OVERALL 7

LEXICO-GRAMMAR
Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete each of the following sentences.(20 points)
1. There has been a lot of ____ surrounding the government’s proposed scheme.
A. controversy B. consent C. conformity D. consequence
2. Our town has a real problem with youth crime, ____ do many other British towns.
A. so B. nor C. as D. like
3. Warning: anyone caught stealing from these premises will be _____.
A. advocated B. undermined C. prosecuted D. enforced
4. The local authorities need to _____ down on illegal parking, in my opinion.
A. hit B. force C. move D. crack
5. If the service isn’t up to standard, I think you have _____ right to complain.
A. all B. each C. much D. every
6. Jim’s tough character and certainly won’t let anyone push him ______.
A. up B. off C. around D. through
7. The ______ I don’t understand is why Emily lets her boyfriend get away with it.
A. reason B. object C. item D. thing
8. My uncle pulled a few _____ and got me a job in the company where he works.
A. ropes B. strings C. threads D. chords
9. Although she would have preferred to carry on working, my mum _____ her career in order to have children.
A. devoted B. repealed C. sacrificed D. abolished
10. I find the offer quite ____, but I think I’d rather study at Oxford.
A. tempting B. desirous C. inclined D. envious
11. I don’t normally like noisy clubs, but I had a sudden _____ to see what the Blue Parrot was like.
A. force B. motive C. pressure D. impulse
12. Jerry loves snowboarding so much that it’s almost like a drug ________.
A. passion B. obsession C. addition D. requirement
13. I don’t want to do the course in applied statistics, but it’s ______.
A. compulsory B. inevitable C. bound D. indecisive
14. Don’t worry about me – I’m quite ______ to sit here and wait for you to come back.
A. ecstatic B. delighted C. joyful D. content
15. When I was pregnant, I often got a sudden _____ for tinned sardines.
A. preference B. craving C. envy D. greed
16. Thank you for thinking of us, but I’m afraid we’re going to have to _____ your kind invitation.
A. decline B. deny C. condemn D. reject
17. I’ve never seen anyone so _____ to their job as Philip is.
A. eager B. keen C. dedicated D. interested
18. Why do you have such a _____ with model railways?
A. desire B. fascination C. love D. preference
19. I wish you would stop wasting so much time on computer games and do something a little more _____.
A. welcome B. enviable C. feasible D. worthwhile
20. Olivia has always ______ to return to the country she was born in.
A. favoured B. yearned C. urged D. inclined

complete each sentence with the correct form of a phrasal verb in the box. Use each ONCE only.
There are two extra phrasal verbs which you do not need to use.
drop out pull out fall out put forward pull up own up
fly at make up go off stand up to be over get down

1. None of the children would ______________ to breaking the window.

2. She decided to ______________ of the weight lifting competition because she sprained her wrist.
3. The Prime Minister will ______________ a new plan to reduce the budget deficit.
4. She ______________ of university in the second year because it was too stressful.
 5. When you are a student you must ______________ to studying during exam time. If you don't concentrate hard you
will fail.
6. I wish you wouldn’t ______________ me like that every time I make a mistake.
7. The piece of equipment is very well made and ______________ the roughest treatment. You won’t have any
trouble with it.
8. I am not friends with Beck any more. We have ______________.
9. I knew I ______________ the hill when I started needing glasses to read.
10. My son has ______________ computer games. They are not as interesting as before.

WORD FORMATION
A.

TURBULENCE ORDINARY CURE ELUDE CRUSH

CONVENTION PATRONISE ACHIEVE MERCY VARY

For many people Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) is the most (0) influential figure in the history of western
classical music. His (1) ______________ talent was already clearly evident as a young man, (2)
________________ surviving a somewhat (3) ______________ upbringing during which his eccentric father
would often force him to take music lessons in the middle of the night.
The young Beethoven's ability won him the admiration of the leading contemporary musical figures. Throughout
the 1790s he worked hard to secure the interest of wealthy patrons. Such (4) ______________ enabled him to
concentrate on becoming a successful composer.
Whatever his awe-inspiring musical (5) ______________, however, his personal life was something of a disaster. His day-
to-day relationships with people (6) ______________ turned out to be rather (7) ______________. Although he
apparently fell in love with a number of society women, the identity of the girl who lay closest to his heart remains
(8) ______________ to this day.
However, just at the point when Beethoven was beginning to reap the rewards of his early endeavors, he had
to come to terms with the (10) ______________ realization that his increasing deafness was (9)
______________ . From that point on, his music displayed a striking change in style, becoming both
heavier in tone and larger in scale.
B. Complete the following sentences with the correct forms of the words given
1. There is little hope that Maurice’s behavior will ever improve. It will probably remain so (CORRECT)
_____________________ till he grows up.
2. In my opinion, this book is nothing more than (INTELLECT) _____________________ rubbish.
3. Increasing import tax is believed to be (PRODUCE) _____________________ as it would give rise to
smuggling.
4. My friends started going out late to night clubs, so I decided to (SOCIAL) _____________________ myself
from the group.
5. New immigrants have been successfully (SIMILAR) _____________________ into the community
6. She looked absolutely (DUMB) _____________________ when I told her what had happened. She could
hardly say a word.
7. “What if” questions involving (FACT) _____________________ are familiar to historical speculations.
8. The Ministry of Education and Training decided to organize a(an) (COLLEGE) _____________________
football championship to create a common playground for all students.
9. Since most important problems are (FACET) _____________________, there are several alternatives to
choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages.
10. We should arrive two days early in order to (CLIMATE)_____________________.

OPEN CLOZE
PASSAGE 1:
Football is traditionally a man’s sport, but now the women are muscling in on their act, or so it seems. So many
top male footballers have been transferred (1) ______________ astronomical sums of money that the game has
become more a high-powered business than a sport. This is (2) ______________ the women come in, more
motivated, more interested in the game rather than in promoting themselves and generally better behaved both
(3) ______________ and off the pitch, (4) ______________ a strong contrast to (5) ______________ male
counterparts’ greed and cynicism. Indeed, according to FIFA, the world football governing body, the future of
football belongs to women, and the organization has (6)______________ out to actively promote women’s football.
Perhaps, in (7) ______________ of the fact that women are half the world population, this is how it should be. In
the USA, many members of national women’s football teams are better known than male footballers, and some
professional female players in both North America and Europe have attracted lucrative sponsorship deals. Generally,
two problems beset women’s football: the need to be taken more seriously and for more funding to be made
available. (8) ______________ these have been achieved (9) ______________ with the blessing of FIFA, we should
see footballers who are accessible, cooperative, decent and supporting in (10) ______________ of the spoiled
mercenary star boys of sport.

PASSAGE 2:
Slavery was legal for over 200 years in some parts of North America, (1) __________ the southern states of the
United States, where the plantation system of agriculture depended on the (2) __________ of slaves, most of
whom came from Africa. Slaves had no (3) __________ or freedoms because they were thought of as (4)
__________ . From the time of its origin, slavery had opponents. The abolitionist (5) __________ (6) __________
began in the 1600s when the Quakers in Pennsylvania objected to slavery on moral (7) __________ and wanted
to abolish the institution.
In 1793, Canada passed a law abolishing slavery and (8) __________ that any slaves who came to Canada
would be free citizens. Slavery was already illegal in most northern states; (9) __________ , slaves captured there
by slave hunters could be returned to slavery in the South. Canada refused to return runaway slaves or to allow
American slave hunters (10) __________ the country. It is estimated that more than 30,000 runaway slaves (11)
__________ to Canada and settled in the Great Lakes region between 1830 and 1865.
The American (12) __________ movement was at the height of its activity during the 1800’s, when abolitionists
developed the Underground Railroad, a loosely organized system (13) __________ runaway slaves were passed
from safe house to safe house as they fled northwards to free states or Canada. The (14) __________ was first
used in the 1830s and came from an Ohio clergyman who said, “They who took passage on it (15) __________
from public view as if they had really gone to ground.” (16) __________ the Underground Railroad was so secret,
(17) __________ records exist, which would hardly reveal the true (18) __________ of people who traveled it to
freedom. The most active routes on the railroad were in Ohio, Indiana, and western Pennsylvania.

READING
PASSAGE 1
The Alexandra Palace in north London was built with private funds as a “People’s Palace”. Serviced by its own
station, it was opened in 1873 and was extremely well (1)_______ until, two weeks after its opening, it burnt down.
It was replaced by a slightly larger building which opened in 1875 and featured, (2)________other things, a
splendid organ an Great Hall, which was the size of a football pitch. Despite the extraordinarily wide range of events
(3)_______ there – from dog shows to great concerts and banquets, from elephant displays to bicycle matches –
it always operated at a loss and by 1877 much of the park around it had been sold to speculative builders, leaving
only about half of the original land.
In 1900, a committee was appointed, whose principal duty was to run the palace and park “for the free use
of the people forever.” There were, however, (4) ________ to charge for entry so that the substantial costs could
be (5) _______ . The Palace continued, with (6) ________ degrees of success, as an entertainment centre. In the
1930s, it was probably most (7) ________ for being the home of the world’s first high definition television
broadcasts.
In 1980 the building was once more devastated by fire and (8) _______ to a ruin. It was then decided to
(9) _________ it and to create a major exhibition centre with community (10)_______, such as a restaurant and
a health club.
1. A. inhabited B. attended C. crowded D. visited
2. A. among B. between C. from D. around
3. A. performed B. set C. staged D. laid
4. A. powers B. terms C. allowances D. authorities
5. A. fulfilled B. covered C. matched D. made
6. A. unsteady B. varying C. altering D. unsettled
7. A. distinct B. marked C. considerable D. notable
8. A. turned B. converted C. reduced D. wrecked
9. A. recover B. revise C. restore D. reform
10. A. facilities B. conveniences C. supplies D. appliances

PASSAGE 2:
Have you ever thought about the names of the months? Why are “January” and “February” not called
“Primo” or “Secondo”? Is it because the original names were created in ancient times? Or is it because the
originators preferred odd words?
Take February, for example. Say it aloud a few minutes and you start to wonder. Most people don’t know
who developed these names. However, a little research reveals that the names of the months came mostly from a
combination of the names of Roman gods and goddesses, important festivals, and the original numbers of the
months.
Julius Caesar and Pope Gregory XIII change the calendar to make it more exact. Caesar developed a new
calendar of 364 and a quarter day, the time it takes the earth to orbit the sun from one spring season to the next.
The Pope’s astronomers refined the calendar regarding leap years; they determined that there should be no leap
year in years ending in 00- unless they were divisible by 400; the years 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 would not be
considered leap years, while the years 1600 and 2000 would be. This new Gregorian calendar was so accurate
that today, scientists need only add leap seconds every few years to the clock in order to keep the calendar
matching the Earth’s cycles.

1. What is the topic of the passage?

A. how the modern calendar was named and developed
B. how the months were named
C. how the leap year system was developed
D. how accurate the modern day is calendar
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the author think the names of the months are __________.
A. odd B. difficult to pronounce
C. inappropriate D. none of the answers
3. The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to ______________.
A. calendars B. days C. astronomers D. years
4. The word “accurate” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ____________.
A. interesting B. informative C. correct D. simple
5. Which of the following will be a leap year?
A. 2300 B. 2400 C. 2200 D. 2500
6. Which of the following is true of the Gregorian calendar?
A. It needs major improvements.
B. It was so well designed, it needs little adjusting today.
C. It copied the Roman calendar’s formula of leap years.
D. none of the answers
7. Why is Caesar important in calendar making?
A. He changed the length of the year . B. He extended summer.
C. He has a month named for him. D. He altered the number of days in the year.
8. In what order is the information in the passage presented?
A. Caesar’s calendar, the Gregorian calendar, the modern calendar
B. Roman Gods, important festivals, original numbers of months
C. names of months, Caesar’s calendar, the Gregorian calendar
D. none of the answers
9. The word “refined” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ____________.
A. studied B. invented C. observed D. improved
10. Why is the number of 364 and a quarter important?
A. It is the length of time from the beginning of spring to the end of winter.
B. It is the length of a planetary year.
C. It is the most accurate number for calendars.
D. It was a number randomly chosen by Caesar for his calendar.
PASSAGE 3:
Therapeutic Jurisprudence
An Overview
Therapeutic jurisprudence is the study of the role of the law as a therapeutic agent. It examines the law's impact
on emotional life and on psychological well-being, and the therapeutic and antitherapeutic consequence of the law. It is
most applicable to the fields of mental health law, criminal law, juvenile law and family law.
The general aim of therapeutic jurisprudence is the humanising of the law and addressing the human, emotional
and psychological side of the legal process. It promotes the perspective that the law is a social force that produces
behaviours and consequences. Therapeutic jurisprudence strives to have laws made or applied in a more therapeutic
way so long as other values, such as justice and due process, can be fully respected. It is important to recognise that
therapeutic jurisprudence does not itself suggest that therapeutic goals should trump other goals. It does not support
paternalism or coercion by any means. It is simply a way of looking at the law in a richer way, and then bringing to the
table some areas and issues that previously have gone unnoticed. Therapeutic jurisprudence simply suggests that we
think about the therapeutic consequences of law and see if they can be factored into the processes of law-making,
lawyering, and judging.
The law can be divided into the following categories: (1) legal rules, (2) legal procedures, such as hearing and
trials and (3) the roles of legal actors-the behaviour of judges, lawyers, and of therapists acting in a legal context. Much
of what legal actors do has an impact on the psychological well-being or emotional life of persons affected by the law, for
example, in the dialogues that judges have with defendants or that lawyers have with clients. Therefore, therapeutic
jurisprudence is especially applicable to this third category.
Therapeutic jurisprudence is a relatively new phenomenon. In the early days of law, attitudes were very
different and efforts were focused primarily on what was wrong with various sorts of testimony. While there were
good reasons for that early emphasis, an exclusive focus on what is wrong, rather than also looking at what is right
and how these aspects could be further developed, is seriously short-sighted. Therapeutic jurisprudence focuses
attention on this previously under-appreciated aspect, encouraging us to look very hard for promising
developments, and to borrow from the behavioural science literature, even when this literature has nothing
obviously to do with the law. It encourages people to think creatively about how promising developments from
other fields might be brought into the legal system.
Recently, as a result of this multidisciplinary approach, certain kinds of rehabilitative programmes have
begun to emerge that look rather promising. One type of cognitive behaviour treatment encourages offenders to
prepare relapse prevention plans which require them to think through the chain of events that lead to criminality.
These reasoning and rehabilitation-type programmes teach offenders cognitive self-change, to stop and think and
figure out consequences, to anticipate high-risk situations, and to learn to avoid or to cope with them. These
programmes, so far, seem to be reasonably successful.
From therapeutic jurisprudence standpoint, the question is how these programmes might be brought into the
law. In one obvious sense, these problem-solving, reasoning and rehabilitation - type programmes can be made widely
available in correctional and community settings. A way of linking them even more to the law, of course, would be to
make them part of the legal process itself. The suggestion here is that if a judge or parole board become familiar with
these techniques and is about to consider someone for probation, the judge might say, "I'm going to consider you but
I want you to come up with a preliminary relapse prevention plan that we will use as a basis for discussion. I want you
to figure out why I should grant you probation and why I should be comfortable that you're going to succeed. In order
for me to feel comfortable, I need to know what you regard to be high-risk situations and how you're going to avoid
them or cope with them."
If that approach is followed, courts will be promoting cognitive self-change as part and parcel of the
sentencing process itself. The process may operate this way; an offender would make a statement like "I realise I
mess up on Friday nights; therefore, I propose that will stay at home on Friday nights." Suddenly, it is not a judge
imposing something on the offender. It's something that the offender has come up with him or herself, so he or
she should think it is fair. If a person has a voice in his rehabilitation, then he is more likely to feel a commitment
to it, and with that commitment, presumably, compliance will increase dramatically rehabilitation.
* Complete the notes below. Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
NOTES: Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Therapeutic jurisprudence: study of the law as a therapeutic agent and the therapeutic and (1) _____________
consequences of the law.
Goal: the (2) _____________ of the law, but NOT at the expense of justice and due process.
Applicable to: especially applicable to the role of legal actors such as judges and lawyers.
Therapeutic jurisprudence = new attitude:
1/ It asks people to seek out (3) _____________ developments, not problems.
2/ It urges people to think (4) _____________ and borrow from other fields.
* Complete the sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
5. One aspect of cognitive behavioural treatment includes the preparation of _____________ by offenders.
6. The treatment requires offenders to consider _____________ that lead to a crime being committed.
7. Treatment programmes encourage offenders to recognize _____________ before they happen, and know what
to do in case they do happen.
* Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Write:
True if the statement agrees with the information
False if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given If there is no information in this
8. The use of rehabilitative programs has been proved to greatly reduce the chance of a criminal re-offending.
9. Therapeutic jurisprudence aims to make cognitive behavioral treatment a part of the legal process itself.
10. Offenders might be encouraged by judges to take part in deciding what their punishment should be.
PASSAGE 4:
Read the following extract and answer do the tasks that follow. (1.5pts)
A The world’s first wild algae biodiesel, produced in New Zealand by Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation,
was successfully test driven in Wellington by the Minister for Energy and Climate Change Issues, David
Parker. In front of a crowd of invited guests, media and members of the public, the Minister filled up a
diesel-powered Land Rover with Aquaflow B5 blend bio-diesel and the drove the car around the forecourt
of Parliament Buildings in Central Wellington. Green Party co-leader, Jeanette Fitzsimons was also on board.
Marlborough-based Aquaflow announced in May 2006 that it had produced the world’s first bio-diesel
derived from wild microalgae sourced from local sewage ponds.
B “We believe we are the first company in the world to test drive a car powered by wild algae-based
biodiesel. This will come as a surprise to some international bio-diesel industry people who believe that this
break-through is years away,” explained by Aquaflow spokeperson Barrie Leay. “A bunch of inventive Kiwis,
and an Aussie, have developed this fuel in just over a year”, he comments. “This is a huge opportunity for
New Zealand and a great credit to the team of people who saw the potential in this technology from day
one.”
C Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner burning fuel
alternative for New Zealand, powering family cars, trucks, buses and boats. It can also be used for other
purposes such as heating or distributed electricity generation. There is now a global demand for billions of
litres of biodiesel per year. Algae are also readily available and produced in huge volumes in nutrient rich
waste streams such as at the settling ponds of Effluent Management Systems (EMS). It is a renewable
indigenous resource ideally suited to the production of fuel and other useful by-products. The breakthrough
comes after technology start-up, Aquaflow, agreed to undertake a pilot with Marlborough District Council
late last year to extract algae from the settling ponds of its EMS based in Blenheim. By removing the main
contaminant to use as a fuel feedstock, Aquaflow is also helping clean up the council’s water discharge – a
process known as bio-remediation. Dairy farmers and many food processors too, can benefit in similar ways
by applying the harvesting technology to their nutrient-rich waste streams.
D Blended with conventional mineral diesel, bio-diesel can run vehicles without the need for vehicle
modifications. Fuel derived from algae can also help meet the Government B5 (5% blended) target, with
the prospect of this increasing over time as bio-fuel production increases. “Our next step is to increase
capacity to produce one million litres of bio-diesel from the Marlborough sewerage ponds over the next
year,” says Leay. Aquaflow will launch a prospectus pre-Christmas test as the company has already
attracted considerable interest from potential investors. The test drive bio-diesel was used successfully in
a static engine test at Massey University’s Wellington campus on Monday, December 11.
E Today Algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners and
livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested
or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of
aquaculture in some places. Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia.
They provide many vitamins including: A, B, B2, B6, niacin, and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron,
magnesium and calcium. In addition commercially cultivated microalgae, including both Algae and Cyan-
bacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as Spirulina, Chlorella and the Vitamin-C
supplement, or Dunaliella, high in beta-carotene. Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes
more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyano-bacterium considered ad a vegetable; Japan, over 20
species. The natural pigments produced by algae can be used as an alternative to chemical dyes and
coloring agents.

Questions 1-6:
Which paragraphs contain the following information? Write the correct numbers i -vii in the
spaces provided. There are two pieces of information that you do not need.
i. It is unnecessary to modify vehicles driven by bio-diesel.
ii. Some algae are considered edible plants.
iii. Algae could be part of a sustainable and recycled source.
iv. A promising future is awaiting the algae bio-diesel.
v. Algae bio-diesel is superior to other bio-fuels in lots of ways.
vi. New Zealanders have welcomed a new alternative fuel form.
vii. Overgrown algae also can be a potential threat to environment.

1 Paragraph A ___________
2 Paragraph B ___________
3 Paragraph C ___________
4 Paragraph D ___________
5 Paragraph E ___________
Questions 6-10
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than
two words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in the spaces
provided.
Bio-diesel based on algae could become a substitute for (6) ________ in New Zealand. It could be used to
(7) ________ vehicles such as cars and boats. As a results, billions of litres of bio-diesel are required
worldwide each year. Algae can be obtained from (8) ________ with nutrient materials. With the technology
breakthrough, algae are extracted and the (9) ________ is removed from the settling ponds. Dairy farmers,
and many processors can adopt such (10) ________ technology.

ERROR CORRECTION: There are TEN mistakes in the following passage. Write them down
and give the correction. Write your answers in the space provided.
I cannot stress too much the importance on watching your opponent, of knowing exactly where he
is on the tennis court and what he is doing. It is usually possible to work on the pattern of his game very
early in a match. Test him at the front of the court. Try hitting one or two balls up high to see how shots
are like. The more quickly you discover his weakness, the easier the match should become.
Again and again it may be a good idea to give your opponent an opportunity of making a mistake.
When, early in the match, it seems that he is a very inaccurate player, but not a forceful one, then you
should tempt him to play a winning shot. Give him the opening, for there are some players who simply
cannot hit winners. They will try to play an attacking game but they can quite finish it off. The way to break
up their steady game may be by putting them into the front of the court.
It is obviously wiser to try to decide at the beginning of the court whether your opponent is weaker
on his left-hand-side or on his right-hand-side, and then play a little more than fifty per cent of your shots
down that side. Play a normal attacking game, or the game you think you will win, but concentrate on the
weaker side. A number of players experience more trouble than another in the back corners of the court –
always be ready to recognize this weakness. Perhaps an opponent has a favorite backhand shot, but lacks
certainty with his forehand shot. Tempt him to play the backhand shot.

TRANSFORMATION
1. The news of the merger came as a complete surprise to the workers. (aback)
The workers _________________________________________________ the news of the merger.
2. Everybody in the audience stood to applaud the actor's wonderful performance. (standing)
So ___________________________________________________________ for his performance.
3. Would it be possible to speak to you in private for a moment? (word)
Is there _______________________________________________________ with you?
4. What explanation can we offer for the temperature having suddenly dropped? (account)
How __________________________________________________________ temperature?
5. I used to find computers difficult before I started taking these lessons. (down)
Since ____________________________________________________________.
6. Government guidelines really do emphasize the importance of starting education early. (how)
A lot of emphasis ___________________________________________________.
7. He doesn’t shop there anymore because that store sells clothes made by child labor in foreign
factory. (account)
He has ___________________________________________________________.
8. The moment I saw the dirty state of the restaurant kitchen, I no longer felt hungry. (soon)
I lost _____________________________________________________________.
9. There aren’t many other books which explain this problem so well. (accounted)
In few other books __________________________________________________.
10. You may be disqualified if you don’t obey the regulations. (rise)
Failure ____________________________________________________________.