Overview of Bolting Basics Webinar External

Overview of Bolting Basics
Mark Sewell
OVERVIEW OF BOLTING BASICS
PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKS

Common in Oil and Gas Production & Refining All construction, buildings, bridges, etc.
MACHINERY JOINTS
Common in Power Plant Machinery
M AR K S E W E L L MSEWELL@HYTORC.COM
Bolt Properties
Stretch a bolt and it springs back together

squeezing the joint together.
Bolt Acts as Joint acts as

a Tension Spring a Compression Spring
Hooke’s Law
Robert Hooke (1653-1705)
Tightening with
Torque
Threaded fasteners have screw threads in the form of an inclined plane.
As the bolt turns in the nut it creates a

Mechanical Advantage capable of high forces
Applying a torque is the most common way of controlling the tightening process.
Torque = Force x Length
Increase torque by increasing the lever arm or increasing the applied force.
= 300 lbs
3 ft. x 100 lbs. = 300 ft/lbs 1 ft. x 300 lbs. = 300 ft/lbs
Manual Electric Powered
Pneumatic Hydraulic
Powered Powered
Reaction Forces
“To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction.”
Who Said That?
Newton’s 3rd Law for Linear Newton’s 3rd Law for Rotation
Motion For every applied torque, there is
For every applied action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
an equal and opposite reaction. torque.
(A result of Newton's 3rd law of

linear motion.)
The application of torque by the driver generates an equal and opposite torque on the tool –
must be braced with reaction arm.
Action – Reaction Firm Reaction Surface
The reaction arm forces on the front and backup wrench forces on the rear
create hazardous pinch points.
Reaction arm pinch hazard Backup wrench pinch hazard
Friction
Roughly 90% of input energy is lost overcoming friction under the head, nut, and
threads. Only 10% of input energy is converted into bolt stretch.
As much as 40%
Energy Lost in Nut
Threads
Washers
ASME PCC1 Recommends Hardened Washers for every bolted joint!
1. Protects joint face from damage

2. Provides surface with consistent
friction
3. Spreads load over larger area
HYTORC Washer System provides a complete solution to your bolting needs, consists
of the HYTORC Reaction Washer, HYTORC Backup Washer & Compatible Torque Tools.
Tensioning
TENSIONING
(pull and then turn the nut without torsion)
Basic Steps
• Attach puller to stud
• Apply hydraulic pressure to tensioner
stretching the stud
• Tighten/turn the nut against the flange
to hold stretch
• Release pressure and remove tool
Primary Components
• Thread Puller – special nut that engages
the stud and stretches the stud
• Hydraulic cylinder & piston – cylinder
body & piston that lifts puller when hydraulic
pressure is applied
• Bridge & Socket – platform that allows
access to tighten or loosen nut while
cylinder is under pressure, retaining the bolt
tension
Pressurized Joints
The Three Most Common

Types of Flange Faces
Full Face
Used with softer gasket materials
Raised Face Ring Joint

Deliver higher gasket loads Used in high temperature and pressure
Lateral
misalignment
THESE DEFECTS CANNOT BE CORRECTED BY BOLTING ALONE!
Radial
misalignment
high high high

pressure temperature cost
1. Metallic Gaskets
2. Spiral-Wound Gaskets
3. PTFE (Teflon) Sheet & Molded Gaskets
4. Compressed Non-Asbestos Fiber Sheet
5. Premium Grade Rubber Sheet
low low low
pressure temperature cost
Parallel Joint Closure
Interdependent bolts must be tightened…
1. In sequence (in a pattern)
100%
2. Gradually (in steps) 60%
30%
The same way you would tighten

the lug nuts on your car!
1
Single Tool Bolting Plan 16 5
12 9
• Number the bolts in 8 13
sequence PASS 1 - 20%-30%
• Apply the torque in steps 4
PASS 2 - 50%-60%
PASS 3 - 100% 3
• Check the results CHK. PASS 4 - 100%
14 7
10 11
6 15
2
SAFETY
Severe injuries or death may be caused by accidents due

to disregard of the Operating Instructions supplied with the
unit. Review all safety precautions in the Operating
Instructions and summarized in the Safety Section of this
document before operating this pump.
 Head Protection
 Eye Protection
 Hearing Protection
 Protective Clothing
 Hand Protection
 Foot Protection
 Caution with Reaction Forces
 Avoid Reaction Arm Pinch Hazard
 Avoid Backup Wrench Pinch Hazard
Thank you
info@hytorc.com https://hytorc.com/training
Mark Sewell Phone: Online: hytorc.com

333 Rt. 17 N. (201) 749-2404
Mahwah, NJ 07430
Email:
msewell@hytorc.com

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Overview of Bolting Basics

PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPING STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORKS

Stretch a bolt and it springs back together

Bolt Acts as Joint acts as

Robert Hooke (1653-1705)

Threaded fasteners have screw threads in the form of an inclined plane.

As the bolt turns in the nut it creates a

Torque = Force x Length

Manual Electric Powered

“To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction.”

Who Said That?

(A result of Newton's 3rd law of

Action – Reaction Firm Reaction Surface

Reaction arm pinch hazard Backup wrench pinch hazard

ASME PCC1 Recommends Hardened Washers for every bolted joint!

1. Protects joint face from damage

The Three Most Common

Raised Face Ring Joint

THESE DEFECTS CANNOT BE CORRECTED BY BOLTING ALONE!

high high high

Parallel Joint Closure

Interdependent bolts must be tightened…

1. In sequence (in a pattern)

The same way you would tighten

Severe injuries or death may be caused by accidents due

 Caution with Reaction Forces

 Avoid Reaction Arm Pinch Hazard

 Avoid Backup Wrench Pinch Hazard

Mark Sewell Phone: Online: hytorc.com

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