SR Chemistry Slow Learners IPE Material

SR-CHEMISTRY
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What are antibiotics ? Give example.
Ans. Antibiotics : Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by micro-organism which prevent the growth
or kill other miro-organisms.  1 Mark
Ex : Penicillin, Benzyl penicillin.  1 Mark
2. What are antiseptics ? Give example.
Ans. Antiseptics are chemical compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of micro-organism and are applied to
living tissues like wound or cuts. Etc.
Ex: Dettol, Bithional
3. What are anti fertility drugs. Give examples.
Ans. The drugs that prevent the fertilization of egg (ovum) or able to arrest the process of ovulation are called
antifertility drugs.
Ex : Norethindrone, Mitepristone.
4. What are artificial sweetening agents ? Give example.
Ans. The chemical substance which produce sweetness instead of natural sweetners like sucrose are called
artificial sweetening agents.
Ex : Alitame, Saccharine, Sucralose etc.,
5. What are analgesics ? Give example.
Ans. Analgesics are the compounds with relief all parts of pain without loss consciousness. There are two types
of analgesics.
a) Narcotic analgesics. Ex : Morphine
b) Non-narcotic analgesics. Ex : Aspirin, Ibuprofen
6. What are narcotic analgesics ? Give example.
Ans. Narcotic analgesics are addictive drugs. They are used for the relief of severe pains such as post operative
pain, cardiac pain, cancer pain.
Ex : Morphine, codeine etc.
7. What are non-narcotic analgesics ? Give example.
Ans. Non-narcotic analgesics have no addictive properties. They are used to relief mild aches like back ache
and headache.
Ex : Aspirin, Ibuprofen.
8. What are antihistamines ? Give example.
Ans. Drugs that inhibit the action of histamine which stimulates the formation of pepsin and HCl in the
stomach are called antihistamines.
Ex : Rantidine, Cimetidene
9. What are tranquilizers ? Give example.
Ans. Drugs used in the management and treatment of stress and metal diseases are called tranquilizers.
Ex : Barbituric acid, Lysozyme and Valium.
10. What are antimicrobials ?
Ans. .Drugs used to cure diseases caused by microorganisms or microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi etc…
are called antimicrobials. Ex : Lyzosome, Lactic acid.
11. What are antacids ? Give example.
Ans. Chemical compounds which neutralize the excess acid in stomach and maintain pH to normal level are
called antacids.
Ex : Weak bases like Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 gel omeprazole and lansoprazole are the most recent antacids.

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12. What are disinfectants ? Give example.
Ans. The substances which are capable of destroying the microorganisms and are harmful to the living tissues.
Ex : 1% phenol, aq. solution of chlorine
13. What are food preservatives.
Ans. The chemical used to preserve food.
Ex : BHA, Sodium benzoate
14. What is the difference between a soap and a synthetic detergent ?
Ans. Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acid, whereas synthetic detergents are sodium salts of
sulphonated long chain alcohols or may be quarternary ammonium salts of amine. Soaps cannot give
foam with hard water whereas synthetic detergents give foam with hard water.
15. What is the polymerization ? Give example.
Ans. The process in which monomers linked together by covalent bonds to give polymer is known as
polymerization.
Ex : n[CH 2 =CH 2 ] 
 [-CH 2 -CH 2 -]n
(ethylene) Poly ethylene

16. What is addition polymers ? Give example.

Ans. Polymers formed due to addition of molecular of same (or) different monomers without elimination of
any atom (or) group are known as addition polymers.
Ex : Polythene, Buna-N, Buna-S
17. What are co-polymers ? Give example.
Ans. Polymers formed by different types of monomeric units involved are called co-polymers.
Ex : Nylon-6, 6, Buna-n, Buna-S etc.
18. What are elastomers ? Give example.
Ans. Polymers in which the intermolecular forces of attraction between the polymer chains are weak are
known as elastomers. These are stretched polymers.
Ex : Natural rubber, Buna-N, Buna-S.
19. What are fibres ? Give example.
Ans. Polymers in which the intermolecular forces are strong due to H–bonding (or) dipole–dipole interactions
are called fibres.
Ex : Polyamides, polyester etc.
20. What are thermoplastic polymers ? Give example.
Ans. The linear (or) slightly branched polymers, which becomes soft on heating and hard on cooling are called
thermoplastic polymers.
Ex : Polythene, PVC, Teflon.
21. What are thermosetting polymers ? Give example.
Ans. The semi-fluid substances with low molecular masses when heated it moulds to undergo change in
chemical composition to give a hard, infusible and insoluble mass are called thermo setting polymers. Ex
: Bakelite, Urea-formaldehyde etc.
22. What is Ziglar-Natta catalyst ?
Ans. The mixture of Triethyl aluminium and titanium tetrachloride is known as Ziglar-Natta catalyst (TiCl4 +
Al(C2H5)3). It is used in the polymerization of ethane (or) ethylene.
23. What is the difference between Buna–N and Buna–S ?
Ans. i) Buna–N and Buna–S differs in their monomers.
ii) The monomers of Buna–N are 1,3–butadiene and acrylonitrile.
iii)The monomers of of Buna–S are 1,3–butadiene and styrene.

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24. What is PDI (Polydispersity Index) ?
Ans. The ratio between weight average molecular mass and number average molecular mass of the polymer is
known as polydispersity index.
MW
PDI =
Mn
25. What is vulcanization of rubber ?
Ans. The process of heating natural rubber with sulphur at 373K – 415K to improve its properties is called
vulcanization.
26. What is bio-degradable polymer ? Give one example of a bio-degradable polyesters ?
Ans. The polymers which can degrade in the presence of sunlight or water or micro organism are called bio–
degradable polymers.
Ex : PHBV, Polyglycolic acid, Polyacetic acid
27. What is PHBV ? How is it useful to man ?
Ans. 1) Poly––hydroxybutyrate–CO––hydroxyvalerate is known as PHBV.
2) It is the copolymer of –hydroxybutyrin acid and –hydroxyvaleric acid.
Uses : i) It is used in speciality packaging, orthopaedic divises.
ii) It is used in making outer covering of capsules.
28. Nitrogen exists as diatomic molecule and phosphorous as P4 – Why ?
Ans. Nitrogen atom is small in size so easily forms triple bonds with another nitrogen atom to form N2
molecule but phosphorous in large in size forms only single bonds with other phosphorous atoms in P4
molecule.
29. Nitrogen molecule is highly stable – Why ?
Ans. In nitrogen molecule, a strong triple bond is present (945 kJ/mole). So it is stable.
30. What happens when white phosphorous is heated with conc.NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere
of CO2 ?
Ans. When white phosphorous is heated with conc.NaOH solution in an inert atmosphere of CO2 forms
phosphine and sodium hypophosphite.  1M

P4  3NaOH  3H 2O   PH 3  3 NaH 2 PO2  1M
31. Ammonia is a good complexing agent explain with an example ?
Ans. Due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons an nitrogen, NH3 acts as complexing agent as a result, it
combines with transition metal cations to form complexes.  1M
Ex : AgCl +2NH 3 
 [Ag(NH 3 )2 ]Cl  1M
Diamine silver (1) Chloride

32. A mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 is used in making Holme’s signal. Explain ?
Ans. Containers containing a mixture of Ca3P2 and CaC2 packed and thrown into sea. In contact with water a
mixture of phosphine and acetylene gases is produced. PH3 contains traces of highly inflammable P2H4. It
catches fire and ignites acetylene which burns with luminous flame and then serves as a Holmes signal to
the approaching ship.
33. Iron becomes passive in conc.HNO3 why ?
Ans. Iron do not dissolve in conc.HNO3 due to the formation of oxide film over the surface of the metal it
becomes passive.
34. Why is H2O a liquid while H2S is a gas ?
Ans. H2O is a liquid due to presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, while H2S is a gas because it does not
such type of bonds.

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35. What is tailing of mercury ? How it is removed ?
Ans. When ozone gas is passed through liquid mercury, the mercury loses its meniscus and sticks to the glass
surface due to formation of Hg2O. How ever the meniscus can be regained by shaking it water which
dissolves Hg2O.
36. H2O is neutral while H2S is acidic. Explain ?
Ans. The S–H bond is weaker than O–H bond because the size of S–atom is bigger than that of O–atom.
Hence, H2S can dissociate to give H+ ions in aqueous solution.
37. Why are group–16 elements called chalcogens ?
Ans. Metal ores normally occur in the form of oxide, sulphide etc. So first four elements of 16th group are
called chalcogens.
38. Write the reaction ‘F2’ and ‘Cl2’ with water ?
Ans. F2 being a strong oxidising agent oxidises H2O to O2 or O3.
2F2(g) + 2H2O(l)  4HF(aq) + O2(g)
3F2(g) + 3H2O(l)  6HF(aq) + O3(g)  1 Mark
Cl2 on reacting with H2O gives hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid.
Cl2(g) + H2O  HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)  1 Mark
39. Electron gain enthalpy of fluorine (F2) is less than that of Cl2. Explain ?
Ans. It is due to small size of fluorine atom and strong inter electronic repulsions are present between added
electron and valence electrons of fluorine hence electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less than that of Cl2.
40. HF is a liquid while HCl is a gas. Explain ?
Ans. Due to presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding ‘HF’ is a liquid. HCl is a gas there is no hydrogen.
41. Bond dissociation enthalpy of ‘F2’ is less than that of ‘Cl2’. Explain.
Ans. Fluorine atoms are small in size and hence bond distance (F–F) is small. Then more lone pair – lone pair
electronic repulsions are possible in the fluorine molecule so its bond energy is less.
42. What is aqua regia ? Write its reaction with gold and platinum.
Ans. A mixture of 3 parts of conc.HCl and one part of HNO3 is known as aquaregia. It is used for dissolving
noble metals like gold & platinum.  1 Mark
   
Au  4 H  NO3  4Cl   AuCl4  NO  2 H 2O
3Pt  16 H   4 NO3  18Cl  
 3P  Cl6  4 NO  8H 2O  1 Mark
43. How is chlorine manufactured by Deacon’s metod ?
Ans. Deacon’s process : By oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas by atmospheric oxygen in the presence of
CuCl2 (catalyst) at 723K chlorine is obtained.  1 Mark
CuCl2
4 HCl  O2   2Cl2  2 H 2O  1 Mark
44. List out the uses of Neon.
Ans. Uses of Neon :
1) Neon is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs for advertisement and display purposes.
2) Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.
45. Write the name and formula of the first noble gas compound prepared by Bertlett ?
Ans. Xeon Hexa fluoro palatinate (IV), Xe[PtF6] was the first noble gas compound prepared by Bertlett.
46. Give any two uses of Helium ?
Ans. 1) Helium is used in filling balloons for meterological observations.
2) Helium is used in deep sea divers.
47. Write any two uses of Argon ?
Ans. 1) Argon is mainly used to provide an inert atmosphere in high temperature metallurgical process.
2) Argon is used in the laboratory for handling substances that are air–sensitive.
3) it is also used for filling electric bulbs.
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48. CuSO4.5H2O is blue in colour where as anhydrous CuSO4 is colourless. Why ?
Ans. CySO4.5H2O is a coordination compounds having H2O molecules as ligands which cause crystal field
splitting and d–d transition. So CuSO4.5H2O is blue coloured and CuSO4(anhydrous) is colourless as it
does not possess H2O molecules as ligands.
49. How many moles of AgCl is precipitated when mole of COCl3.5NH3 is treated with AgNO3 Solution
?
Ans. COCl3.5NH3 is treated with excess of AgNO3 solution, two moles of AgCl is precipitated.
50. Calculate the ‘Spin only’ magnetic moment of Fe+2(aq) ion.
Ans. No. of unpaired electrons in Fe+2(n) = 4
  n(n  2) B.M n = number of unpaired electrons.  1 Mark

Magnetic moment of Fe+2 ion = 4(4  2) B.M  4.9 B.M  1 Mark

51. What is an ambidentate ligand ? Give example.
Ans. There are ligands which have two or more donor atoms but in forming complexes only one donor atom is
attached to the metal ion such ligands are called ambidentate ligands.  1 Mark
Ex : M 
 NO2 , M 
 ONO 1 Mark
nitro nitrito

52. Why Zn+2 is diamagnetic where as Mn+2 is paramagnetic ?

Ans. Mn+2 contain unpaired electrons hence Mn+2 is paramagnetic where as Zn+2 does not contain any unpaired
electrons hence it is diamagnetic.
53. What is misch-metal ? Give its composition and uses ?
Ans. It is well known alloy of lanthanoids. It consists lanthanoid metal (nearly 95%) iron (nearly 5%) and
traces of S, C, Ca and Al.  1M
Use : In Mg based alloy to produce bullet, shell and lighter flint. 1M
54. Scandium is a transition element, but zinc is not. Why ?
Ans. Scandium is d–block element with incompletely filled 3d orbital’s in its atomic state (3d1). Hence it is a
transition element. Where as zinc contains completely filled d–orbitals (3d10) in its ground state and as
well as in its oxidized state. Hence it is not regarded as a transition element.
55. What is the role of depressant in froth floatation ?
Ans. The depressants are used in the separation of two sulphide ores, by selective prevention of froth
formation.  1 Mark
Ex : For the mixture of PbS (Galena) and ZnS (zinc blende), NaCN is used as depressant. It prevents ZnS
from coming to the froth but allow PbS to come with the froth.  1 Mark
56. Give the composition of the following alloys.
a) Brass b) Bronze c) German silver
Ans. .
Alloy Composition
Brass Cu : 60%
Zn : 40%
Bronze Cu : 75 – 90%
Sn : 10 – 25%
German silver Cu : 25 – 40%
Ni : 40 – 50%
Zn : 25 – 35%
57. Write any two ores with formulae of the following metals :
a) Aluminium b) Zinc c) Iron d) Copper
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Ans. .  Each ½ Mark
Metal Ore Formula
Aluminium Bauxite Al2O3.2H2O
Gibbisite Al2O3.3H2O
Zinc Zinc blende ZnS
Zincite ZnO
Iron Haematite Fe2O3
Magnetite Fe3O4
Copper Cuprite Cu2O
Copper glance CuS
58. What is matte ? Give its composition.
Ans. The molten mixture of cuprous sulphide and small quantity of ferrous sulphide is called matte.
Composition : Cu2S + little FeS  1 + 1 = 2 Marks
59. What is blister copper ? What is it so called ?
Ans. The impure copper metal obtained by bessemerisation of copper mate is called blister copper. During the
solidification process, the dissolved SO2 escapes leaving blisters on the surface of copper metal. So it is
commonly called blister copper. It is 98% pure.
60. What is flux ? Give an example.
Ans. Flux : The external substance added to the ore for the removal of gangue is called flux. It lowers the
melting point.
Ex : Acidic flux : SiO2 & P4O10 ; Basic flux : CaO & MgO  1 + 1 = 2 Marks

61. State the role of silica in the metallurgy of copper ?

Ans. Silica is used as acidic flux to remove iron oxide impurity. 1M
Ex : FeS is present in the form of impurity with copper sulphide ore silica reacts with these impurities and
form ferrous silicate slag. 1M
2FeS + 3O2  2FeO + 2SO2 ; FeO + SiO2  FeSiO3 .
Ferrous silicate (slag)

62. What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium.

Ans. Role of cryolite :
1) It makes alumina a good conductor of electricity.
2) It lowers fusion temperature from 2323K to about 1140K.  1 + 1 = 2 Marks
63. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5gm of NaOH in 450 ml solution.
Ans. The number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution is called molarity.
Number of moles of solute (n)
M=
Volume of solution in litre (V)
W 1000
M= ×  1 Mark
M V (ml)
Weight solute = 5 gms
Molar mass of NaOH = 40, V = 450 ml
5 1000
M= × =0.278 M  1 Mark
40 450
64. Calculate the molality of 2.5gm of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75gm benzene.
Ans. The number of moles of solute present in 1kg of solvent is called molality.
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No. of moles of solute
Molality (m) =
Mass of solvent in (Kg)
Wt of solute 1
M=   1 Mark
molar mass wt of solvent
Molar mass of C2H4O2 : 12 × 2 + 1 × 4 + 16 × 2 = 60g
Wt of solute = 2.5 gms Wt of solvent = 75g
W 1 2.5 1000
Molarity (M)=     0.556 m 1 Mark
M Wt of solvent 60 75
65. Calculate the molefraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 98% H2SO4 by mass ?
Ans. Mole fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all
components in the solution.
No. of moles of H 2SO 4
Mole fraction H2SO4 =  1 Mark.
No. of moles of H 2SO 4 + No. of moles water
98% H2SO4 means 98 parts of H2SO4 is present in 100 parts of solution.
Wt of H2SO4 = 98, molar mass of H2SO4 = 98
98
No. of moles of H2SO4 = 1.
98
Wt of H2O = 100 – 98 = 2gm M.W of H2O = 18
2
No. of moles of H2O =  0.1 . Total moles in solution = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1
18
No. of moles of H 2SO 4 1
Mole fraction of H2SO4 =   0.9 .  1 Mark
Total moles of solution 1.1
66. Define osmotic pressure.
Ans. The pressure must be applied on the solution side to prevent osmosis is called osmotic pressure.
67. State Henry’s law.
Ans. Henry’s law states that “At a given temperature the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (P) is
proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution.”  1 Mark
P=K H x P = Partial pressure
X = mole fraction KH = Henry’s constant  1 Mark
68. What are isotonic solutions ?
Ans. The solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions.
W 
Ex : Blood is isotonic with saline 0.9  %  NaCl solution.  1 Mark
V 
69. What is Schottky defect ?
Ans. 1. The defect arises due to missing of equal numbers of cations and anions from their original lattice
points in crystal is called Schottky defect.  1 Mark
2. It is common in ionic compounds with high co-ordination number.
3. The density decreases due to it
4. Ex : Solids like NaCl, KCl, KBr, CsCl, AgBr can exhibit Schottky defect.  1 Mark
70. What is Frenkel defect ?
Ans. 1. The defect arises due to dislocation of a cation from original lattice point and occupy and interstitial
site is called Frenkel defect.  1 Mark
2. It is common in ionic compounds with low co-ordination number.
3. It The density doesn’t changes.
4. Ex : Solids like AgBr, AgCl, ZnS can exhibit Frenkel defect.  1 Mark

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71. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face-centered cubic lattice ?
Ans. In fcc the no.of lattice points are 14.  1 Mark
1 1
No. of atoms or ions per one unit cell = 8   6   4  1 Mark
8 2
72. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of face-centered tetragonal lattice ?
Ans. In face centered tetragonal lattice, no. of lattice points are 14.  1 Mark
1 1
No. of atoms or ions per one unit cell = 8   6   4 .  1 Mark
8 2
73. How many lattice points are there in one unit cell of body centered cubic lattice ?
Ans. In body centered cubic arrangement, no. of lattice points are 9.  1 Mark
1
No. of atoms or ions per one unit cell = 8   1  2 .
8
NAMED REACTIONS
1. ALDOL CONDENSATION : Aldehydes and ketones having at least one –hydrogen undergo a
reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form –hydroxyl aldehydes (aldol) or –hydroxyl
ketones (ketol) respectively. This is known as aldol reaction.

Ex : 2CH 3 –CHO 
dil.NaOH

 CH 3 – CH –CH 2 –CHO 
Δ
–H 2O
 CH3 –CH=CH–CHO
Ethanal | But–2–enal
(Aldol condensation product)
OH
3–Hydroxy butanal
(Aldol)

2. CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION : When aldol condensation is carried out between two different
aldehydes or ketones, it is called crossed aldol condensation.
NaOH
CH 3CHO  Δ
 CH 3 – CH =C–CHO CH 3 .CH 2 –CH=CHCHO
| | Pent–2–enal
CH3CH2CHO OH
2–Methylbut–2–enal

3. CANNIZARO REACTIONS : Aldehydes which do not have –hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation
and reduction reaction on heating with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde
is reduced to alcohol while another is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.
H
H H O
C=O + C = O + conc.KOH H – C – OH + H – C
H H OK
H
Formaldehyde Methanol Potassium formate

CHO + conc.NaOH CH2OH + CooNa

Benzaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Sodium benzoate
4. REIMER – TIEMANN REACTION : Chloroform reacts with phenol in the presence of KOH (or)
NaOH to form salicyl aldehyde. This reaction is known as ‘Reimer-Tiemann reaction’.
C6 H 5OH+CHCl3 +3NaOH   C6 H 4 (OH)CHO+3NaCl +2H 2 O
Ortho hydroxy benzaldehyde or Salicylaldehyde

5. GRIGNARD REACTION : Haloalkane (RX) on reaction with magnesium metal in presence of dry
ether gives Grignard reagent. (RMgX)
dry ether
R–X+Mg    R–Mg–X
Halo alkane Grignard reagent

6. ESTERIFICATION : Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of mineral acid to form ester. This
is known as Esterification.
H+
RCOOH+ROH   
 RCOOR'+H 2O

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7. WILLIAMSON’S ETHER SYNTHESIS : The reaction of an alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide to
form ether is known as Williamson’s ether synthesis.
Ex : Ethyl iodide reacts with sodium ethoxide to form diethyl ether.
C 2 H5ONa+C2 H 5I   C 2 H 5 –O–C 2H 5 +NaI
Diethyl ether

8. DECARBOXYLATION : Carboxylic acids loose carbondioxide to form hydrocarbons when their

sodium salts are heated with sodalime (NaOH and CaO in ratio of 3 : 1). The reaction is known as
decarboxylation.
NaOH & CaO
R–COONa 
Heat
 R–H+Na 2 CO3
9. HVZ REACTION : Carboxylic acid having –hydrogen are halogenated at the –position on treatment
with chlorine (or) bromine in presence of small amount of red phosphorous to give –halo carboxylic
acid. This reaction is known as Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (H.V.Z) reaction.
i) X 2 /Red
R–CH 2 –COOH 
ii) H 2 O
 R– CH –COOH, (X=Cl , Br)
|
X
10. WURTZ REACTION : When methyl bromide is treated with Na in the presence of dry ether gives
Ethane. The reaction is “Wurtz reaction”.
Dry ether
2CH 3 –Br +2Na   C2 H 6 +2NaBr
Methyl bromide Ethane

11. DIAZOTISATION : Aniline reacts with sodium nitrite and HCl at low temperature to form benzene
diazonium chloride. This reaction is known as Diazotisation.

12. HOFFMANN BROMIDE REACTION : Amines or reacting with bromine in presence of potassium
hydroxide forms amine. It is called Hoffmann bromide reaction.
R– C –NH 2 +Br2 +4KOH   R–NH 2 +2KBr+K 2 CO3 +2H2 O
||
O
13. CLEMMENSEN’S REDUCTION : The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2
group on treatment with zinc-amalgam and concentrated hydrochloric acid known as Clemmensen’s
reduction.
O
||
Zn–Hg Zn–Hg
R–CHO 
HCl  R–CH 3 R– C –R 
HCl  R–CH 2 –CH 3
14. WOLFF–KISHNER REDUCTION : The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2
group with hydrazine on heating with sodium or potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol called Wolff
Kishner reduction.
2 NH –NH
2
R–CHO 
KOH/ethyleneglycol  R–CH 3
O
|| NH –NH
2
R– C –R  2
KOH/ethyleneglycol  R–CH 2 –CH3

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15. FINKELSTEIN REACTION : Alkyl iodides are often prepared by reaction of alkyl chlorides /
bromides with NaI in dry acetone is called Finkelstein reaction.
dryacetone
R–X+NaI 
 R–I+NaX (X=Cl , Br)
16. KOLBE’S REACTION : Phenoxide generated by treating phenol with NaOH futher it undergoes
electrophilic substitution with CO2 to form 2–hydroxyl benzoic acid as a main product.
– +
OH O Na OH
COOH
NaOH i) CO2
+
ii) H
Phenol Sodium 2–hydroxy
phenoxide benzoic acid
17. SANDMEYER REACTION : The nucleophiles like Cl–, Br– and CN– can easily be introduced in the
benzene ring in the presence of Cu(I) ion. This reaction is called Sandmayer reaction.

/HCl

18. GATTERMAN REACTION : The chlorine or bromine can be introduced in the benzene ring by
treating the diazonium salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder.
This reaction is called as Gatterman reaction.
Cl

+ N2 + CuX
Cu / HCl
N2X
Br
Cu / HBr
+ N2 + CuX

19. CARBYLAMINE REACTION : Alphatic amine (R–NH2) on heating with chloroform and alcoholic
KOH form isocyanides (or) carbylamines which are foul smelling substances. This reaction is known as
carbyl amine reaction (or) isocyanide test.
It is used as a test for primary amines.
Δ
R–NH 2 +CHCl3 +KOH   R–NC +3KCl +3H 2 O , (Where R = C2H5)
Isocyanide

20. SWARTS REACTION : Alkyl fluorides prepared by heating alkyl chloride/bromide in presence of
metallic fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2. This reaction is known as Swarts reaction.
H3 C–Br+AgF   H 3 C–F+AgBr

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21. ETARD REACTION : With chromyl chloride followed by hydrolysis.

CH3 CH(OCrOHCl2)2 CHO
+
CS2 H 3O
+ CrO2Cl2
Toluene Chromium complex Benzaldehyde
(Browm)
22. WURTZ FITTING REACTION : Allyl halide and Aryl halide reacts with sodium metal in presence of
dry ether to form alkylbenzene.
dry ether
Cl + R –Cl + 2Na R + 2NaCl
23. FITTING REACTION : Aryl halide reacts with sodium in presence of dry ether to form di–phenyl.
dry ether
2 Cl + 2Na + 2NaCl
.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Derive Bragg’s equation.
Ans. BRAGG’S EQUATION : W.H.Bragg has proposed an equation to explain the relation between inter-
planar distance (d), wavelength () of X-rays and angle of diffraction () of X-rays.
1
st
2
nd

ra

E
ray

F
A st
1 plane
d D C
nd
2 plane
B
rd
3 plane
From the above diagram second X–ray travels more distance than first X–ray is equal to CB+BD. If the
path difference is equal to an integral multiple of wavelength of X-rays then waves of two rays exist in
the same phase.
CB + BD = n --- (1) (Here n = 1, 2, 3….)
In ABC, In ABD,
CB CB BD BD
sinθ= = sinθ= =
AB d AB d
CB = dsin --- (2) BD = dsin …. (3) Matter + derivation = 2 Marks
From (1), (2), (3)
d sin + d sin = n  2d sin  n (n = order of diffraction) --- 1 Mark.
The above relation is known as Bragg’s equation
2. Describe the two main types of semi conductors and contrast their conduction mechanism.
Ans. Semi conductors are two types. They are n-type and p-type semi conductors.
n-type semi conductor :
i) Semi conductors are obtained by addition of small amount of VA-group element into pure Si or Ge by
doping are called n-type semi conductors.
ii) Whe P or As is added to Si or Ge some of their Si or Ge atoms in the crystal ore placed by P or As
atoms.
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iii)Four out of five electrons of P or As will be used for bonding with Si or Ge atoms while the fifth
electron involves in the electrical conductivity.  2 Marks
p-type semiconductor :
i) Semi conductors are obtained by addition of small amount of IIIA group element into pure Si or Ge by
doping ajre called p-type semi conductors.
ii) When B or Al is added to pure Si or Ge atoms some of the Si or Ge in the crystal are replaced by B or
Al atoms.
iii)Three electrons of B or A atom will be used for bonding with Si or Ge atoms while the fourth is
electron vacancy serve to conduct electricity.
Ge doped with In is an example of p-type semi conductor.
Si doped with B is an example of p-type semi conductor.  2 Marks
3. In terms of band theory. What is difference between a conductor & an insulator.
Ans.
CONDUCTORS INSULATORS
1. The solids with conductivities ranging 1. The solids with very low
between 104 to 107 ohm–1 m–1 are conductivities ranging between 10–20
called conductors. to 10–10 ohm–1 m–1
2. The gap between filled valence bond 2. The gap between filled valence band
the conduction bands is very small. and the next higher un occupied band
Then electrons can flow easily under is large
an applied electric field and metal
shows conductivity.
3. A conductor may conduct electricity 3. Electrons cannot jump init and such a
through movement of electrons or ions. substance has very small conductivity
and it behaves as an insulator.
Conduction Conduction
Energy Band Band
Valence large gap
Band Valence
Conductor Band
Insulator
4. In terms of band theory what is difference between conductor & semi-conductor.
Ans. .
CONDUCTORS SEMI-CONDUCTORS
1. The solids with conductivities ranging 1. These are solids with conductivities in
between 104 to 107 ohm–1 m–1 are the intermediate range from 10–6 to
called conductors. 104 ohm–1m–1
2. A conductor may conduct electricity 2. Therefore some electrons may jump to
through movement of electrons or conduction band and show some
ions. conductivity.
3. The gap between filled valence band 3. In case of semi conductors, the gap
and the conduction band is very small. between the valence band and
Then electrons can flow easily under conduction band is small.
an applied electric field and the metal
shows conductivities. 4. Electrical conductivity of semi
4. Conductivity of metals decreases with conductors increase with rise in
increase in temperature. temperature.
Conduction Band
small energygap
Valence Band
Semi conductor
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Conduction
Energy Band
Valence
Band
Conductor

5. Differences between positive deviation and negative deviation.

Ans.
POSITIVE DEVIATION NEGATIVE DEVIATION
1. When the vapour pressure of a 1. When the vapour pressure of a
solution is higher than the predicted solution lower than predicted value by
value by Raoult’s law, it is called Raoult’s law, it is called negative
positive deviation deviation.
2. In such cases intermolecular 2. In such cases intermolecular
interactions between solute and interactions between solute & solvent
solvent particles (A & B) are weaker particles (A & B) are stronger than
than those between solute–solute (A– those between solute–solute (A–A)
A) and solvent–solvent (B–B) and solvent–solvent (B–B)
3. The molecules of A or B will escape 3. It leads to decrease in vapour pressure
more easily from the surface of resulting in negative deviaton.
solutions than in their pure state.
Therefore the vapour pressure of the
solution will be higher.
4. Characteristics showing positive 4. Characteristics showing negative
deviation. deviation
i) PA > PºA XA; PB > PºB XA i) PA < PºAXA ; PB < PºBXB
ii) Hmax > 0, i.e. positive ii) Hmax < 0, i.e. negative
iii) Vmix > 0; i.e. positive iii) Vmix < 0, i.e., negative
5. Examples showing positive deviation 5. Examples showing negative deviation
i) Ethyl alcohol and water i) HNO3 and water
ii) Acetone and benzene ii) Chloroform and acetone
Vapour pressure Vapour pressure
or solution Pº or solution
P = Pº B
A Pº
B Pº
Vapour pressure

P = Pº A
Pº
B A Pº
B
Pº
Vapour pressure

A
PA
PB

XA= 0 Mole fraction XA= 1

XA
XA= 0 Mole fraction XA= 1 XB= 1 XB XB= 0
XA
XB= 1 XB XB= 0

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6. What is relative lowering of vapour pressure ? How is it useful to determine the molar mass of a
solute ?
Ans. 1. The ratio of lowering of vapour pressure (PO – PS) to the vapour pressureof the pure solvent (PO) is
 P –P 
known as the relative lowering of vapour pressure  0 S  .
 PO 
2. According to Raoult’s law the relative lowering of vapour pressure of a dilute solution containing non-
volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.  2 Marks
P –P
3. The molecular weight of solute can be calculated as follows O S  x 2 .
PO
PO –PS n2  n2 
i.e., = Since X 2 =   1 Mark
PO n1 +n 2  n1 +n 2 
Where n1 and n2 are the number of moles of solvent and solute respectively present in the solution. For
a dilute solutions n2 << n1, hence n2 can be neglected in the denominator.
PO –PS n 2

PO n1
W2  M 1  PO
M2 
W1 ( PO – PS )
Where
W2 = wt of solute PO = V.P of solvent
W1 = wt of solvent PS = V.P of solution
M1 = M.wt of solvent M2 = M wt of unknown solute  1 Mark
7. State Raoult’s law. Vapour pressure of water at 298K is 17.353 mm of Hg. Calculate the vapour
pressure of solution at 293K when 25g of glucose is dissolved in 450g of water.
Ans. Raoult’s law states that “At a given temperature the relative lowering of vapour pressure of dilute solution
containing non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of solute.
PO –PS
=x 2 Where, PO = Vapour pressure of pure solvent
PO
PS = Vapour pressure of solution of non–volatile solute
x2 = Mole fraction of solute
PO –PS w M
= × .  2 Marks
PO m W
Problem :
W = 25g, m = 180 (C6H12O6)
PO = 17.535 mm
PS = ?
PO –PS w M
= ×
PO m W
17.535-PS 25 18
   PS  17.44 mm of Hg
17.535 180 45
Second problem :
PO = 17.535 mm of Hg
w = 9g, m = 180, W = 162g, M = 18
PO –PS w M 17.535–PS 9 18
= ×  
PO m W 17.535 180 162
PS = 17.43 mm of Hg.

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8. What are different types of adsorption ? Give any four differences between characteristics of the
different types.
Ans. Adsorption can be divided into two types. These are physical and chemical adsorption.
PHYSICAL ADSORPTION CHEMICAL ADSORPTION
1. It is weak 1. It is strong
2. Enthalpy of adsorption is low 2. Enthalpy of adsorption is high
3. It is reversible and fast 3. It is irreversible and slow
4. It is a multi layered process 4. It is unilayered process
5. It decreases with rise in temperature 5. It increases with increase in
temperature

9. What is an emulsion ? Explain the classification of emulsions with examples ?

Ans. Emulsion : A dispersion of finely divided liquid droplets in another liquid.
Types of emulsions : Emulsion are classified into two types. These are oil in water and water in oil
emulsion.  2 Marks
a) Oil in water : In this type dispersed phase is oil and dispersed medium is water.
Ex : Milk : liquid fat in water, Vanishing cream : fat in water.  1 Mark
b) Water in oil : In this type dispersed phase is water and dispersed medium is oil.
Ex : Stiff grease : Water in lubricant oil, Cold cream : Water in fat.
Emulsions are very useful systems and find a number of applications :
i) The concentrations of sulphide ore by froth floatation process.
ii) Emulsifying properties of soaps and detergents are used in washing clothes, crockery etc.
 1 Mark
10. What is catalysis ? How is catalysis classified ? Give two examples for each type of catalysis.
Ans. A catalyst is the substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction. This phenomenon is known as
catalysis.  1 Mark
Catalysis can be classified into two types. They are :
1. Homogeneous catalysis : The catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.
NO(g)
Ex : 1. 2CO(g)+O 2 (g)   2CO 2 (g)
NO(g)
2. 2SO2 (g)+O 2 (g)   2SO3 (g)  1½ Marks
2. Heterogenous catalysis : The catalyst and reactants are in different phases.
Fe(s)
Ex : 1. N 2 (g)+3H 2 (g)   2NH3 (g)
Pt (S)or
2. 2SO 2 (g)+O 2 (g) 
V2 O5
 2SO 3 (g)  1½ Marks

11. What are micelles ? Discuss the mechanism of micelle formation and cleaning action of soap.
Ans. 1. “A colloidal sized particle formed in water by the association of simple molecules each having a
hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end” known as micelle.
Ex : Concentrated soap solution is an associated colloid.  1 Mark
2. Dirt (or) greeze forms an emulsion with water used for cleaning. But this emulsion is not stable.
3. Soap functions as emulsifying agent for water dirt emulsion in the cleaning process. The main function
of soap is to convert the dirt (or) greeze on the cloths into large colloidal particles.
4. Soap dissolves in water gives Na+ and stearate ions. The stearate ion contain hydrophobic end. It is
called ‘Tail’ and contain a hydrophilic end. It is called ‘Head’.
C17H35COONa  C17H35CO– + Na+  1 Mark
5. The tail part dissolves the greeze (or) dirt and forms the micelle.
6. The micelle is then removed by water in the cleaning process.  2 Marks

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12. How are colloids classified on the basis of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium.
Ans. Basing on the affinity between dispersed phase and dispersed medium, colloidal solutions are classified
into lyophilic sols and lyophobic sols.
LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS
1. Colloidal solutions in which great 1. Colloidal solutions in which no
affinity exists between dispersed phase affinity exists between the dispersed
and dispersed medium. phase and dispersed medium.
2. These are solvent loving colloidal sols. 2. These are solvent heating colloidal
sols
3. These are reversible colloids. 3. These are irreversible colloids.
4. The particles are solvated. 4. The particles are not solvated.
Ex : Starch, protein etc. Ex : Gold sol, metal sol etc.
13. Name the dispersed phase and dispersion medium in the following systems.
i) fog ii) smoke iii) milk iv) cloud v) blood vi) gold sol
Ans. .
COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS DISPERSED PHASE DISPERSION MEDIUM
Fog Liquid Air
Smoke Carbon particles Air
Milk Liquid fat Water
Cloud Water droplets Air
Blood Albuminoid particles Water
Gold sol Gold particles Water
14. Giving examples to differentiate roasting and calcinations.
Ans. ROASTING : The process of strong heating of the ore in presence of air called roasting.
Ex : 2ZnS + 3O2  2ZnO + 2SO2  1 Mark
923K
ZnS + 2O2   ZnSO4  1 Mark
CALCINATION : The process of strong heating of the ore in the absence of air is called calcinations.

Ex : CaCO3   CaO + CO2  1 Mark

MgCO3   MgO + CO2  1 Mark
15. Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods.
a) Zone refining b) Electrolytic refining
c) Poling d) Vapour pressure refining
Ans. Zone refining : This method of purification is used to obtain the metals of high purity.
Principle : “The impurities are more soluble in the melt than in solid state of metal.”
1. A circular movable hexter is fitted at one end of the impure metal rod.
2. The heater is slowly moved across the rod. The metal melts at the point of heating.
3. The pure metal crystallizes while the impurities pass on the adjacent melted zone.
Ex : Si, Ge, Ga etc.
Electrolytic refining :
1. The impure metal is made as anode and pure metal is made as cathode.
2. Molten (or) aqueous solution of metal salt is taken as electrolyte.
3. On passing electricity pure metal is deposited on cathode from electrolyte.
4. The impurities settled down below the anode as ‘anode rod’.
Ex : Cu, Ag, Au etc.
Poling : The process of reduction of metal oxide to metal by using green wood logs, carbon powder is
termed as poling.
1. The impure metal containing its own oxide as impurity is purified by this method.
2. The molten metal is converted with carbon powder and stirred with green wood logs (poles).
3. The hydrocarbons released from wood logs reduce impure oxides to metal. Ex : Cu, Sn
Vapour Phase Refining : In this method, the metal is first converted into its volatile compound and the
decomposed to get pure metal.  Each one 2 Marks

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16. Explain the purification of sulphide ore by floath floatation method.
Ans. Froth Floatation Process :
1. This method is based on the preferential wetting properties with the frothning agent and water.
2. This process is mainly used to concentrate low grade sulphide ores.  1 Mark

.  1 Mark
3. The substances like lime, sodium carbonate are added which help the forth to float.
4. The sulphide ore particles stick to the oil droplets and rise to the surface in the form of froth supported
by air bubbles.
5. Water wets the gangue particles which sink to the bottom.
Ex : Galena (PbS) and Zinc blende (ZnS)  2 Marks
17. Explain Werner’s theory of coordination compounds with suitable examples.
Ans. The important postulates of Werner’s theory are :
i) In co-ordination compounds, the metal atom exhibit two types of valencies.
a) Primary valency and b) Secondary valency
1) Primary Valency : These are corresponds to oxidation state of metal ion, these are satisfied by negative
ions and these are denoted by thick lines in Werner’s structure.
2) Secondary valency is equal to coordination number and is fixed for a metal.  1½ Marks
Examples :
a) CoCl3.6NH3 b) CoCl3.5NH3
Cl –
NH3 NH3 H3N NH3
Cl –
+3 +3
Cl – Co NH3 Co NH3

H3N –
NH3 H3N
NH3 Cl Cl – NH3 Cl –
Primary valency is 3 (O.S = +3) Primary valency is 2 (O.S = +3)
Secondary valency is 6 (C.N = 6) Secondary valency is 5 (C.N = 6)
Both primary and secondary valency is 1

c) COCl3.4NH3 d) CoCl3.3NH3
– –
Cl Cl NH3
H3N NH3 H3N

+3 +3
Co Cl – Co Cl
–

H3N Cl
–
–
Cl NH3 NH3
Primary valency is 1 (O.S = +3) Primary valency is 0 (O.S = +3)
Secondary valency is 4 (C.N = 6) Secondary valency is 3 (C.N = 6)
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Both primary and secondary valency is 2 Both primary and secondary valency is 3
18. Using IUPAC names write the formulas for the following
i) Tetrahydrozincate (II) ii) Hexa amine cobalt (III) sulphate
iii) Potassium tetrachloropalladate (II) iv) Potassium tri (oxalate) chlromate (III)
Ans. i) Tetrahydroxo zincate (II) - [Zn(OH)4]–2
ii) Hexa amine cobalt (III) sulphate - [Co(NH3)6]2 (SO4)3
iii) Potassium tetrachloro palladate (II) - K2[PdCl4]
iv) Potassium tri (oxalate) chromate (III) - K3[Cr(C2O4)3]  Each 1 Mark
19. Using IUPAC names write the systematic names of the following
i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 ii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl iii) [Ti(H2O)6]3+
iv) K2[PdCl4] v) K3[Fe(CN)6] vi) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Ans. i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 - Hexa amine cobalt (III) chloride
ii) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl - Diammine chloro methyl amine platinum (I)
iii) [Ti(H2O)6]+3 - Hexa aqua titanium (III) ion
iv) K2[PdCl4] - Potassium tetra chloro palladate (II)
v) K3[Fe(CN)6] - Potassium hexacyano ferrate (III)
vi) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 - Ferrous hexa cyano ferrate (II) Each 1 Mark
20. Explain geometrical isomerism in coordination compounds giving suitable examples.
Ans. i) This type of isomerism arises due to different possible geometric arrangement of ligands.
Complexes with co-ordination number ‘4’ having tetrahedron geometry don’t show geometrical
isoermerism
ii) Square planar complexes with Ma2b2, Ma2bc, Mabcd exhibit geometrical isomerism.
iii)Octahedron complexes like Ma4b2, Ma3b3, M(aa)2b2 exhibits geometrical isomerism. 2Marks
iv) If similar ligands are adjacent to each other, it is called as cis-isomer.
v) If similar ligands are opposite to each other, it is called as trans-isomer.  1 Mark
Ex :
i. [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
Cl NH3 Cl NH3

Pt Pt

Cl NH3 NH3 Cl
Cis Trans
ii. [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]+2
+2 +2
Cl NH3
NH3 NH3 H 3N Cl

Pt Pt

NH3 NH3 H 3N Cl

Cl NH3
Trans Cis  1 Mark
21. Write the characteristic properties of transition elements.
Ans. With partially filled d-orbitals these elements exhibit certain characteristic properties.
i) Exhibition of variable oxidation states
ii) Formation of aqueous coloured ions. iii) Ability to form complex compounds.
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iv) Exhibit catalytic property v) Different magnetic behaviours
vi) Alloy formation  Any four points 4 Marks
22. Give the sources of the following vitamins and name the disease caused by their deficiency.
a) A b) D c) E and d) K
Ans. Sources and deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins :  Each one 1 Mark

Name of the Source Deficiency

Vitamin
Vitamin A Fish liver oil, carrots, butter and milk Night blindness, Xerophthalmia
(Retinol)
Vitamin B Fish Rickets in children,
(Calciferol) osteomalacia in adults
Vitamin E Vegetable oils like sunflower oil etc Muscular weakness, Increased
(Tocoferol fragility of RBCs
derivative)
Vitamin K Green leafy vegetables Increased blood clotting time.
(Anti
haemorrhagic)
23. What are hormones ? Give one example for each.
Ans. 1. Hormones are biomolecules of plant and animal origin that transfer biological information from one
group of cells to distant tissues (or) organs.
2. Animal hormones are produced by specialized tissues called Endocrine (or) Ductless glands. But no
such specialized glands are present in plants.  1 Mark
i) Steroid hormones : Ex - Estrogen
ii) Protein hormones : Ex – Insulin
iii)Amino acid derivatives : Ex – Epinephrine  3 Marks
24. Write notes on vitamins ?
Ans. Vitamins :
1. Vitamins are naturally occurring carbon compounds with low molecular weight.
2. These are essential dietary factors.
3. These are required in minute quantities for the maintenance of normal health of organisms.
4. Their deficiency in human body causes diseases (or) disorders.
5. Vitamins are designated by alphabates A, B, C and D etc some of them are further classified as sub
group. Ex : B1, B2, B6, B12 etc belongs to B complex.
6. Based on their solubility vitamins are classified into two types.
a) Water soluble (B, C) b) Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
7. Plants can synthesis all vitamins. Animals can synthesis few but not all vitamins.
8. Human body can synthesis vitamin A, some members of vitamin B complex and vitamin K.
 Any four points 4 Marks
25. Write notes on the functions of different hormones in the body.
Ans. Hormone Its function in the body
1) Insulin Decreases blood glucose level
2) Glucagon Increases blood glucose level
3) Thyroxine a) Low level of thyroxine leads to hypothyroidism
b) High level of tyroxine causes hyperthyroidism
4) Testosterones Develop secondary sexual characters in male
(Male harmone)
5) Progesterone Implantation of fertilised egg
(Female sex hormone) Each one 1 Mark

26. How is ammonia manufactured by Haber’s process.

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Ans. Ammonia can be manufactured by Haber’s process by the direct reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3 ; Hf = –46.1 KJ/mole.  1 Mark
1. The above reaction is reversible reaction.
2. The forward reaction is exothermic reaction
3. One mole of N2 and three moles of H2 combined to give moles of NH3.
Synthesis of NH3 by Habers process :-
Optimum Conditions :
According to Leachatleir’s Principle :
1. Ammonia is manufactured at about 725 – 775K
2. Pressure of 200 atm
3. Iron powder mixed with molybdenum is used as catalyst.
4. Molybdenum acts as promoter to iron catalyst.  2 Marks
5. The moisture present in ammonia may be removed by using quick lime, CaO.
6. Ammonia can not be dried by conc.H2SO4, anhydrous CaCl2 and P4O10 as it reacts with these reagents.
27. How is nitric acid manufactured by Ostwald’s process ?
Ans. Ostwald Process : On a large scale NH3 is prepared by Ostwald’s process.
i) Catalytic oxidation of ammonia by atmospheric oxygen, nitric oxide formed.
Pt /Rb gauge catalyst
4NH 3 +5O 2 (g)  500 K, 9 bar
 4NO(g)+6H 2O(g) .
ii) NO is then oxidized to NO2 by air
2NO(g) + O2(g)  NO2(g)
iii)NO2 is dissolved in water in the presence of oxygen to get HNO3.
3NO2(g) + H2O(l)  2HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
No thus formed is recycled and the aqueous HNO3 can be concentrated by distillation, 68% by mass of
HNO3 is formed by dehydration with the conc.H2SO4 to get 98% HNO3.  4 Marks
28. Describe the manufacture of H2SO4 by contact process.
Ans. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by contact process which involves three steps.
i) Burning of sulphur (or) sulphide ore in air to generate SO2
S + O2  SO2
4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
ii) Conversion of SO2 to SO3 by the reaction with oxygen in the presence of catalyst (V2O5

V2 O5
2SO 2 (g)+O 2 (g)  
 2SO 3 (g); ΔH=–196.6 KJ
iii)Absorption of SO3 in H2SO4 to give oleum (H2S2O7) :
SO3 formed in the above step absorbed in 98% H2SO4 to get oleum. This oleum is diluted to desired
concentration of H2SO4.
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7
H2S2O7 + H2O  2H2SO4  4 Marks
29. Explain the mechanism of nucleophilic unimolecular substitution SN1 reaction with one example.
Ans. i. The nucleophilic substitution in which rate depends upon concentration of only one reactant is known
as SN1 reaction.
ii. It follows first order kinetics hence it is called unimolecular reaction.
iii. It occurs in two steps.
iv. In first step (slow) cleavage of bond between C–Br gives carbocation.
v. In 2nd step (fast) carbocation is attacked by nucleophile to give product.
Ex : Reaction between tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion to give tert-butyl alcohol.
Rate = K[(CH3)3Br]  2 Marks
Mehcanism :
Step-1 :-

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CH3

–
+ Br


(CH 3 )3CBr+OH – 

slow

CH3 CH3
Step-2 : -
CH3

+OH – 
fast
(CH 3 ) 3COH

CH3 CH3  1 Mark

1
vi. The reactivity order of alkyl halides towards SN reaction is 3º > 2º > 1º.  1 Mark
30. Explain the mechanism of Nucleophilic bimolecular substitution SN2 reaction with one example.
Ans. i. The nucleophilic substitution reaction in which rate depends upon concentration of both reactants is
called SN2 reaction.
ii. It follows 2nd order kinetics. So it is called bimolecular reaction.
Ex : Reaction between methyl bromide and hydroxide ion
CH3Br + OH–  CH3OH + Br–
Rate = K[CH3Br] [OH–]  2 Marks
–
iii. In this mechanism, the OH attacks the carbon from backside. i.e., opposite to the leaving group.
Mechanism :
H H H H
– – – –
HO + H – C – Br HO ---------C---------Br HO – C – H + Br
H H H
iv. In transition state partial bond formation between C–OH and partial bond breaking between C–Br
place simultaneously.
v. This mechanism is also called inversion of configuration.
vi. The reactivity order of alkyl halides towards SN2 mechanism is 1º > 2º > 3º alkyl halides.
 1 Mark
31. Explain the following named reactions :
i) Sandmeyer reactionii) Gatterman reaciton
Ans. i) Sandmeyer reaction : The nucleophiles like Cl–, Br– and CN– can easily be introduced in the benzene
ring in the presence of Cu(I) ion. This reaction called Sandmeyer reaction.

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/HCl

ii) Gatterman reaction : The chlorine can be introduced in the benzene ring by treating the diazonium
salt solution with corresponding halogen acid in the presence of copper powder. This reaction called as
Gatterman reaction.
Cl

+ N2 + CuX
Cu / HCl
N2X
Br
Cu / HBr
+ N2 + CuX

32. Mention the type of polymerization involved in the formation of the following polymers.
a) Bakelite b) PVC c) Polyethene d) Teflon
Ans. Bakelite - Condensation polymerization
PVC - Addition polymerization
Polyethene - Addition polymerization
Teflon - Addition polymerization
33. Mention the structures and names of the monomers used for preparing the following polymers.
a) Bakelite b) Polystyrene c) Teflon d) Poly vinyl chloride
e) Glyptal f) Nylon–6, 6 g) Terylene
Ans.
Polymer Name of monomer Strucrture of monomer
a) Bakelite a) Formaldehyde O
||
H– C –H
OH
b) Phenol

b) Polystyrene Styrene CH2 = CH

c) Teflron Tetrafluoroethylene CF2 = CF2
d) Polyvinyl chloride Vinyl chloride CH2 = CH – Cl
e) Glyptal a) ethylene glycol CH 2 –OH
|
CH2 –OH

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b) Phthalic acid COOH

COOH
f) Nylon–6, 6 a) Hexa methylene H2N–(CH2)6–NH2
diamine
b) Adipic acid HOOC – (CH2)4–COOH
g) Terylene a) ethylene glycol CH 2 –OH
|
CH2 –OH

b) Terephthalic acid COOH COOH

34. Write the names and structures of the moments of following polymers.
i) Buna–S ii) Buna–N iii) Dacron iv) Neoprene
Ans.
Polymer Name of monomer Strucrture of monomer
Buna – S a) 1, 3 – butadiene CH2 = CH – CH = CH2
b) Styrene CH = CH
2

Buna–N a) 1, 3– butadiene CH2 = CH – CH – CH2

b) Acrylonitrile (or) CH2 = CH – CN
vinyl cyanide
Dacron a) Ethylene glycol CH 2 –OH
|
CH2 –OH
b)
COOH COOH
Neoprene 2 chloro 1, 3–butadiene H 2 =C– CH =CH 2
|
Cl

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. a) What is electrolysis ? and State Faraday’s law of electrolysis.
b) A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5 amperes. What is the
mass of copper deposited at the cathode ?
Ans. Electrolysis : The decomposition of a chemical compound in the molten state into constituent elements
under the influence of an applied EMF is called electrolysis.
Ex : When molten NaCl is electrolysed, it decomposes into sodium metal and chlorine gas.
 2 Marks
Faraday’s First Law : The amount of substance liberated at an electrode during the electrolysis of an
electrolyte is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.
mQ
m = eQ
But Q = C × T = Current (amp) × time (s)
m=e×C×t
m = mass of substance
Q = quantity of electricity I coulombs
e = electrochemical equivalent  2 Marks
Faraday’s Second Law : If the same quantity of electricity is passed through different electrolytes
connected in series, the amount of the different substances liberated at the electrodes are directly
proportional to equivalent weights.

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M1 E1
=  2 Marks
M2 E2
Problem :
Time = 600s, Charge = current × time = 1.5A × 600s = 900C
According to Faraday first law,
E×C×t Atomic weight × C × t
m= =  1 Mark
96500 Valency × 96500
63×1.5×600
= =0.293g  1 Mark
2×96500
2. State and Explain Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.
Ans. Kohlrausch law :
i. The equivalent conductance at infinite dilution () of an electrolyte is equal to the algebraic sum of
the equivalent conductances (or) mobilities of the cation ( λ 0+ ) and the anion ( λ 0– ) of the electrolyte at
infinite dilution.  2 Marks
ii. Mathematically Kohlrausch law is written as
λ0 (electrolyte)=λ 0+ +λ0– (ions)
Where λ 0+ = equivalent conductance of cation at infinite dilution
λ 0– = equivalent conductance of anion at infinite dilution
0 = equivalent conductance of an electrolyte at infinite dilution.
iii. The equivalent conductance of ion is directly proportional to the mobility of ion.
 λ 0+  u 0–
λ0+  Ku 0+ .
Similarly, λ 0–  u 0–
λ0– =Ku 0–
 λ 0 =K(u 0+ +u 0– )  2 Marks
Application :
1. Molar conductivities of weak electrolyte at infinite dilution : Kohlrausch’s law is helpful in
determining the limiting molar conductivites of weal electrolyte. The value of λ m of weak electrolyte
cannot be obtained directly. But this can be easily calculated with the help of Kohlrausch’s law.
λ m (CH 3COOH)=λ m CH 3COO – +λ m H +
λ m (CH 3COOH)=λ m (CH 3COONa)+λ m (HCl )  λ m (NaCl )
=  λ m CH 3COO –  λ m Na +    λ m H   λ mCl     λ m Na +  λ m Cl 
= λ CH COO–  λ H +  2 Marks
3

2. Dissociation constant of weak electrolyte : Dissociation constant of weak electrolyte can be

calculated by knowing its degree of dissociation known for a binary electrolyte AB, dissociation
constant K is related to degree of dissociation as.
C 2
K=
1
2
 λ Cm 
C  
λC λ
But α  m   mC
λm λ
1– m
λm

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C 2
C(λ ) m
K=  2 Marks.
λ (λ m  λ Cm )

m

3. Give a detailed account of the collision theory of reaction rates of bimolecular gaseous reactions.
Ans. 1. Reacting molecules are assumed to be spheres and reacting molecules shall have to collide to give
products.
2. All collisions donot lead to the formation of products.
3. The minimum energy required by the colliding molecules to give products is called threshold energy.
4. The additional energy supplied to reacting molecules to reach threshold energy (ET) is called activation
energy (Ea).
Ea = ET – ER ER = Energy of normal molecules at STP
5. The molecules which posses threshold energy are called activated molecules.
6. The activated molecules collide with each other and those collisions are called activated collisions (or)
effective collisions.
7. Due to effective collisions products are formed.
8. For a bimolecular elementary reaction.
A + B  Products
–Ea
Rate expression (or) rate = ZAB .e RT
ZAB = collision frequency of reactants A and B.
Ea
 = Fraction of molecules with energies equal (or) greater than Ea
RT
9. A reaction takes place only when reactant molecules collide with proper orientations.
Ex : Formation of CH3OH from CH3Br

 Any 6 points 8 Marks

3b. What is ‘molecularity’ of a reaction ? How is it different from the ‘order’ of a reaction ? Name one
bimolecular and one trimolecular gaseous reactions.
Ans. The number of reacting species (atoms or ions) taking part in rate determining elementary reaction is
called molecularity of a reaction.  1 Mark

ORDER MOLECULARITY
1. The sum of powers of concentration 1. The number of reacting species taking
terms of the reactants in a rate part in rate determining elementary
equation is called order of reaction. reaction is called molecularity of
reaction.
2. It can be determined experimentally. 2. It is obtained from reaction mechanism
3. It may be whole number / zero / 3. It can be zero / fraction it is always a
fraction / negative. whole number
4. It is applicable to elementary as well 4. It is applicable only for elementary
as complex reactions. reactions
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 2 Marks
Bimolecular gaseous reaction Ex : H2 + Cl2  2HCl, Molecularity = 2
Trimolecular gaseous reaction Ex : 2NO + O2  2 NO2, Molecularity = 3  1 Mark
4. How is ozone prepared from oxygen ? Explain its reaction wi
a) C2H4 b) KI c) Hg d) Pbs e) Ag
Ans. Principle : When cold, dry steam of oxygen is subjected to silent electric discharge, oxygen is converted
to ozone upto 10% only. The product is known as ozonised oxygen.

silent electric
3O 2  
 2O3 (g), ΔH=+142 KJ/mol
discharge

The formation of ozone from oxygen is an endothermic process, so it is necessary to use silent electric
discharge.  2 Marks
Reactions of Ozone :
a) With ethylene (C2H4) : Ozone react with ethylene to give ethylene ozonide which on hydrolysis in
presence of zinc to form formaldehyde.
O
CH2 CH2
H2O
CH2 = CH2 + O3 2HCHO + H2 O2
Zn
Ethylene O O Formaldehyde
b) Reaction with KI : Ozone oxidizes moist potassium iodide (KI) to iodine (I2)
2KI + H2O + O3  2KOH + O2 + I2
c) Reaction with Hg : Ozone on reaction with mercury gives mercurous oxide then mercury loses its
meniscus nature and sticks to the walls of glass vessel. The phenomenon is called tailing of mercury.
2Hg + O3  Hg2O + O2
d) Reaction with PbS : Ozone oxidizes black lead sulphide to white lead sulphate.
PbS + 4O3  PbSO4 + 4O2
e) Reaction with Ag : Ozone oxidizes silver metal a silver oxide.
2Ag + O3  Ag2O + O2  Each equation 1 Mark
5. How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory ? How does it react with following ?
a) Iron b) Hot and conc.NaOH c) Acidified FeSO4
d) Iodide e) H2S f) Na2CO3
Ans. Preparation of chlorine in laboratory :
i. By heating manganese dioxide with conc.HCl
MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
ii. The mixture of NaCl and conc.H2SO4 on react with MnO2 give chlorine
4NaCl + MnO2 + 4H2SO4  MnCl2 + 4NaHSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2  2 Marks
Chemical Properties :
a) Reaction with iron : Chlorine on reaction with iron metal forms ferric chloride.
2Fe + 3Cl2  2FeCl3
b) Reaction with hot and conc.NaOH : Chlorine on reaction with hot and conc.NaOH gives sodium
choride and sodium chlorate.
3Cl2 + 6NaOH  5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O
c) Reaction with acidified FeSO4 : Chlorine oxidizes acidified FeSO4 to Fe2(SO4)3 (Ferric sulphate) in
acidic medium.
2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + Cl2  Fe2(SO4)3 + 2HCl
d) Reaction with Iodine : Moist chlorine oxidizes iodine to iodic acid.
I2 + 6H2O + 5Cl2  2HIO3 + 10HCl
e) Reaction with H2S : Chlorine oxidizes iodine H2S in to sulphur
H2S + Cl2 2HCl + S
f) Reaction with Na2S2O3 : Moist chlorine on reaction with Na2SO3 gives Na2SO4, HCl and sulphur.
Na2S2O3 + Cl2 + H2O  Na2SO4 + 2HCl + S  Each equation 1 mark
6. How is chlorine prepared by electrolytic method ? Explain it’s reaction with
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a) NaOH b) NH3 under different conditions c) NaI d) Slaked lime
Ans. Principle : Cl2 is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine solution.
Method :
i. Nelson cell consists of a U–shaped porous steel vessel, lined inside with asbestos acts as cathode.
ii. This vessel is filled with brine solution (10% NaCl) acts as electrolyte.
iii. This vessel is suspended in a rectangular iron tank.
iv. A carbon rod is dipped in the brine solution, which acts as anode.
v. Steam is passed into the cell.
vi. On electrolysis, brine solution gives Cl2 gas at anode and NaOH, H2 gas at cathode.
Electrode reactions :  2 Marks
+ –
Ionisation : 2NaCl(aq)  2Na (aq) + 2Cl (aq)
At anode : 2Cl–(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e– (oxidation) ;
At cathode : 2H2O + 2e–  2OH–(aq) + H2(g) (reduction
2Na+ + 2OH–  2NaOH  1 Mark

Chemical Reactions :
a) Reaction with NaOH :
i. Chlorine on reaction with cold and dil.NaOH gives NaCl and NaOCl.
2NaOH+Cl2   NaOCl +NaCl +H 2 O
(cold & dil)

ii. Chlorine on reaction with hot and conc.NaOH gives NaCl and NaClO3.
6NaOH+3Cl2   5NaCl +NaClO3 +3H 2 O
(hot & dil)

b) Reaction with NH3 :

i. Chlorine on reaction with excess ammonia, chlorine gives nitrogen and ammonium chloride.
8NH 3 +3Cl2   6NH 4Cl +N 2
(excess)

ii. Excess chlorine on reaction with ammonia gives nitrogen trichloride and HCl
NH 3  3Cl2   NCl3 +3HCl
(excess)

c) Reaction with NaI : Chlorine on reaction with sodium iodide to give sodium chloride and iodine gas.
3NaI + Cl2  2NaCl + I2
d) Reaction with slaked lime : Chlorine on reaction with slaked lime gives bleaching powder.
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Ca(OH)2 + Cl2  CaOCl2 + H2O  each one 1 Mark
7. How are XeF2, XeF4 and XeF6 prepared ? Explain their reaction with water ? Discuss their
structures.
Ans. Preparation of XeF2 : It is prepared by heating a mixture of Xenon and fluorine in 1 : 3 ratio in a nickel
vessel at 673 K.
673 K, 1 bar
Xe(g)+F2 (g)   XeF2 (s)
(xenon in excess)

Preparation of XeF4 : It is prepared by heating a mixture of Xenon and fluorine in 1 : 5 ratio in a nickel
vessel at 873 K.
873 K, 7 bars
Xe(g)+2F2 (g)    XeF4 (s)
(1 : 5 in ratio)

Preparation of XeF6 : It is prepared by heating a mixture of xenon and fluorine in 1 : 20 ratio in a nickel
vessel at 600 K.
573 K, 60 – 70 bars
Xe(g)+3F2 (g)   XeF6 (s) Upto here 2 Marks
(1 : 20 in ratio)

Reaction with water :

a) Hydrolysis of XeF2 : XeF2 on reaction with water gives Xe, HF and O2
2XeF2(s) + 2H2O(l)  2Xe(g) + 4HF(aq) + O2(g)
b) Hydrolysis of XeF4 : XeF4 on reaction with water gives XeO3
6XeF4 + 12H2O  4Xe + 2XeO3 + 24HF + 3O2
c) Hydrolysis of XeF6 : XeF6 on complete hydrolysis XeO3 but on partial hydrolysis gives XeOF4 and
XeO2F2
XeF6 + 3H2O  XeO3 + 6 HF
But XeF6 on partial hydrolysis gives XeOF4 and XeO2F2
XeF6 + H2O  XeOF4 + 2HF
XeF6 + 2H2O  XeO2F2 + 4HF  3 Marks

Structure of XeF2 : Structure of XeF4

F F F

Xe Xe
F F
F
sp3d hybridisation sp3d2 hybridisation
3 lone pairs and > unpaired e– 2 long pairs and 4 unpaired e–
2 bonds, shape–linear 4 bonds, square planar
Structure of XeF6 :
F
F F

Xe
F
F
F
3 3
sp d hybridisation
1 lone pair and 6unpaired e–
6 bonds
Distorted octahedral  each one 1 mark
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8. a) Write any two methods of preparation of phenol.
b) Explain the acidic nature of phenols and compare with that of alcohol.
Ans. Preparation :
From Cumene : Phenol is prepared from cumene i.e., isopropyl benzene. Cumene is oxidized in the
presence of air to cumene hydroperoxide which on treating with dil. Acid gives phenol and acetone.
CH3 CH3
H3C – CH H 3C – C – O – O – H OH
+
O2 H
+ CH3 COCH3
H2O
Cumene Cumene Phenol
hydroperoxide  2 Marks
From chlorobenzene :
– +
Cl O Na OH
NaOH HCl
623 K, 320 atm
Chlorobenzene Sodium phenoxide Phenol
ion  2 Marks
Phenols are acidic in nature because of their affinity to produce proton and phenoxide ion (conjugate
base). So formed phenoxide ion is stabilized by resonance effect.

More is the stability of conjugate base more is the acidic nature of corresponding acid.
OH O
+
+H

Phenol Phenoxide ion  1 Mark

Phenoxide ion, itself undergoes resonance and form the following resonating structures.
O O O O O

 1 Mark
Comparision of acidic character of phenol and ethanol : Phenol is more acidic than ethanol. This is
because phenoxide ion is more stable than ethoxide ion due to resonance. Resonance is not possible in
ethoxide ion. Hence it is less table.  2 Marks
9. Write suitable example, write equations for the following :
i) Kolbe’s reaction ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction iii) Williamson’s ether synthesis
Ans. i. Kolbe’s reaction : Phenoxide ion generated by treating phenol with NaOHfuther it undergoes
electrophilic substitution with CO2 to form 2–hydroxybenzoic acid.

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– +
OH O Na OH
COOH
NaOH i) CO2
+
ii) H
Phenol Sodium 2–hydroxybenzoic
phenoxide acid
ii. Reimer-Tiemann reaction : Chloroform reacts with phenol in the presence of KOH (or) NaOH to
form salicylaldehyde. This reaction is known as Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
65ºC
C6 H5OH+CHCl3  3NaOH   C6 H 4 (OH)CHO + 3NaCl  2H 2 O
(salicylaldehyde)

OH
CHO

Structure of salicylaldehyde is
iii)Williamson’s ether synthesis : The reaction of an alkyl halide with sodium alkoxide to form ether is
known as Williamson’s synthesis.
Ex : Ethyl iodide reacts with sodium ethoxide to form diethyl ether
C6 H 5ONa+IC 2 H 5 
 C 2 H 5 –O–C 2 H5 +NaI  each one 2 marks
Diethyl ether

10. Derive the following :

i) Acetylation ii) Cannizaro reaction iii) Decarboxylation
iv) Crossed aldol condensation iv) Aldol condensation v) Decarboxylation
Ans. i. Acetylation : When benzene is treated with acid chloride in presence of anhydrous AlCl3, it forms the
corresponding ketone. This reaction is known as Friedel-crafts acylation reaction.
O
C
Anhyd. A lC l3 Ar/R
+ Ar / R – C – Cl
O .
ii. Cannizaro reaction : Aldehydes which do not have an –hydrogen atom, undergo self oxidation and
reduction on heating with concentrated alkali. In this reaction, one molecule of aldehyde is reduced to
alcohol, while other is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.
conc.NaOH
HCHO+HCHO  
 H3COH + HCOONa
(methanol) sodium formate

CHO CH2OH COONa

conc.NaOH
+ +
Benzaldehyde Benzyl Sodium
alcohol benzoate
iii. Cross aldol condensation : When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes
(or) ketones is called cross aldol condensation.
CH2
|
Δ
CH 3CHO 
NaOH
 CH 3 –CH= C – CHO +CH3CH 2 – CH=CHCHO
CH3CH2 CHO 2 – methyl but –2–enal Pent – 2 – enal

iv. Aldol condensation : Aldehydes and ketones having atleast one –hydrogen undergo a reaction in
the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form –hydroxyl aldehyde (aldol) or –hydroxyl ketones
(ketol) respectively. This is known as aldol reaction.

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
dil.NaOH
Ex : 2CH 3 –CHO  Δ
 CH3 – CH –CH 2 –CHO 
–H 2 O
 CH 3 –CH=CH–CHO
| But – 2 – enal
OH
3 – hydroxy butanal
(aldol)

v. Decarboxylation : Carboxylic acids lose carbondioxide to form hydrocarbons when their sodium salts
are heated with sodalime (NaOH and CaO are in the ratio 1 : 3). The reaction is known as
decarboxylation.
NaOH & CaO
R–COONa 
Heat
 R–H+Na 2 CO3  Each one 2 marks
/-/-/-/

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