Lesson 1.

2 : Need for smart grid

Part 1

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES_EEN 5031 & EEN 5311

Dr. Tarlochan Kaur

Professor, EED,
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University),
Chandigarh - 160012
tarlochankaur@pec.edu.in
 After this presentation, the student will be able to understand why we need a
Smarter Grid
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 Driver 1 : Need for Paradigm shift from Fossil
Fuels to Renewable Sources of Energy
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 ➢ Q
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 ➢ 1
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 ➢ Q
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 ➢ Q
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 ➢ 62% of energy requirement is met by
fossil fuels.
➢ Nuclear energy contributes to about 2%.
➢ 12% is met by hydelenergy.
➢ Renewable sources like wind, tidal, wave,
solar, contribute to about 24%.
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 ➢ Applications need concentrated energy i.e. high energy densities.
➢ Extraction, storage, distribution and service infrastructure is well
established and stable
➢ Large scale production results in affordable running cost.
➢ Dispatchable
➢ Govt. subsidies
➢ Mature Technology
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 ➢ Fossil fuels, which are the main source of energy, are getting depleted at a
rapid rate.
➢ As a consequence the cost of fossil fuels are increasing.
➢ Energy Security
➢ Fossil fuel based systems produce detrimental effects on the environments.
This in turn will affect our health. This means that indirectly, the medical
bills will be rising the world over.
➢ Life Cycle Costing
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 ➢ To answer this question lets do an example

➢ What is the annual world energy consumption?

➢ Statistics indicate that the energy consumption in year 2004 was
70×1012KWh.
➢ Estimates indicate that the energy consumption is increasing at the rate of
7% pa.
➢ How long will fossil fuel last?
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 ➢ Consider a hypothetical case where in
earth contains a thin core filled entirely
with oil as shown in the Fig.
➢ The volume of the oil present is =
1.086×1021m3

((4/3)×π×(6378×103)3).
The energy density of fuel is in the range of
10000Wh/Lt.
The energy content in the fuel within the
earth is obtained as 1.1×1025KWh.
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 ➢ Assuming that growth rate is maintained at 7% and the entire energy is
supplied using fossil fuels. The energy requirement at any time, t can be
calculated using 70×1012e0.07t KWh.
➢ t is obtained as 368 years. The fossil fuels will get depleted in about 368
years.

➢ If we consider the real situation, the earth is not-completely filled with oil
as assumed and further the annual energy consumption rate is
continually growing. So the fuel may get exhausted in about 70-100 years.
➢ If the reserves of fuels decrease there will be a sharp increase in the price
of energy. This will lead to decrease in energy consumption through fossil
fuels. If alternative sources (renewable energy sources)are explored and
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utilized, then the fuel may be actually used for more number of years.

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 ➢ The pinnacle of fossil fuel usage is passed. Its usage will now decay
exponential and in the next 100 years will gradually die.

➢ So now a Paradigm shift…

➢ “Concentrated usage of energy to Distributed usage of energy”

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 ➢ Green house effects
➢ Climate change
➢ Depletion of stratospheric ozone layer
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 ➢ Green house gases –carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane,
chlorofluorocarbons.
➢ Green house gases are the temperature stabilisers of the earth’s
atmosphere.
➢ Temperature stabilization is by trapping radiated heat from the earth’s
surface by these green house gases.
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 ➢ Due to emissions from the fossil fuel based systems, the green house
gases in the atmosphere increases.
➢ As a result, the average temperature of the earth is becoming higher.

➢ Effects of Global warming

changes in rainfall patterns
rise in sea level
impacts on flora and fauna
impacts on human health
o CO poisoning.
o Asthma.
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o Skin diseases and cancer due to depletion of stratospheric ozone.

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 ➢ Life cycle costing gives more realistic estimates.This gives a much better
correlation of cost to energy used.

➢ What are the alternatives?

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 ➢ We should move from a concentrated energy usage pattern to a more diffuse energy
usage pattern

➢ What are the alternative energy (Renewable Energy)possibilities?

➢ Muscle power
➢ Solar photovoltaic
➢ Solar thermal
➢ Wave
➢ Tidal
➢ Wind
➢ Geothermal
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➢ Bio To be continued.

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EEN 5031 &
EEN 5311
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES