CHAPTERR-6

RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
drugs used
are to restore normal respiration in conditions
ratory stimulantsun-able to sufficiently climinate
carbon-dioxide (Co) &
nelungs are
take up oxygen (O2).
to the class of drugs known as cental
Respiratory stimulants belong
of the important features of this stimulating
vous 8ystem stimulants. One is about by stimulation of
brought
y Sthe
"respiratory stimulation". This
chemo-receptor and the vasomotor centers.
by irritating the epithelinl layers of air
ganic compounds mainly act & Lungs which leads to respiratory
trachea, bronchi
e s , namely
stimulation. salts & preparations are especially useful as
respiratory
Ammonical
out ammonia gas which irmitate the respiratoy
stimulants because they give
tract & act as reflex stimulant.

Ex: Ammonium carbonate

Ammonium Carbonate:
Preparation
It is prepared by subliming a mixture of ammonium sulphate and
calcium carbonate. (NH) Co+CaSO
(NHA SO,+CaCo3
Properties
White power, frely soluble in water & partly soluble in alcohol.

Storage
It is stored in well closed air tight conta because it decomposes easily
into ammonia and CO
Uses: Used as respiratory stimulant & expectorant.
In the preparation of aromatic sprit of ammonia.
 CHAPTER-3
ANTLOXIDANTS

of oxidation of
Antioxidants are
the agents which inhibit the Process

used in Pharmaceuncal preparations.

Ingredients
Ex.: Sodium bisulphate, Sodium Metabisulphate, Sulphur dioxide. Tocopheyo,
Astovbc auid

CLASSIFICATION
1. True antioxidants
2. Reduction agents
3. Antioxidants synergists
1. True anti-oxidants: These are effective against auto-oxidation but
n-effective against redox reactions.

Ex: Tocopherol.
2. Reducing agents: These have lower redox potentíal and are more readily
oxidized than the drug.
Ex: Ascorbie acid, sodium meta- bisulphate.
3. Antioxidants synergists: They enhance the action of true antioxidants.
Ex. Citric Acid

Froperties of antioxidants
T h e y should be etfective in low concentrations.
They must have desired redox potentíal.
They should be pharmacologically inert
They should be easily soluble in the preparation.
They should be physiologicaly and chermically compatiblewith
ingredients in the preparation.
mportance/Uses
Used in pharmaceutical preparations to prevent the oxidation of active
ingredients.
Used the rancidity of fats and oils.
to prevent

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4. ACID &BASE:
Arrhenious theory
i) Acid: Generates [HJion in the solution
i) Base: Generates [ OH-J ion in solution

Eg: Acid + Base Salt +Water

Eg: HC+NaOH NaCI +H0
Bronsted-Lowery theory
donates
i) Acid: Anything that
a
H Proton donar}
aH
ii) Base: Anything that accepts Proton acceptor}
Eg: Acid + Base A c i d + Base
Eg: HNO;+ H,0 NO+H,0
Lewis theoryi H', Na", k', AL
i) Acid: Accepts an electron pair. Ex. of Lewis acids are

electron pair. Ex. acids are OH, CT, CHCOO

) Base: Donates an
of Lewis
in
Buffer: Solution which resists any change
alkali.
its pH value on dilution or on

addition of small quantity of an acid or

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3)ermisides
-hese oxe Sudostomues wich K i

micto- Ovganimns.
VH wor <ide menino to kill.
Based pon the
Type ot micioor
o Aniym hey e oCtin apon , e
urther xettesed to oas
oatericibes(kl oacteria)
unoi)
i) Vivucde (kill virues)
-jN) Peticide(kl pest)
ASTRINGENTS
Astringents precipitate proteins when applied to damaged skin & mucous membranes and
form a protective layer on the area to which they are applied.

EX: Potash alum {KAI{SO,)»12H20}, Zinc sulphate (ZnsO,), Zinc chloride (Zn Cl).

An astringent compounds shows following acetion:

Styptic action: Stopping of bleeding by constriction of small blood vessels.

Antimicrobial: By precipitating superficial protein.
Antiperspirant: By decreasing secretions (like sweat) by reducing pore size of
the skin.
Anti-inflammatory: By decreasing supply of blood to thetissues

Zinc sulphate.
Mol. Fomula: ZnSO4 7H2OO
Synonym: white vitrol

Preparation:
It is prepared by boiling metallic zinc with dilute H2SO4 until liberation of H2 gas.

Zn+H2SO4 ZnSO4 +H

Storage:It is stored in well

closed air tight container.

Use: Astringent, Germicidal

 Topical Agents 85

(A) PROTECTIVES
Protectives are agents whlch a r e applied tothe skin to
protect
certaln areas irom irritation. These substances are insoluble
and chemlcally inert. The absorption of the compounds through
the skin makes it diilicult to wash them oft due to
insolubilty and diminishes metallic
their
tissue.
Unreactive nature ofthe compounds preventproperties
on
interactions between
the protective substance and the tissue. Ideal protectives are
biologically inactive and efticient adsorbents useful for adsorbing
moisture from the surface of the slkin. Protective and adsorbent
CATHARTICS
These are drugs used for the treatments of severe constipation to bring about
evacuation of bowels.

Purgatives act similarly but are generally mild in their nature of action; while
laxatives are milder than purgatives.
Ex: 1. Magnesium sulphate
MgSO4.7H,0
(Epsomsalt)
2. Sodium potassium tartrate FHOH COON
(Rochelle salt)
CHOH COOK.AH20
3. Mercurous chloride HgCh
(Calomel)
Cathartics or purgatives aet by four different mechanisms:

Act by local irritation on intestinal tract and

Stimulant bring stimulation of peristaltic activity.
Ex: Senna, castor oil

Bulk purgatives Increases the bulk of intestinal contents.

EX:Ispagol, Methyl cellulose
They lubricate the bowel and bring smooth
Lubricants material.
clearance of the fecal
Ex:Glycerine, Liquid Parrafin.
Act by increasing the osmotic load of the
Saline
catharties gastrointestinal tract by absorbing large quantity
of water and thus stimulate peristalsi15.
Ex: Salts of Magnesium, sulphate tartrate etc,

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Q. Add a note on saline cathartics.
gastrointestinal
Act by increasing
the osmotic load of the
stimulate penistaisis. Ex:
n e Cathartics: large quantity of
water and thus

t by absorbing tartratc ec.

Salts of Magnesium, sulphate

GIT
Mechanism ofaction r Saline cathartics are in the
retaincd
administered,
when orally from systemic circulation by osmosis thercby nerease
&
water
where they drew stimulus, which produces increascd
bulk. This acts as mechanical also called
the intestinal evaluation of bowels.
So they are
Peristaltic movements causing
Osmotic cathartics.

Magnesium sulphate MgSO4 7H,0

Formula -

Mol.
Synonym. Epsom salt

Preparation
dilute H,SO4.
Magnesium sulphate is prepared by neutralizing MgO by
MgO + H,SOo MgSO, +H,0
Properties:
.2. Colourless, odouriess, bitter taste.
Freely soluble in a water.
3. It eftloresces in warm, dry air, losing its water of crystallization.

Storage:
effloresces
Ittight in warm dry air & should be stored in well closed air
container uses.

Uses: Used as saline cathartic in constipation.

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 CHAPTER-5

DENTAL PRODUCTS
DENTAL PRODUCTS are called dental
used
Drugs the
indentaltreatments of dental disorders dental cement.
caries, dentifrices, desensitizers,
products they include

TYPES OF DENTAL PRODUCTS

1.
Dental caries: Dental caries means tooth decay when food materials adhere
to the surface of the teeth or get lodged between the teeth; micro-organisms

and acid like lactic acid,these acids attached the enamel

grow on them produce
of food
of the teeth and form small cracks on their surface. Furtherdegradation
of enamel by acid, leads to the formation of fissures &*
by bacteria &dissolution
Pockcts in painful in
resulting
order
cavities the teetn
prevent dental caries and to
to maintain clean and healthy
teeth, it
In
is necessary to use antiacaries agents like sodium tluoride, stannous

fluoride.
and polishing teeth, of in the
2. Dentifricesz Substance used for the cleaning are used to remove
Iorm or the tooth paste powder calledof teeth their They
or is dentifrices.
abrasive action.
food particles, plaque & tartar the surface
Ex: Dibasic calcium phosphate CaHIP84.

3. Desensitizers: These are substance that reduces pain & sensitivity of toeth to
extreme heat&cold.
Ex: Strontium chloride- SrCla
Zinc Chloride -ZnCh_

A. Dental cement:Substance that are used as a temporary filling for dental

cavities, Clipped or broken teeth.
Ex:
oxide- ZnO
Zinc
Calcium sulphate-CaS0,2H,0

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 CHAPTER-4
ANTIDOTE
the cffects of poisons & toxic
Antidotes are agents used to counter act
substances
Poisoning may be due to heavy metals like arsenic &lcad, overdose of drugsand
or
food & In addition, the toxic gases
contaminationofof water. inhalation of
consumption insecticides are also common causes of
poisonin8
Example: Sodium Nitrite, Activated Charcoal, Copper Sulphate.

CLASSIFICATION; Based on mechanism of action

0 1 g i c a l antidotes: - they act by producing opposite pharmacological
effects to that of the poison.
Ex: Atropine. m 05ana).ophate poinng
Chemical antidotes: theý combiné with the poison to convert into a compiex
and
make it ineffective.
Ex: EDTA in heavy metal poisoning
Mechanical Antidotes
They act by absorption of the poison in the GIT, which in then expelled by
emesis or
eliminated
Activated
through tgces.
charcoal
Commonly used in-organic antidotes are sodium nitrkke (NaNO,) and NaS;O,.5H,D
S o fhio L
CYANIDE POISOINING
Cyanide poisoning normally occurs accidently or
when cyanide poison
is taken
intentionally for suicidal intedion. In cyanide poisoning cyanide ion combines
with ferric ion of cytochrome oxidase an enzyme responsible for electron
transfer reactions. This leads to stoppage of cellular respiration and metabolic
reaction. Cyanide poisoning is usually fatal, if not treated immediately.

In cyanide poisoning sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulphate injections are

given to counteract the effects of cyanide poisons. Sodium thiosulphate reacts
with into is less
cyanide ions and convert sodium thiocyanate which
cyanide. While sodium nitite reacts with ferrous iron of haemoglobin and
toxic than
iron of methacmoglobin and thus reduces the concentration
converts into ferric
of cyanide ions

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 IMPURITIES
Impurity is the undesirable foreign material which may be toxic or may not be toxic, present
in the pharmaceutical substances.

Chemical purity implies the freedom from impurities but it is rather difficult to obtain an
aimost 100% pure substances.

SOURCESOF IMPURITIES
and amount of impurity present in pharmaceutical substances depend upon several
The type
factors:

Raw material used in the manufacture

Process used in the manufacture
Material of the plant
Inadequatestorage
Manufacturing hazards
Deliberateadulteration
 CHAPTER -8
EXPECTORANTS
Expectorants are drug used to remove excessive sputum from the respiratory
tract. These drugs reduce the viscosity of sputum or increase the volume of
secretions thereby facilitating their expulsion from the respiratory tract, by

coughing.
Expectorants are used in cough preparations.

Ex-NH,CI, KI

Classificatio:
Expectorants are broadly classificd as:

Sedative type These are stomach iritants and produce

their effect through stimulation
of
gastric reflexes.
EX:Ipecac
Stimulant type Produce their effect by stimulation of
secretory cells of respiratory tract
directly or in directuy.
Ex: Eucalyptus oil, Lemon oil.

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 CHAPTER - 10

TOPICALAGENTS
o produce
on skin or mucous membrane
agents are compounds that act locally
the
Opcallike etc.
cticcts protective, antimicrobial, astringent, cmollient

Classificatio
| Topical protective &adsorbents Ex-Zinc oxide (Zn0), t<dw
Peroxide (H20,)
2. Anti-microblal agents Ex- Hydrogen
Potassium perrmanganae
KMNOA)
Ex- Potash alum
Astringents
Zinc sulphate-ZnsO4

Ex- Bees wax, lanolin.

Miscellaneous conpounas

TOPICAL PROTECTIVES AND ADSORBENTS

that protect the skin & mucous membranes form
Topical protective are soothing substances
iritation, itching & mild inflammation.
liKe talc, silicon polymers, and calamine.
Ex-Dusty powders

Adsorbents: are chemically inert substance that absorbs secretions like sweat, cxcess oil, pus
&Microorganisms.
Ex: Purificd talc, bentonite.

ANTIMICROBIALAGENTS
Anti-microbial include a nurmber of agents that act against micro - organisms they include.

Germicides: It is a chemical agent which destroys pathogenic microorganisms. I

is further divided into bactericide (against bacterin), virucide (against virus),
fungicide (against fungi) etc.

that kill or prevent the growth of

Antiseptics: These are the substances
microorganisms when applied on living tissuc.
Ex: Hydrogen peroxide (H;0;) Boric acid (H,BO,), lodine (l3)

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 ANTACIDS
These are drug or preparations which are used to neutralize excess HCI
secretions (hyper chlorhydria) in the stomach. They give relief from pain due to
hyper chlorhydria.
Example: Sodium bicarbonate,Aluminium bydroxide gel, Calcium carbonate,
Magnesiun trisilicate, Magnesium oxide
Ideal requirements of antacids are:

Antacids should not be absorbable or cause systemic alkalosis.

Antacids should not be e laxative or cause constipation.
Antacids should show its effect rapidly and over a long period of time.
The reaction between antacid and gastric hydrochloric acid should not produce
large volume of gas.
The antacid should probably inhibit pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme.

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 Antacids are elassified as followS:
circulation and cause
antacids:These are absorbed into systemic
ystemic acdidosis.
systemic alkalosis.
Ex: NalHCO,
They are used to treat systemic

on-Systemice antacids:These do not

dissolve in & hencé do
gastric fluidsideal
circulation. They ure considered antacid.
Thevma nto systemic
They may be further divided into.

a) Aluminum containing compounds

Ex: AI(OH)»gel, AIPO4
b) Calcíum containing antacids.
Ex: CaCo
) Mg Containing antacids.
Ex: MgCoj, Heavy & Light MgC0, & magnesium trisilicate.

Use: Antacid
Storage- Stored in well closed container in a cool place.

COMBINATION ANTACID PREPARATION

No any single antacids mect the
ideal requirements of antacid. Calcium and
Aluminium compounds have undesirable constipating cifect whereas
Magnesium has laxative effect.
So in market antacid
preparations containing combination of above antacid
is
observed
so as to balance
the
aluminium with the laxative etfect of constipating cffect of calcium and
magnesium.
Examples:
Aluminium hydroxide gel: Magnesium
hydroxide combinations
Aluminium hydroxide gel: Magnesium trisilicate
combinations
 CHAPTER-12
BUBBERS
BUFEERS

A Solution which resists the change of PH value on the addition of a small of acid or base is
called a buffer solution.

Classification (or) Types of Buffers Solutions

Acidic Buffer: The solution

containing mixture of weak acid (ex.
a Acetic acid)
and itssalt (ex. Sodium acetate) is known as acidic buffer.
Basic Buffer: The solution containing a mixture of weak base (Cx. Ammonia) and
its salt (ex. Ammoníum chloride) is known as basic buffer.

'roperties ofBuffersSolutio
The pH of buffer solution is constant
The pH of solution
does not change
on dilution.
T h e pft does not change even after addition of small quantity of acid or base.

Buffer System in Pharmacy

Hydrochloric acid buffer (pH 1.2-2.2 in 0.I unit intervals)
Acid Phalate Buffer (pH
2.2-4.0 in 0.2 unit mtervais
Neutralised Phthalate Buffer (pfH
Phosphate Bufi 4.2-5.8 in 0.2 unit intervals)
.
00in 0.2 unit intervals)
ARaline Borate Butfer (pH 8.0- 10.0 0 in 0.2 unit intervals)
Role of Buffer in Pharma
a)Solubility: pH plays an important role in solubility behavior of compounds. The required
pH is adjusted by buffers.

Ex: Amines and alkaloids are soluble in acidic pH media but almost insoluble in alkaline pH
media.

b) Colour: Colour of many dyes is pH dependent.

Ex. Red colour of cherry is maintained in acidic pH which becomes pale yellow to colourless
in alkaline pH.

Stability: Ex. Ascorbic acid and penicilin are nstable in alkaline pH but stable acidic p
d) Patient comfort: Injectables are iritating and may damage tissues, if their pi difers
greatly from that of our body fluids pH.

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