣﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ‬
‫‪ -٥٠٠‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ،٢٨٦٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٤‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ "ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮﻯ" )‪A/CN.4/549‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ )ﺇﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ـﺔ ‪٤١/٥٩‬‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـ‬
‫ـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴـ‬
‫ـﺎﺀ( ﻭﻗـ‬‫ـﺮﻉ ﺣـ‬ ‫ﻭ‪ ،Add.1‬ﺍﻟﻔـ‬
‫ﻼ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ("‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ٨-٦‬ﻭ‪ ١٤-١٣‬ﻭ‪ (١٧‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺟﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(٣٧٠‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﺴﻼﻑ ﻏﺎﻟﺘﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٦‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٥٩‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺧﺎﺻﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻻﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ‪ ٢٨‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺑﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻤﺔ("‪.‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻷﺗﻌﺎﺏ‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٧‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٨‬ﻣﻦ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥٠١‬ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻗـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،٤١/٥٩‬ﻭﰲ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥٢٥‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥٣١‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤـﺴﲔ ﰲ ‪ ١١‬ﲤـﻮﺯ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ)‪ ،(٣٧١‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﲟﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٤٤٧‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣـﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ)‪ ،(٣٧٢‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٣٦٩‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ)‪ .(٣٧٣‬ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ٢٧٢/٥٦‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٨‬ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺗﻌﺎﺏ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻛﱠﺮﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗُﺮﺍ َ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺡ ﻷﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺗﻀﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻇﻤـﺔ ﻟﺘﻘـﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﺐﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘـﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -٥٠٢‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ١١‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪.٢٠٠٦‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ ﺑﱪﻧـﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻞ‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣٧٠‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪،١٤٩‬‬ ‫‪ -٤٩٩‬ﺃﹸﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٣٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻞ ﻭﺑﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎﹰ ﻟـﻪ)‪ .(٣٦٩‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳـﻖ‬
‫)‪ (٣٧١‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٢٢‬‬ ‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣٧٢‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١١٦‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦٨‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٧٣‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ(‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.١٥٠‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٦٩‬ﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪110‬‬

‫ﺩﺍﻝ‪ -‬ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫‪ -٥١٠‬ﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺃﻥ ﳝﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٣‬ﻣﺜﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﲨﺸﻴﺪ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﻴﺚ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﺘﺎ ﻓﻴﺜﻜﺎﺭّﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢـﺪﺛﺖ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫‪ -٥١١‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪٢٨٦٥‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٤٧‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴـﻪ ‪.(٣٧٤)٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٤‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻠـﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻳَﺤﻀُﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٤‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ ‪ ٢٨٥١‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١٤‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ ‪ ٣٥/٤٤‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﻴﻮﻳﻮﻧﻎ ﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪.١٩٨٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﲟﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﻠﻌﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﻣـﺆﺧﺮﺍﹰ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ)‪ .(٣٧٥‬ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺐ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻫﺎﺀ‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥٠٥‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥١٢‬ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،٤١/٥٩‬ﻋُﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﻗـﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻭﻓﻴﻖ ﺯ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١١‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٢٩‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٥٣‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ١٩‬ﲤـﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴـﻪ ‪.(٣٧٦)٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﻟﻸﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﲟﻬﻦ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٦‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻭﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺩﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺸﻐﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻬﻧﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑـﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻏﻲ ﺩﻱ ﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﳌـﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫‪ -٥١٣‬ﻭﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻛﹰﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ)‪ .(٣٧٨‬ﻭﺷـﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﰲ ﺟﻠـﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ٢٨٦٠‬ﺍﳌﻌﻘـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ‪ ٢٩‬ﲤـﻮﺯ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻀﺮﻭﺍ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ .(٣٧٧)٢٠٠٥‬ﻭﺃﻋﻘﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺟﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٧‬ﻭﰲ ‪ ٢٧‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻏـﲑ ﺭﲰـﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫__________‬
‫)‪ (٣٧٨‬ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٨‬ﻭﰲ ‪ ١٣‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﲰﺎﺅﻫﻢ‪:‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻭﻻ ﻛﺮﻳﺴﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﺑُﻨﱵ ‪ -‬ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺍﻧﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‬
‫)ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻣﺒﻴﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﻴﻜﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ )ﺟﺎﻣﺎﻳﻜﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﹺـﻞ ﻛﻮﺳـﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻠﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﺭﻳﻚ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻮﻧﺪﺍﺭ )ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺎﻟﹼﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﻭ‬
‫)ﻣﺎﱄ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻛﻮﻳﻔﻲ ﺃﻭﻳﺘﺸﺮ ﺇﻛﻠﻮ ‪ -‬ﻛﻮﻳﻔﺎﻧﻮ )ﺗﻮﻏﻮ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻣِﻠﻴﺎ ﺇﻣﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ -٥٠٩‬ﻭﰲ ‪ ٤‬ﺁﺏ‪/‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺟﺮﻯ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺭﲰـﻲ‬
‫)ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﻴﻨﺖ ﻏﻮﺍﺑﹺﻦ ﻱ‪ .‬ﺃ‪) .‬ﺑﻨﻦ(؛ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﻳﻔـﻦ ﻫﲑﻧـﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻶﺭﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳـﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻮﻣﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﻲ ﻛﺮﻳﺸﻨﺎ )ﻧﻴﺒﺎﻝ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻻﺯﺍﺭﻭﺱ ﺑﺎﺳﺎﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤـﺎﻡ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﻧُﺲ )ﻧﻴﺠﲑﻳﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﻏﺪﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻓﺎ )ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ(؛‬ ‫ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ "ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﻮﺭﻣﺎ ﺇﻳﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﻣِﻨﺪﻭﺯﺍ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﻭﻓﺎﻝ )ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻮ ﹺﺭﺗّﺎ ﻣِﻨـﺴﺎ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺭﻛﻮ )ﻏﺎﻧﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺳﻲ )ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻐﻮ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﱘ ﻧـﻮﺭﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫)ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﺭﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﺑﻜﻦ )ﻛﻨﺪﺍ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻭﺳـﺮﺍ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻳﺴﻴﱵ ‪ -‬ﺩﺍﻭﻛﺎﻧﺘﻴﹺﲏ )ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻴﻜﻬﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﳒﺎﻥ )ﺍﳍﻨﺪ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﻧﻴﲏ‬ ‫__________‬
‫ﺭﻭﻫﺎﻳﲏ )ﺇﻧﺪﻭﻧﻴﺴﻴﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻜﻮﺕ ﺷﲑﺍﻥ )ﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ(؛ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻴﻜـﺎ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٧٤‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺴﺠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﻠﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪،٢٠٠٥‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﺚ ﺗﺎﻫﻔﺎﻧﻴﻨﻦ )ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﻨﻮﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻳﺴﺒﺎﺥ )ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ(؛ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻟﻴﺠﻴﺎﻧﻎ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٣٥‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻫُﻮ )ﺍﻟﺼﲔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﰲ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﳉﻨـﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴـﺎ ﹴﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻓﻮﺭ )ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ(‬ ‫)‪ (٣٧٥‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٥٨‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺎﺭﺕ ‪ ٢٤‬ﻣﺮﺷﺤﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١١٠‬ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻗﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫)‪ (٣٧٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٨٢‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣٧٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٢٤٩‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪111‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬

‫‪ -٥١٩‬ﻭﴰﻠﺖ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌـﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﺑﻜـﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﻤﺖ ﳍﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺡ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﱵ‬
‫ﺃﻻﺑﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺣﻔﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥٢٠‬ﻭﲢﺪﺙ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﺘﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﲨﺸﻴﺪ ﳑﺘـﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋـﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﺳـﲑﻏﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺯﻭﻧﻴﻜﻴﺪﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴـﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﻣﻨﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻮﺕ ﺷﲑﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣُـﻨﺢ ﻛـﻞ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌـﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ‪" :‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ"؛‬
‫‪ -٥٢١‬ﻭﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣـﺎﺕ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨـﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﳌﻜـﺴﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﱪﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺻـﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻣـﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤـﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺗﺎﺣﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺷـﺤﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺎ ٍ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻐـﺮﺍﰲ ﺍﳌﻼﺋـﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺯﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ )ﺗـﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻭﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ( ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﺮﺷﺤﲔ ﻭﻣﻨﺢ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﺮﺷﺤﲔ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ )ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﹸﺲ ﴰﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪" :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ -٥٢٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٩٢٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﹰﺎ ﳝﺜﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ١٥٧‬ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٦٥‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗـﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻘﻰ ‪ ٥٥٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﹰﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥١٧‬ﻭﺃﹸﳊﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥٢٣‬ﻭﺗﺸﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻠـﻰ ﺃﻧـﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺻـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﺷﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭ ﹶﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻘﺪ َﱘ ﺗﱪﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٦‬ﺑﺄﻭﺳـﻊ‬
‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥٢٤‬ﻭﺃﺣﺎﻃﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻴﺎﺡ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻗـﺪ ﺃﺗﻴﺤـﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٥‬ﺧﺪﻣـﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥١٤‬ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﺢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﲨـﺸﻴﺪ‬
‫ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﻣﻨﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﱐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥١٥‬ﻭﺃﻟﻘﻰ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻴﻜﺘـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ‪" :‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﻳّﺎ ﺇﻳﺴﺎﺑﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﱢﺱ ﻛﺎﺳﻮﺭﻻ؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺭﺩ‪" :‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ"؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﲨﺸﻴﺪ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ‪" :‬ﻓﺘﻮﻯ ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺧﺔ ‪ ٩‬ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪"٢٠٠٤‬؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﺟﻮ ﺳﺮﻳﻨﻴﻔﺎﺳـﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻭ‪" :‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳛﻈﺮﻫـﺎ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺠﺰﱡﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"؛ ﻭﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﺎﺭﰐ ﻛﻮﺳﻜﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ‪َ" :‬ﺗ َ‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ‪" :‬ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥١٦‬ﻭﺃﹸﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﺭﻧﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺘﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪" :‬ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ"؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻓﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺷﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﹺﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ"؛ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﻒ ﺭﻧﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪" :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ"؛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ"‪ .‬ﻭﻧُﻈﻤﺖ ﺯﻳـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻭﹺﻟﺴُﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﲔ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ ﺑ "ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ" ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑ "ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ"‪ .‬ﻭﻗـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻬﺑﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟـﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻏـﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻘـﺪﱘ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﻳﻘﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﱢﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻛﺘـﺎﰊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭُﺯﻋﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥١٨‬ﻭﺃﺗﻴﺤﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﲔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﻓـﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺪﺩﺕ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﻌﻘـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/546‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻏﺎﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/547‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/548‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﹸﻗﺮ ﻬﺑـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺹ ‪ ١٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/549‬ﻭ‪Add.1‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨـﺰﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳـﺔ‬ ‫‪] A/CN.4/550‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1-2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ‪ -‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺑﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/551‬ﻭ]‪[Corr.1‬‬
‫)ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﺳﻲ ﻳﺎﻣﺎﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭ‪Add.1‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫـﺪﺍﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/552‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺇﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/553‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺟﻴﻮﺭﺟﻴﻮ ﻏﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﱄ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﺪ ﻣـﻮﺭﻳﺲ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/554‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﺘﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/555‬ﻭ‪Add.1‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/556‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/557‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺭﻳﻐﻴﺲ ﺛﻴﺪﻳﻨﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘـﺪﻡ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫‪] A/CN.4/558‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺑﻴﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭ‪] Add.1‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1-2‬‬
‫ﻭ‪Add.2‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻧـﺼﻮﺹ ﻣـﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.665‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﻧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.666/Rev.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬

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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟــﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠـﺤﻖ ﺭﻗــﻢ ‪١٠‬‬
‫)‪ .(A/60/10‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺹ ‪ ١٧‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٣٢‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٥٨‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٧٤‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٦٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١١‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ٦٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳـﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﰲ ﺹ ‪٩٩‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟـﻨﺺ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺛـﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴــﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣــﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠــﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺭﻗـﻢ ‪ .(A/60/10) ١٠‬ﻭﻳـﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺹ ‪ ٩٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٠٩‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٣‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ ١٥‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺴﺨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ ،٢٠٠٥‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.667‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ )ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ )ﺁﺛـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.668‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ )ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ(‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/L.669‬ﻭ‪Add.1‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ )ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ(‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.670‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻈﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ(‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/L.671‬ﻭ‪Add.1-2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ )ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ(‬ ‫‪ A/CN.4/L.672‬ﻭ‪Add.1-2‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ(‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.673‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ )ﻃﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ(‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.674‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺛﺎﺋﻘﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪] A/CN.4/L.675‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﲡﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳـﻊ‬ ‫‪] A/CN.4/L.676‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﳉﻨـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋـﻦ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.677‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ )ﲡـﺰﺅ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ(‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ )ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ(‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.678‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ )ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨـﺔ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗـﺎ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.679‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ(‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ )ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/L.680‬‬
‫ﺗُﺒﺪﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ(‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﻌـﲏ ﺑـﺎﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪] A/CN.4/L.681‬ﻭ‪[Corr.1‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺰﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺴﺎﺕ ‪ ٢٨٣١‬ﺇﱃ ‪٢٨٦٦‬‬ ‫‪A/CN.4/SR.2831-‬‬
‫‪A/CN.4/SR.2866‬‬
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United Nations publication
ISSN 1014-5532

Printed at United Nations, Geneva–GE.13-60354–November 2013–67