Class 9th Chem

HADI MEMORIAL GROUP OF SCHOOLS®
(AFTAB GROUP OF ACADEMIES®)

Class: 9th Chemistry
CH#1: Fundamentals of Chemistry
Q2. Write short answers of the following questions.
1. Give the scope of biochemistry?
Ans. Examples of applications of biochemistry are in the fields of medicine, food science and agriculture, etc.
2. Define chemistry.
Ans. The branch science which deals with the composition, structure, properties and reaction of matter is called
chemistry.
3. Define any two branches of chemistry.
Ans. Physical Chemistry is defined as the branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between the
composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them. While biochemistry is the branch of
chemistry in which we study the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances found in living
organisms
4. Write two examples of applications of biochemistry. Ans. Same as 1
5. Differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry.
Ans. Organic Chemistry is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their
derivatives. Scope of this branch covers petroleum, petrochemicals and pharmaceutical industries. Inorganic
chemistry deals with the study of all elements and their compounds except those of compounds of carbon and
hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. It has applications in chemical industry such as glass, cement,
ceramics and metallurgy (extraction of metals from ores).
6. Differentiate between industrial chemistry and analytical chemistry.
Ans. The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on commercial scale, is
called industrial chemistry. Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with separation and analysis
of a sample to identify its components.
7. Define nuclear chemistry.
Ans. Nuclear Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the radioactivity, nuclear processes and
properties.
8. Define environmental chemistry.
Ans. It is the branch of chemistry in which we study about components of the environment and the effects of human
activities on the environment.
9. Write two uses of nuclear chemistry.
Ans. The main concern of this branch is with the atomic energy and its uses in daily life. It also includes the study of
the chemical effects resulting from the absorption of radiation within animals, plants and other materials.
10. What is meant by organic chemistry? Ans. Ans is in Q5.
11. Define industrial chemistry and analytical chemistry. Ans. Same as 6.
12. How Can you differentiate between organic and inorganic chemistry? Ans. Same as 5.
13. Define science.
Ans. The knowledge that provides understanding of this world and how it works, is science.
14. What are hydrocarbons?
Ans. The compound which are made up of carbon, hydrogen and their derivative components are called
hydrocarbons these compounds are also called organic compounds.
15. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Ans. Qualitative analysis provides the identity of a substance (composition of chemical species). On the other hand,
quantitative analysis determines the amount of each component present in the sample.
16. Define atomic mass unit. Why is it needed?
Ans. The unit for relative atomic masses is called atomic mass unit, with symbol 'amu'. One atomic mass unit is
1/12th the mass of one atom of carbon-12. It is used as standard to measure the masses of atoms. When this atomic
mass unit is expressed in grams, it is:
17. What is meant by atomic mass?
Ans. The mass number or atomic mass is the sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an
atom. It is represented by symbol 'A'. It is calculated as A= Z + n
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18. Explain why hydrogen and oxygen are considered as elements whereas water as a compound.
Ans. An element is a substance which is made up of same type of atoms having same atomic number but different
mass number and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means hence hydrogen and
oxygen are elements. On the other hand, compound is the substance made of two or more elements chemically
combined together in fixed ratio by mass. Water is made of two elements hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio. That
is why water is a compound.
19. What is the significance of the symbol of an element?
Ans. Symbols are generally used to represent the elements or atoms of element in chemical reaction. Symbol also
represents one atom or one mole of the element.
20. State the reasons: soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound.
Ans. When two or more elements or compounds mix up physically without any fixed ratio, they form a mixture. Soft
drink is a mixture of sugar, water, CO2 and food colours. While water is compound because it is made up of hydrogen
and oxygen elements combined in a fixed ratio.
21. Write two differences between compound and mixture.
Ans.
Compound Mixture
i. It is formed by a chemical combination of atoms of i. Mixture is formed by the simple mixing up of the
the elements. ii. Compounds always have fixed substances. ii. Mixtures do not have fixed
composition by mass. composition.
22. Define valency and write an example.
Ans. The unique property of an element is valency. It is combining capacity of an element with other elements. It
depends upon the number of electrons in the outermost shell. The valency of chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon
is 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.
23. Define chemical properties. And give example.
Ans. The chemical properties depend upon the composition of the substance. When a substance undergoes a
chemical change, its composition changes and a new substance is formed. For example: decomposition of water is a
chemical change as it produces hydrogen and oxygen gases.
24. Define physical properties. And give example.
Ans. The properties those are associated with the physical state of the substance are called physical properties like
colour, smell, taste, hardness, shape of crystal, solubility, melting or boiling points, etc. For example, when ice is
heated, it melts to form water. When water is further heated, it boils to give steam. In this entire process only the
physical states of water change whereas its chemical composition remains the same.
25. Write the names of any four elements from Halogens group.
Ans. There are the following 4 elements as follows: Florine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I).
26. Write any two properties of mixture.
Ans. There are following two properties: i. Mixture shows the properties of the constituents. ii. Mixtures do not have
fixed composition.
27. What are compounds? Give examples.
Ans. Compound is a substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio by
mass. For example: carbon dioxide is formed when elements of carbon and oxygen combine chemically in a fixed
ratio of 12:32 or 3:8 by mass. Similarly, water is a compound formed by a chemical combination between hydrogen
and oxygen in a fixed ratio of 1:8 by mass.
28. Write empirical formulas of benzene and hydrogen per Oxide.
Ans. The empirical formula of benzene is CH and that of hydrogen peroxide is HO.
29. Write the empirical formulae of glucose and benzene.
Ans. The empirical formula of glucose is CH2O and benzene is CH.
30. Write the formulae of sugar and sulphuric acid.
Ans. The formula of sugar is C12H22O11 and sulphuric acid is H2SO4.
31. Define symbols of elements.
Ans. Symbols are abbreviations for the name of elements. A symbol is taken from the name of that element in
English, Latin, Greek or German. If it is one letter, it will be capital as H for Hydrogen, N for Nitrogen and C for Carbon
etc. In case of two letters symbol, only first letter is capital e.g. Ca for Calcium, Na for Sodium and Cl for Chlorine.
32. Write the chemical formulae of water and sugar.
Ans. The chemical formula of water is H2O and of sugar is C12H22O11
33. Write chemical formulas of sugar and common salt.
Ans. The chemical formula of sugar is C12H22O11 and common salt is NaCl.
34. Define chemical formula and give examples.
Ans. The formula that shows number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of that compound. Chemical
formulae are of two types, molecular formula and empirical formula. For example, molecular formula of benzene is
C6 H6. And empirical formula is CH.
35. Differentiate between molecular mass and formula mass.
Ans. The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular substance is its molecular
mass. For example, molecular mass of chlorine (Cl) is 71 amu, of water (H2O) is 18 amu and that of carbon oxide
(CO2) is 44 amu While Formula unit is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one formula unit of a
substance. For example, formula mass of sodium chloride is 58.5 amu and that of CaCO3 is 100 amu.
36. Write the modern definition of element.
Ans. Modern definition of element is that it is a substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic
number and cannot be decomposed into simple substances by ordinary chemical means.
37. In which physical state do the elements found in nature?
Ans. Elements may be solids, liquids or gases. Majority of the elements exist as solids e.g. sodium, copper, zinc, gold,
etc. There are very few elements which occur in liquid state e.g. mercury and bromine. A few elements exist as gases
e.g: nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine and hydrogen.
38. What is meant by radical? Write some examples.
Ans. A radical is a group of atoms that have some charge. For example: -OH, CN-, HSO-4, NH+4 are radicals.
39. What is meant by mixture?
Ans. When two or more elements or compounds mix up physically without any fixed ratio, they form a mixture. On
mixing up, the component substances retain their own chemical identities and properties.
40. Define homogeneous mixture.
Ans. Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout are called homogeneous mixtures e.g. air, gasoline, ice
cream.
41. Describe relative atomic mass.
Ans. The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the atoms of that element as compared to 1/12
(one-twelfth) the mass of an atom of carbon-12 isotope (an element having different mass number but same atomic
number).
42. Define atomic mass unit (amu). Ans. Same as 16.
43. Define empirical formula and molecular formula.
Ans. The molecules are represented by molecular formulae that show actual number of atoms of each element
present in a molecule of that compound. Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n
44. What is meant by atomic number?
Ans. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus of its atoms. It is
represented by symbol ‘Z. As all atoms of an element have the same number of protons in their nuclei, they have
the same atomic number.
45. Write down chemical formula of ammonia and sugar.
Ans. The molecular formula of ammonia is NH3 and that of sugar is C12H22O11.
46. Write down the empirical formulae of silica and glucose.
Ans. The empirical formula of silica is SiO2 and that of glucose is C6H12O6
47. How does homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture?
Ans. Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout are called homogeneous mixtures e.g. air, gasoline, ice
cream. Whereas, heterogeneous mixtures are those in which composition is not uniform throughout e.g. soil, rock
and wood.
48. What is the relative atomic mass? How is it related to gram?
Ans. The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the atoms of that element as compared to 1/12
(one-twelfth) the mass of an atom of carbon12 isotope (an element having different mass number but same atomic
number). The unit for relative atomic masses is called atomic mass unit, with symbol 'amu'.
49. Define empirical formula with an example.
Ans. The simplest type of formula is empirical formula. It is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a
compound. The covalent compound silica (sand) has simplest ratio of 1:2 of silicon and oxygen respectively.
Therefore, its empirical formula is SiO2
50. State three reasons why air is a mixture and water a compound?
Ans. There are following three reasons: i. Air is a mixture of different gases without any fixed ratio while water is
made up of hydrogen and oxygen elements in a fixed ratio by mass. ii. In air gases are mixed physically while in water
hydrogen and oxygen are chemically combined. iii. The components of air can be separated physically but
components of water cannot be separated physically.
51. Define a substance.
Ans. A piece of matter in pure form is termed as a substance. Every substance has a fixed composition and specific
properties or characteristics.
52. Write the definition of matter.
Ans. Matter is simply defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. Our bodies as well as all the things
around us are examples of matter. all types of matters that can exist in any of three physical states: solid, liquid or
gas.
53. Write down the percentage of oxygen in Earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere.
Ans.
Earth’s crust Ocean Atmosphere
Oxygen 47% Oxygen 86% Oxygen 21%
54. Write the names of elements which constitute 99% of a living body.
Ans. Six elements constitute about 99% of our body mass; namely: Oxygen 65 %, Carbon 18%, Hydrogen 10 %,
Nitrogen 3%, Calcium 1.5% and Phosphorus 1.5%.
55. What is air? How is it formed?
Ans. Air is homogenous mixture of different gases, like nitrogen, oxygen, CO2, Argon and water vapours. These all
gases are found in different ratio.
56. What is milk? How is it formed?
Ans. Milk is a mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins, mineral salts and vitamins. All things mix up completely to form
milk.
57. What is soil? How is it formed?
Ans. Soil is the heterogenous mixture of sand, clay, mineral salts, water and air. Soil is formed by mixing all the
components in different ratio.
58. What is brass? How is it formed?
Ans. Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc metals. Brass is an alloy. It is used for different purposes. To gain desirable
characteristics brass typically contain more copper than zinc.
59. Differentiate between atomic number and atomic mass.
Ans. The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons present in the nucleus of its atoms. It is
represented by symbol ‘Z’. E. g: Sulphur having 16 protons shows atomic number Z = 16 While The mass number is
the sum of number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is represented by symbol 'A'. It is
calculated as A= Z + n where n is the number of neutrons. For example: hydrogen atom has one proton and no
neutron in its nucleus, its mass number A=l+0 =1.
60. Define molecular formula. Give example.
Ans. molecular formulae that show actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of that
compound. Molecular formula is derived from empirical formula by the following relationship: Molecular formula =
(Empirical formula)n
61. What is meant by formula unit?
Ans. It is defined as the simplest whole number ratio of ions, as present in the ionic compound. In other words, ionic
compounds have only empirical formulae. For example, formula unit of common salt consists of one Na+ and one CI
ion and its empirical formula is NaCl.
62. Define molecular mass. Give example.
Ans. The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular substance, is its molecular
mass. For example, molecular mass of chlorine (Cl2) is 71.0 amu, of water (H2O) is 18 amu and that of carbon oxide
(CO2) is 44 amu.
63. Define formula mass. Give example.
Ans. Formula mass is defined as the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one formula unit of a
substance. Some ionic compounds that form three dimensional solid crystals, are represented by their formula units.
For example, formula mass of sodium chloride is 58.5 amu and that of CaCO3 is 100 amu.
64. Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples.
Ans. A Molecule containing same type of atoms, is called homoatomic molecule. For example: hydrogen (H 2), ozone
(O3), sulphur (S8) and phosphorus (P4) are the examples of molecules formed by the same type of atoms while when
a molecule consists of different kinds of atoms, it is called heteroatomic molecule. For example: CO2, H2O and NH3.
65. What is the difference between cation and anion?
Ans. An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called cation. The cations are formed when atoms
lose electrons from their outermost shells. For example, Na+, K+ are cations While An atom or a group of atoms that
has a negative charge on it, is called anion. Anion is formed by the gain or addition of electrons to an atom. For
example, Cl- and O2-.
66. How cation is formed?
Ans. The cations are formed when atoms lose electrons from their outermost shells. For example, Na +, K+ are
cations. The following equation show the formation of cations from atoms. Na → Na+ + 1e-
67. Define free radical and give an example.
Ans. Free radicals are atoms or group of atoms possessing odd number of (unpaired) electrons. It is represented by
putting a dot over the symbol of an element e.g, H, CI, H3C.Free radicals are generated by the homolytic (equal)
breakage of the bond between two atoms when they absorb heat or light energy.
68. Write down two differences between molecule and molecular ion.
Ans.
Molecule Molecular ion
i. It is the smallest particle of an element or i. It is formed by gain or loss of electrons by a molecule.
compound which can exist independently and shows ii. It can have positive or negative charge.
all the properties of that compound. ii. It is always
neutral.
69. What is meant by triatomic and polyatomic molecule?
Ans. If the molecule consists of three atoms, it is called triatomic molecule. For example: H2O and CO2. If a molecule
consists of many atoms, it is called polyatomic. For example: methane (CH4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and glucose (C6H
12O6).
70. What is the difference between atom and ion?
Ans.
Atom Ion
i. It is the smallest particle of an element. ii. It can i. It is the smallest unit of an ionic compound. ii. It can
exist independently and take part in chemical not exist independently and is surrounded by oppositely
reaction. charged ions.
71. What is the difference between ions and free radicals?
Ans.
Ions Free radicals
i. These are atoms Which bear some charge. ii. i. These are the atoms that have odd number of electrons.
They exist in solution or crystal lattice. ii. They can exist in solution and in crystal lattice.
72. How anions are formed?
Ans. An atom or a group of atoms that has a negative charge on it, is called anion. Anion is formed by the gain or
addition of electrons to an atom. For example, Cl- and O 2.
73. Define a molecule. Give example.
Ans. A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or compound that can have an independent existance. For
example: O2, H2 and CH4.
74. What are mono atomic molecules?
Ans. A molecule consisting of only one atom is called monoatomic molecule. For example, the inert gases helium,
neon and argon all exist independently in atomic form and they are called monoatomic molecules.
75. What are diatomic molecules?
Ans. If a molecule consists of two atoms, it is called diatomic molecule. For example: hydrogen (H 2), oxygen (O2),
chlorine (Cl2) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).
76. What are triatomic molecules? Ans. Ans in 69.
77. Find formula mass of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
Ans. The formula mass is the sum of atomic masses of all the elements present in an ionic compound so the formula
mass of (Na2SO4). is calculated as follows. Atomic masses atoms are as follows: Na= 23 amu, S=32 amu, O=16 amu.
Formula mass of (Na2SO4) = 2(23) + 32 + 4(16) = 142 amu.
78. Define gram atom and gram molecule.
Ans. The atomic mass of element when expressed in grams is called Gram atomic mass or gram atom. For example
one gram atom of H=1g and O=16 g. While when the mass of molecular substance is expressed in gram it is called as
gram molecular mass or gram molecule. The mass of CO2=44g and H2O=18g.
79. Sulphuric acid is the king of chemicals. If you are required 5 moles of sulphuric acid for a reaction then tell
what will be its mass?
Ans. To calculate the mass of sulphuric acid we use the following formula: Mass of the substance= Molar mass x No.
of moles, we know the molar mass of sulphuric acid is 98g, by putting the values. Mass of H2SO4= 98X5= 490g.
80. What is gram atomic mass? Ans. Same as 78.
81. What is gram molecular mass? Ans. Same as 78.
82. What is gram formula mass?
Ans. The formula mass of ionic compounds expressed in gram is called gram formula mass. For example: formula
mass of NaCl= 58.5.
83. Which one has more atoms 10g of Al or 10g of Fe?
Ans. To calculate no. of atoms in 10g Al and 10g Fe we first calculate no. of moles in each of them as follows,
No. of moles= Known mass of a substance/ Molar mass of a substance, fist calculate moles of Al as follows, No. of
moles= 10g/27g= 0.37 moles Now calculate moles of Fe= 10g/55.84= 0.18. as Al has more moles than Fe so Al has
more atoms than Fe.
84. Which one has more molecules: 9g of water or 9g of sugar?
Ans. First of all calculate no. of moles of each as follows, No. of moles= Given mass of substance/ molar mass of
substance, by putting the values for water= 9g/18g, No. of moles of water=0.5. Now calculate the no. of moles in
sugar= 9g/342g= 0.03. as water has more moles so it has more molecules than sugar.
85. Which one has more formula units: lg of NaCl or 1g of KCI?
Ans. To calculate formula units we first calculate no. of moles in each of the following as follows: No. of moles=Given
mass of substance/formula mass of the substance, by putting values, No. of moles of NaCl=1g/58.5=0.017 moles.
Now calculate moles of KCl= 1g/74.5=0.013, as NaCl has more moles so there are more formula units in 1g of NaCl
than in 1g KCl.
86. Which one of the following has more hydrogen atoms, 2 moles of HCI or 1 mole of NH3?
Ans. One molecule of HCl contains 1 hydrogen atom while one molecule of NH3 contains 3 hydrogen atoms. hence
two moles of HCl will contain the double the amount of H atoms While one mole of NH3 contains 3 times hydrogen
atoms which are more than H atoms in 2 moles of HCl.
87. What is meant by Avogadro' Number?
Ans. Avogadro's Number is a collection of 6.02  1023 particles. It is represented by symbol 'NA'. Hence, the 6.02 
1023 number of atoms, molecules or formula units is called Avogadro's number that is equivalent to one 'mole' of
respective substance.
88. Define mole.
Ans. A mole is defined as the amount (mass) of a substance that contains 6.02  l023 number of particles (atoms,
molecules or formula units). quantitative definition of mole is the atomic mass, molecular mass or formula mass of a
substance expressed in grams is called mole.
89. How many moles are there in 40 grams phosphoric acid?
Ans. To calculate no. of moles we have the formula as follows: No. of moles= Known mass of substance/Molar mass
of the substance by putting the values, No. of moles in H2SO4= 40g/98=0.41 moles
CH#2: Structure of Atoms
Q2. Write short answers of the following question:
1. As long as electron remains in an orbit, it does not emit or absorb energy. When does it emit or absorb energy?
Ans. When an electron jumps from lower orbit to higher orbit, it absorbs energy and when it jumps from higher orbit
to lower orbit it radiates energy. This change in energy, E is given by following Planck's equation. E=E2-E1=h𝜐
2. Give three properties of positive rays.
Ans. i. These rays travel in straight lines in a direction opposite to the cathode rays. ii. Their deflection in electric and
magnetic field proved that these are positively charged. iii. The nature of canal rays depends upon the nature of gas,
present in the discharge tube.
3. What are the defects of ‘Rutherford's atomic model'.
Ans. i. According to classical theory of radiation, electrons being the charged particles should release or emit energy
continuously and they should ultimately fall into the nucleus. ii. If the electrons emit energy continuously, they
should form a continuous spectrum but in fact, line spectrum was observed.
4. What is the nature of charge on cathode rays? From where they originate?
Ans. They are deflected towards positive plate in an electric field showing that they are negatively charged. They
originate from cathode in the discharge tube.
5. Give five characteristics of cathode rays.
Ans. i. These rays travel in straight lines perpendicular to the cathode surface. ii. They can cast a sharp shadow of an
opaque object if placed in their path. iii. They are deflected towards positive plate in an electric field showing that
they are negatively charged. iv. They raise temperature of the body on which they fall. v. JJ. Thomson discovered
their charge/mass (e / m) ratio.
6. What are atom according to Democritus?
Ans. Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles called
atoms. The name atom was derived from the Latin word 'Atomos' meaning indivisible.
7. Write down three points of John Dalton's atomic theory.
Ans. i. According to Dalton, an atom is an indivisible, hard, dense sphere. ii. Atoms of the same element are alike. iii.
They combine in different ways to form compounds.
8. What is plum pudding theory? Who presented it?
Ans. Thomson put forth his “plum pudding” theory. He postulated that atoms were solid structures of positively
charge with tiny negative particles stuck inside. It is like plums in the pudding.
9. When and who discovered proton?
Ans. In 1886 Goldstein observed that in addition to cathode rays, other rays were also present in the discharge tube.
These rays were traveling in opposite direction to cathode rays. They rays were given the name ‘canal rays’, these
were positively charge particles (protons).
10. Write down two characteristics of canal rays.
Ans. i. These rays travel in straight lines in a direction opposite to the cathode rays. ii. Their deflection in electric and
magnetic field proved that these are positively charged.
11. Why positive rays are also called canal rays?
Ans. In 1886 Goldstein observed that in addition to cathode rays, other rays were also present in the discharge tube.
These rays were traveling in opposite direction to cathode rays. He used a discharge tube having perforated cathode.
He found that these rays passed through holes present in the cathode and produced a glow on the walls of the
discharge tube. He called these rays as "canal rays".
12. Write down three characteristics of neutron particles.
Ans. Properties of neutron are as following: i. Neutrons carry no charge i.e. they are neutral. ii. They are highly
penetrating. iii. Mass of these particles was nearly equal to the mass of a proton.
13. How neutron was discovered? Write its equation.
Ans. In 1932 Chadwick discovered neutron, when he bombarded alpha particles on a beryllium target. He observed
that highly penetrating radiations were produced. These radiations were called neutron.
14. What are nucleons?
Ans. Except electrons, all other fundamental particles that lie within the nucleus, are known as nucleons.
15. Write down the observations of Rutherford's experiment.
Ans. Observations made by Rutherford were as follows: i. Almost all the particles passed through the foil un-
deflected. ii. Out of 20000 particles, only a few were deflected at fairly large angles and very few bounced back on
hitting the gold foil.
16. Write down the importance of Rutherford’s atomic model.
Ans. Although the scientists had objections on the atomic model presented by Rutherford, yet it cultivated thought
provoking ideas among them. They initiated the quest to answer the following questions: i. How can an atom
collapse or why are atoms stable? ii. Why does an atom give line spectrum? iii. Scientists considered there must be
another model of atom. It indicated that Rutherford's model was not perfect.
17. Write down two postulates of Bohr's atomic model.
Ans. i. The hydrogen atom consists of a tiny nucleus and electrons are revolving in one of circular orbits of radius ‘r’
around the nucleus. ii. Each orbit has a fixed energy that is quantized.
18. Why Max Planck’s was given Noble prize?
Ans. In 1918 Noble prize in physics was awarded to German physicist Max Planck (1858-1947) for his work on the
quantum theory.
19. Write down two differences between Rutherford's and Bohr's atomic theory.
Ans.
Rutherford's Atomic Theory Bohr's Atomic Theory
i. It was based upon classical theory. ii. Electrons i. It was based upon quantum theory. ii. Electrons
revolve around the nucleus. revolve around the nucleus in orbits of fixed energy.
20. What is meant by quantum?
Ans. Quantum means fixed energy. It is the smallest amount of energy that can be emitted or absorbed as
electromagnetic radiation. Quanta is plural of quantum.
21. Give the names of the particles which represent the mass of atom.
Ans. The particles found within the nucleus which represent the mass of an atom are protons and neutrons.
22. Who discovered electron and proton?
Ans. In 1886, Goldstein discovered positively charged particles called protons. In 1897, J.J. Thomson found in an
atom, the negatively charged particles known as electrons.
23. Write two characteristics of protons.
Ans. Following are the properties of the protons i. protons are positively charge particles. ii. The mass of proton is
nearly equal to that of neutron.
24. How positive rays are generated in discharge tube?
Ans. Positive rays are produced when the cathode rays or electrons collide with the residual gas molecules present
in the discharge tube and ionize them as follows:
25. Define an atom.
Ans. Atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not have an independent existence and shows
the properties of that element.
26. Write a short introduction of J.J. Thomson.
Ans. J.J. Thomson (1856- 1940) was a British physicist. He was awarded the 1906 Noble Prize in Physics for the
discovery of electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases
27. Write a short introduction of Sir William Crooks.
Ans. Sir William Crooks (1832-1919) was a British chemist and physicist. He was pioneer of vacuum tubes. He worked
on spectroscopy.
28. What are electrons?
Ans. Electrons are negatively charge particles that revolve around the nucleus in an atom. These were produced
from the cathode of discharge tube.
29. Why cathode rays were given the name of electrons?
Ans. The fact that they cast the shadow of an opaque object suggested that these are not rays but they are fast
moving material particles. They were given the name electrons.
30. When and who discovered electrons? Ans. Answer in 22.
31. On what factors the nature of canal rays depends?
Ans. The mass and charge of these particles depend upon the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. Hence,
different gases produce different types of positive rays having particles of different masses and different charges.
32. What is meant by nucleus?
Ans. The central part of an atom is called nucleus it contains protons and neutrons. It has positive charge due to
protons.
33. Write a short introduction of Rutherford.
Ans. Rutherford was a British New Zealand chemist. He performed a series of experiments using a - particles. He won
the 1908 Noble Prize in Chemistry. In 1911, he proposed the nuclear model of the atom and performed the first
experiment to split atom. Because of his great contributions, he is considered the father of nuclear science.
34. Write a short introduction of Neil Bohr.
Ans. Neil Bohr was a Danish physicist who joined Rutherford in 1912 for his postdoctoral research. In 1913, Bohr
presented his atomic model based upon Quantum theory. He won the 1922 Noble Prize for Physics for his work on
the structure of an atom.
35. What is Planck's equation?
Ans. The Planck’s equation is as follows: , Where, h is Planck's constant equal to 6.63  10-34 Js,
and 𝜐 is frequency of light.
36. Write down the angular momentum of an electron.
Ans. Electron can revolve only in orbits of a fixed angular moment mvr, given as: Where 'n' is the quantum
number or orbit number having values 1,2,3 and so on.
37. What is Planck's constant? Write its value. Ans. h is Planck's constant equal to 6.63  10-34 Js.
38. An element has an atomic number 17? How many electrons are present in K, L, and M shells of the atom?
Ans. The electronic configuration of the element having atomic number 17 in terms of shells is as follows. K2, L8, M7.
39. What will be the nature of charge on an atom when it loses an electron or when it gains an electron?
Ans. When an atom loses an electron it gains positive charge this positively charge ion is called cation While when an
atom gains an electron it attains negative charge called anion.
40. Write down electronic configuration of silicon and aluminium.
Ans. The electronic configuration of silicon and aluminium is as follows: 14Si= 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p2 and
2 2 6 2 1
13Al=1s ,2s ,2p ,3s ,3p
41. What is the maximum capacity of a shell?
Ans. K shell can accommodate 2 electrons, L shell can accommodate 8 electrons, M shell can accommodate 18
electron and N shell can accommodate 32 electrons.
42. Write the names of first four shells. Ans. There are the following 4 shells, K, L, M and N.
43. Write the electronic configuration of sodium.
Ans. The atomic number of sodium is 11. Its electronic configuration is as follows, 11Na= 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1
44. Write the electronic configuration of carbon C-12.
Ans. Carbon has atomic number 6. The electronic configuration of C-12 is as follows, 12C= 1s2,2s2,2p2
45. Write down electronic configuration of Cl- ion.
Ans. The atomic number of Chlorine is 17 but it has one extra electron so the electronic configuration of chloride ion
will be as follows. Cl- = 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6.
46. There are 5 electrons in M shell of an element. Find its atomic number.
Ans. If there are 5 electrons in the M shell of an atom it means its K2 and L8 shell are completely filled so the atomic
number of such element will be 15.
47. There are 11 electrons in an element. Write its electronic configuration. Ans. Same as 43.
48. What is atomic number of phosphorus? Write its electronic configuration.
Ans. The atomic no of phosphorus is 15. Its electronic configuration is as follows: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p3.
49. Write the electronic configuration of argon 18 and boron 5.
Ans. The electronic configuration of argon and boron is as follows. Ar= 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6 and B= 1s2,2s2,2p1
50. Write the electronic configuration of Al3+. How many electrons can valence shell accommodate?
Ans. The electronic configuration of Al3+ is as follows. Al3+=1s2,2s2,2p6
51. Write the electronic configuration of magnesium.
Ans. The electronic configuration of magnesium is as follows:1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2
52. Why magnesium has ability to donate electrons?
Ans. Magnesium is highly electropositive element it has 2 electrons in its valence shell. it loses 2 electrons to attain
the noble gas electronic configuration having 8 electrons in its valence shell.
53. Write the difference between shell and sub shell.
Ans. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in different energy levels or shells according to their respective
energies (potential energy). Energy levels are represented by 'n' values 1, 2, 3 and so on. These energy levels are
given the name of shell. They are designated by the alphabets K, L, M and so on. While the subshells are the sub
energy levels within a shell these are s, p, d and f.
54. How many electrons can second shell accommodate?
Ans. The maximum capacity of the second shell (K-shell) to accommodate electron is of 8 electrons.
55. Define electronic configuration.
Ans. The distribution of electrons around the nucleus into various shells and subshells in order of increasing energy
level is called electronic configuration.
56. Write down the electronic configuration of Sodium. How many electrons are present in its outermost shell?
Ans. The electronic configuration of sodium is as follows: Na= 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1. As we see there is only one electron in
the valence shell of sodium.
57. Differentiate between shell and subshell with examples of each. Ans. Same as 53.
58. Write down the names of sub shells. Ans. Ans in 53.
59. How many electrons can each sub shell accommodate?
Ans. The electrons accommodated by each subshell are as follows. s2, p6, d10, f14.
60. How many electrons can each shell accommodate?
Ans. The maximum capacity of each shell to accommodate electrons is as follows. K2 L8 M18 N32
61. What are energy levels? Ans. Same as 53.
62. For what purpose U-235 is used?
Ans. When U-235 is bombarded with slow moving neutrons, the uranium nucleus breaks up to produce Barium-139
and Krypton-94 and three neutrons. . A large amount of energy is released
which is used to convert water into steam in boilers. The steam then drives the turbines to generate electricity.
63. A patient has goiter. How will it be detected?
Ans. Isotopes of Iodine-131 are used for diagnosis of goiter in thyroid gland.
64. Define isotopes.
Ans. Isotopes are defined as the atoms of an element that have same atomic number but different mass numbers.
They have same electronic configuration and number of protons but they differ in the number of neutrons
65. How many isotopes chlorine has? Ans. There are two isotopes of chlorine as follows.
66. What is meant by radio carbon dating?
Ans. An important method of age determination of old carbon containing objects (fossils) by measuring the
radioactivity of C-14 in them is called radio-carbon dating or simply carbon dating.
67. What is meant by nuclear fission reaction?
Ans. The big size atoms are broken down into smaller atoms by carrying out controlled reactions in nuclear reactors.
such reactions are called nuclear fission reactions. For example: .
68. How many isotopes carbon has?
Ans. There are two stable isotopes of carbon C and C and one radioactive isotope C. The isotope 12C is present in
12 13 14
abundance of 98.9 %, while 13C and 14C are both present only 1.1 % in nature.
69. Write the isotopes of hydrogen.
Ans. The naturally occurring hydrogen is combination of its three isotopes, present in different abundances. The
three isotopes of hydrogen are named as protium, deuterium and tritium Each one of them has 1 proton and 1
electron, but number of neutrons are different.
70. Complete the equation.
Ans.
71. Write the use of isotopes in radiotherapy.
Ans. For the treatment of skin cancer, isotopes like P-32 and Sr-90 are used because they emit less penetrating beta
radiations. For cancer, Co-60, affecting within the body, is used because it emits strongly penetrating gamma rays.
72. Which isotopes are used for the treatment of skin cancer?
Ans. For the treatment of skin cancer, isotopes like P-32 and Sr-90 are used because they emit less penetrating beta
radiations.
73. Write down the use of iodine-131 and technetium.
Ans. Isotopes of Iodine-131 are used for diagnosis of goiter in thyroid gland. Similarly technetium is used to monitor
the bone growth.
74. Complete the equation.
Ans.
75. Write down the use of isotopes in power generation.
Ans. When U-235 is bombarded with slow moving neutrons, the uranium nucleus breaks up to produce Barium-139
and Krypton-94 and three neutrons. A large amount of energy is released which is used to convert water into steam
in boilers. The steam then drives the turbines to generate electricity.
CH#3: Periodic Table and Periodicity of Properties
Q#1: Write short answers of the following.
1. Why and how are elements arranged in 4 period?
Ans. The elements are arranged in 4 period in order of increasing atomic number from left to right.
2. What do you mean by groups and periods in the periodic table?
Ans. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups while horizontal rows of the periodic table are
called periods. There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the periodic table.
3. Why Cesium (at.no.55) requires little energy to release its one electron present in the outermost shell?
Ans. Cesium has very large size and hold of its nucleus on the valence electron is very weak due to greater shielding
effect that is why by giving little energy we can take away its valence electron.
4. What is the difference between Mendeleev's periodic law and modern periodic law.
Ans. Mendeleev's periodic law: Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic masses. Modern
periodic law: The properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
5. Why are noble gases not reactive?
Ans. Noble gases are non-reactive because they do have 2 or 8 electrons in their valence shell and do not have any
vacant spaces to accommodate extra electrons in their valence shell.
6. Define Mendeleev's periodic law. Ans. “Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic masses’’
7. What is periodic table? Write down its characteristics.
Ans. The systematic arrangement of elements in horizontal rows and columns such that the elements with similar
properties (similar electronic configuration) are found in the same group this arrangement of elements is called
periodic table. Characteristics: There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the periodic table. Elements of the group show
similar properties but elements of the period show different properties.
8. What is meant by periodic function?
Ans. In the periodic table when elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic numbers properties of elements
repeat after regular interval this is called periodic function.
9. How many elements are there in first period of periodic table? Write their names.
Ans. There are two elements in the first period hydrogen and helium.
10. Write the names and symbols of the elements of first group.
Ans. Following are the elements of the first group. Hydrogen (H), Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium
(Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr).
11. Define Newland's law of octaves.
Ans. In 1864 Newland put forward his observation in the form of law of octaves, according to this there was
repetition of properties in every eight element if they were arranged by their increasing atomic masses.
12. What is meant by transition elements?
Ans. The d-block elements are called transition elements because they exhibit transitional behaviour between s-
block and p-block elements. Their properties are transitional between highly reactive metallic elements of s-block
which are ionic in nature and the elements of p-block which are covalent in nature.
13. Why are the elements of group 13-18 called p-block elements?
Ans. The elements of the group 13-18 have their valence electrons in ‘p’ subshell therefore they are referred to as p-
block elements.
14. Define modern periodic law. Ans. Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
15. What do you know about Dobereiner's triads?
Ans. A German chemist Dobereiner observed relationship between atomic masses of several groups of three
elements called triads. In these group, the central or middle element had atomic mass average of the other two
elements. One triad group example is that of calcium (40), Strontium (88) and barium (137).
16. Define periodic law of Mosley. Ans. Properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.
17. Write down two characteristics of long form of periodic table.
Ans. (i) There are seven horizontal rows in the periodic table called periods. (ii) There are 18 columns in the periodic
table number from 1-18 from left to right.
18. How many elements are there in group 17? Write their names.
Ans. There are following five elements in group 17 as follows. Florine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I) and
Astatine (At).
19. Why do the elements called s and p block elements?
Ans. The s-block elements (group 1-2) have their valence electrons in the s-subshell while p-block elements group
(13-18) have their valence electrons in p-subshell that is why these elements are called s and p-block elements.
20. How many elements are there in period 4? Ans. There are 18 elements in the 4 period.
21. How many total blocks are there in periodic table? Write their names.
Ans. There are 4 blocks of elements in the periodic table. These are s, p, d and f-block.
22. Write down the symbols of noble gases.
Ans. Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn).
23. How Mendeleev arranged elements in periodic table?
Ans. Russian chemist Mendeleev arranged the known elements only 63 in order of increasing atomic masses, in
horizontal rows called periods, so that elements with similar properties were in the same vertical columns. This
arrangement of elements was called periodic table.
24. Which periods are long? How many elements are there in each long period?
Ans. 4th and 5th period are called long periods there are 18 elements in each period.
25. Write a short introduction on Mendeleev.
Ans. Mendeleev (1834-1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor. He was the creator of first version of periodic
table of elements. With the help of the table, he predicted the properties yet to be discovered.
26. Write down the demerits of Mendeleev's periodic table.
Ans. His failure to explain the position of isotopes and wrong order of the atomic masses of some elements
suggested that atomic masse cannot serve as basis for the arrangement of elements.
27. How elements are arranged in modern periodic table?
Ans. The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal rows and columns such that the
elements with similar properties are found in the same column. This arrangement resulted in the table of 7
horizontal rows called periods and 18 vertical columns called groups.
28. What are the periods?
Ans. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods there are 7 periods in the period table.
29. What are the groups?
Ans. The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups there are 18 groups in the periodic table.
30. How many groups are there in modern periodic table? Ans. There are 18 groups in the periodic table.
31. How many periods are there in modern periodic table? Ans. There are 7 periods in the period table.
32. How elements are classified into four blocks?
Ans. On the basis of completion of a particular subshell, elements with similar subshell electronic configuration are
referred as block of the elements. There are four blocks in the periodic table named after the name of subshell which
is in the process of completion by electrons. These are s, p, d and f.
33. What are the blocks of elements? Ans. Same as 32.
34. Write a short note on alchemy.
Ans. The alchemy was the art of changing substances into other substances. The alchemy was combination of
philosophy and science. The main objective of this field was to find cure to diseases and changing other metals like
lead and silver to gold. These objectives were never accomplished.
35. What are fireworks?
Ans. Beautiful fireworks display are common on celebrations like Pakistan day. It is dangerous but careful use of
various elements and particularly metals salts of different composition give beauty and colors to the fireworks.
Elements like magnesium and aluminium are used in powdered form. Salts of sodium give yellow color, calcium-red,
strontium-scarlet, barium-green and copper-bluish green. Other chemicals are used to give brilliance and shades.
36. How is periodicity of properties dependent upon number of protons in an atom?
Ans. Atomic number is a more fundamental property than atomic mass because atomic number of every element is
fixed and it increases regularly from element to element.
37. Why shielding effect of electrons make cation formation easy?
Ans. Shielding effect is created due to inner shell electrons and due to this effect hold of the nucleus on the valence
electron becomes weak which makes the cation formation easy.
38. Why the size of atom does not decrease regularly in a period?
Ans. The size of atom doesn't decrease regularly due to the reason of lanthanide contraction. There is slightly
increase or almost no increase in atomic radius from 5th to 6th period in transition metal.
39. What is meant by atomic radius?
Ans. Half of the distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms is referred to as atomic radius. The atomic radius
of carbon is 77 pm.
40. Explain why atomic radius decreases in a period from left to right?
Ans. As we move from left to right in a period the more protons are added in the nucleus but electrons are being
added in the same shell this increases the effective nuclear charge (Zeff) hence nucleus pulls the valence shell closer
this results in reduction of atomic size.
41. What is shielding effect?
Ans. The electron present in the inner shell screen or shield the force of attraction of nucleus felt by the valence
shell electrons this is called shielding effect.
42. What is the trend of shielding effect in a period?
Ans. Shielding effect remains the same in the period as we move from left to right.
43. What is SI unit of atomic radius? Ans. The SI unit of atomic radius is pico meter (pm).
44. Define ionization energy.
Ans. The ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove most loosely bound electron from the
valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom. The I.E for Na is +496 kjmol-1
45. What is the trend of atomic size and atomic radius in periods and groups?
Ans. The atomic size or atomic radius decreases in the period due to increase effective nuclear charge same no. of
shell. But atomic radius increases in the group due to addition of extra shell in between nucleus and valence shell,
greater shielding effect, weaker effective nuclear charge.
46. Describe the trend of ionization energy in group.
Ans. The ionization energy decrease in the group due to following reasons, increase in atomic size, decrease in
effective nuclear charge so it becomes easy to take away electrons from the valence shell.
47. What is meant by first ionization energy?
Ans. The amount of energy required to remove the first most loosely bound electron from the isolated gaseous atom
is called first ionization energy.
48. What is meant by second ionization energy?
Ans. The amount of energy required to remove second electron from the isolated gaseous atom is called second
ionization energy second ionization energy is always higher than the first.
49. Why the second ionization energy is higher than the first ionization energy?
Ans. When we remove first electrons from the valence shell of an atom the remaining electrons are more strongly
attracted by the nucleus so the removal of second electron becomes difficult and second ionization is more than the
first ionization energy.
50. What is meant by electron affinity?
Ans. Electron affinity is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is added in the outermost shell
of an isolated gaseous atom. Example: F + e- → F- ΔH= -328 kJmol-1
51. What is the trend of Electron affinity in period?
Ans. Electron affinity increases in a period due to decrease in size of atom, more attraction for the incoming
electron, more energy will be released.
52. What is meant by electronegativity?
Ans. The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a molecule is called
electronegativity.
53. What is electronegativity? Write electronegativity of chlorine.
Ans. The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a molecule is called
electronegativity. The electronegativity of chlorine is 3.2.
54. Write down the trend of electronegativity in a group.
Ans. Electronegativity decreases down the group because size of atom increases hence attraction for the share pair
of electrons weakens.
55. Atomic size increases from top to bottom in a group. Why?
Ans. The size of atom increases from top to bottom in a group it is because new shells of electron is added up in each
successive period which decreases the effective nuclear charge.
56. The ionization energy of sodium is less than magnesium. Why?
Ans. Ionization energy of sodium is less than magnesium because magnesium has stronger effective nuclear charge
than sodium so removal of electrons from magnesium requires more energy.
57. Why are the ionization energy values for metals small?
Ans. Metal atom have low ionization energy because of large size atoms and week hold of nucleus over the valence
electrons that's why it is easy to remove valence electrons from metal atoms.
58. What is meant by effective nuclear charge?
Ans. Valence electrons experience a lower force and reduce nuclear charge due to shielding by the inner electrons
this reduce charge is known as effective nuclear charge is called effective because shielding effect prevents the outer
electrons from experiencing the full charge.
59. Write the trend of electronegativity in the periods.
Ans. Electronegativity increases in a period due to increase in effective nuclear charge, decrease in the size of atom
hence ability to attract shared pair of electrons increases.
60. Give the trend of ionization energy in a period.
Ans. Value of ionization energy increases from left to right in a period because increase in effective nuclear charge,
decrease in size of atom and valence electrons are more strongly held by the nucleus so more energy is required to
remove electrons from valence shell.
61. Describe the trend of shielding effect in a group.
Ans. Shielding effect increase down the group because of addition of extra shell in each successive period, so there
are more electrons in between the nucleus and valence shell electrons which results in more shielding effect.
62. Describe the trend of ionization energy in a period.
Ans. Ionization Energy increases in a period because of increase in effective nuclear charge, decrease in size of atom
hence there is more electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons so it becomes difficult to
remove electrons from valence shell.
63. Write down the value of ionization energy for sodium. Ans. Na → Na+ + e- ΔH= +496 kJmol- 1
64. Describe the trend of electron affinity in a group.
Ans. Electron affinity decreases in a group because of increase in shielding effect, increase in size of atom so the
poor attraction for the incoming electron hence less energy is released.
65. Which element has the highest electronegativity?
Ans. Florine has been given the highest electronegativity on Pauling scale which is 4.
66. Why do the bigger size atoms have more shielding effect?
Ans. Bigger size atoms have more shielding effect because there exist more electrons in between the nucleus and
valence electrons which screen the force of attraction of nucleus on the valence electrons hence more shielding
effect.
67. Why is it difficult to remove an electron from halogens?
Ans. The halogens are the most electronegative elements in the periodic table hence they have tendency to gain
electron so it is very difficult to remove electrons from halogens.
CH#4: Structure of Molecules
Q2. Write short answers of the following questions.
1. Why do atoms react?
Ans. It is a universal rule that everything in this world tends to become more stable. Atoms achieve stability by
attaining electronic configuration of noble gases (He, Ne or Ar, etc) i.e. ns 2, np6. Having 2 or 8 electrons in the
valence shell is sign of stability
2. What is duplet rule? Ans. Attaining two electrons in the valence shell is called duplet rule
3. What is octet rule? Ans. Attaining eight electrons in the valence shell is called octet rule.
4. By how many ways atoms can accommodate 8 electrons in their valence shell?
Ans. An atom can accommodate 8 electrons in its valence shell in three ways: (i) By giving valence shell electrons (if
they are less than three) to other atoms. (ii) By gaining electrons from other atoms (if the valence shell has five or
more electrons in it). (iii) By sharing valence electrons with other atoms.
5. Write down the importance of electronic configuration of noble gases.
Ans. The importance of the noble gas electronic configuration lies in the fact that all other atoms try their best to
have the noble gas electronic configuration. For this purpose, atoms combine with one another, which is called
chemical bonding. In other words, atoms form chemical bonds to achieve stability by acquiring inert gas electronic
configuration.
6. Why noble gases do not react?
Ans. The noble gases do have 2 or 8 electrons in their valence shells. It means all the noble gases have their valence
shells completely filled. Their atoms do not have vacant space in their valence shell to accommodate extra electrons.
Therefore, noble gases do not gain, lose or share electrons. That is why they are non-reactive.
7. What is the difference between duplet rule and octet rule? Ans. Same as 2 and 3.
8. What is the condition for the stability of an atom.
Ans. Atoms achieve stability by attaining electronic configuration of noble gases (He, Ne or Ar, etc) i.e. ns 2, np6 .
Having 2 or 8 electrons in the valence shell is sign of stability.
9. What is chemical bond?
Ans. A chemical bond is defined as a force of attraction between atoms that holds them together in a substance.
10. How a molecule formed?
Ans. A molecule is formed by combination of atoms of different elements which exist in different physical states.
11. What are the possibilities when no bond is formed between two close atoms?
Ans. When two approaching atoms come closer, the attractive as well as repulsive forces become operative if
repulsive forces become dominant no chemical bond will be formed. In that case there will be increase in the energy
of the system due to creation of repulsive forces.
12. Why is the bond between an electropositive and an electronegative atom ionic in nature?
Ans. The elements of Group-1 and Group-2 being metals have the tendency to lose their valence electrons forming
positively charged ions. Whereas non-metals of Group15 to Group-17 have the tendency to gain or accept electrons.
They are electronegative elements with high electron affinities. If atoms belonging to these two different groups,
metals and non-metals, are allowed to react, chemical bond is formed. This type of chemical bond, which is formed
due to complete transfer of electron from one atom to another atom, is called ionic bond.
13. More electronegative elements can form bonds between themselves. Justify?
Ans. The elements of Group-13 to Group-17 are electronegative elements, they form a chemical bond by mutual
sharing of their valence shell electrons. This type of bond, which is formed due to mutual sharing of electrons, is
called a covalent bond.
14. Describe at least two necessary conditions for the formation of a covalent bond.
Ans. (i) Elements forming a bond should be from the group 13-17. (ii) The difference of electronegativity between
atoms forming a bond should be less than 1.7.
15. What is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds? Explain with example.
Ans. If a covalent bond is formed between two similar atoms (homo-atoms), the shared pair of electrons is attracted
by both the atoms equally. Such type of bond is called non-polar covalent bond. For example, bond formation in H2
and CI2. When there is difference of electronegativity between two covalently bonded atoms, there will be unequal
attraction for the bond pair of electrons between such atoms. It will result in the formation of polar covalent bond.
For example: H2O and HCl.
16. Why does a covalent bond become polar?
Ans. When there is difference of electronegativity between two covalently bonded atoms, there will be unequal
For example: H2O and HCl.
17. How many types of chemical bonds are? Write their names.
Ans. There are following types. (i) Ionic Bond (ii) Covalent Bond (iii) Dative Covalent or Coordinate Covalent Bond
(iv) Metallic Bond
18. What is ionic bond? How it is formed?
Ans. This type of chemical bond, which is formed due to complete transfer of electron from one atom to another
atom, is called ionic bond. Na+ + Cl- → NaCl
19. What is double covalent bond? How many electrons take part in this bond?
Ans. When each bonded atom contributes two electrons, two bond pairs are shared and a double covalent bond is
formed. These bond pairs are indicated as double line between those atoms in the structure of such molecules. The
molecules like oxygen (O2) gas and ethene (C2H4) show such type of double covalent bonds.
20. How many types of covalent bonds are? Write the names.
Ans. Depending upon the number of bond pairs, covalent bond is classified into following three types: (i) Single
Covalent bond (ii) Double Covalent bond (iii) Triple Covalent Bond.
21. Describe polar covalent bond with the help of an example.
Ans. When there is difference of electronegativity between two covalently bonded atoms, there will be unequal
The difference between electronegativities of hydrogen and chlorine is 1.0. As the electronegativity of chlorine is
more, it attracts the shared pair of electrons towards itself with a greater force. A partial negative charge is
therefore created on chlorine and in turn a partial positive charge on hydrogen due to electronegativity difference.
Hδ+−Cl δ-.
22. Describe non polar covalent bond with the help of an example.
by both the atoms equally. Such type of bond is called non-polar covalent bond. For example, bond formation in H2
and CI2.
23. Why polar covalent bond does not exist in the molecule of Oxygen?
by both the atoms equally. Such type of bond is called non-polar covalent bond. The covalent bond in oxygen is
formed between homo-atoms hence it is non-polar.
24. What is single covalent bond? How many electrons take part in this bond?
Ans. When one electron is contributed by each bonded atom, one bond pair is formed and it forms a single covalent
bond. A few examples of molecules with single covalent bonds are hydrogen (H2), chlorine (CI2), hydrochloric acid
(HCl) and methane (CH4).
25. What is meant by coordinate covalent bond? Give example.
Ans. Coordinate covalent or dative covalent bonding is a type of covalent bonding in which the bond pair of
electrons is donated by one bonded atom only. The non-bonded electron pair available on an atom, like the one
available on nitrogen in ammonia (NH3) is called a lone pair. When a proton (H+) approaches a molecule with a lone
pair of electrons, that lone pair is donated to H+ and a coordinate covalent bond is formed, e.g. formation of
ammonium radical (NH4+).
26. How coordinate covalent bond ís formed? Ans. Same as 25.
27. What is metallic bond? How it is formed?
Ans. The metallic bond is defined as a bond formed between metal atoms (positively charged ions) due to mobile or
free electrons.
28. What is the difference between donor and acceptor?
Ans. The atom which donates the electron pair is called donor and the atom which accepts the electron pair is called
acceptor. A small arrow is usually used to indicate the atom and pair of electron being donated. The head of arrow is
towards the acceptor atom.
29. Write down the relation between electronegativity and polarity in covalent bond. Ans. Same as 21.
30.What is covalent bond? Explain with example.
Ans. The type of bond, which is formed due to mutual sharing of electrons, is called a covalent bond. For example:
hydrogen (H2), chlorine (CI2), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and methane (CH4) covalent in nature.
31. Why polar covalent bond exists in water?
Ans. If the covalent bond is formed between two different types of atoms (hetroatoms) then the bond pair of
electrons will not be attracted equally by the bonded atoms. oxygen in the water molecule is more electronegative
than hydrogen so attract the shared pair of electron towards itself making hydrogen atom partially positively charge
and oxygen become partially negatively charge making water polar molecule.
32. Write down the values of electronegativities of hydrogen and chlorine.
Ans. The electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.2 while that of chlorine is 3.2.
33. Why does the bond in HCI polar?
Ans. The electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.2 while that of chlorine is 3.2. the chlorine being more electronegative
attract the shared pair of electron toward itself hence partial negative charge develops on chlorine and partial
positive charge develops on hydrogen making HCl a polar molecule.
34. What type of covalent bond exist in CH4? Ans. The non-polar single covalent bond exists in CH4.
35. Define bonding electrons.
Ans. the valence electrons which take part in a chemical reaction are called bonding electrons.
36. What is triple covalent bond, explain with an example?
Ans. When each bonded atom contributes three electrons, three bond pairs are involved in bond formation. This
type is called triple covalent bond. Three small lines are used to indicate these three pairs of electrons between
those atoms in the molecules of such compounds. The examples of molecules having triple covalent bonds are
nitrogen (N2) and ethyne (C2H2).
37. What type of covalent bond is formed in nitrogen molecule?Ans. Triple covalent bond is found in (N2) molecule.
38. Differentiate between lone pair and bond pair of electrons.
Ans. The pair of electrons which is involved in bonding is called bond pair electron while the electron pair which is
present in the valence shell of an atom is and not involved in bond formation is called lone pair electron. Like one
available on N of NH3.
39. What are ionic compounds?
Ans. The type of chemical bond, which is formed due to complete transfer of electron from one atom to another
atom, is called ionic bond. For example: 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
40. Why does sodium form a chemical bond with chlorine?
Ans. sodium has 1 electron in the valence shell and it is highly electronegative while chlorine has 7 electrons in its
valence shell and need one electron to complete its octet rule hence sodium loses one electron and chlorine gains
one electron thus ions are created which form ionic bond.
41. Why do atoms follow octet rule?
Ans. Atoms follow octet rule because having 8 electrons in the valence shell is the sign of stability.
42. Which atoms are involved in a chemical bonding?
Ans. Atoms which do not have their valence shell completely filled (not having 2 or 8 electrons) are involve in
chemical bonding.
43. Why chlorine can accept only 1 electron?
Ans. The electronic configuration of chlorine is 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5 chlorine has 7 electrons in the valence shell and
need 1 electron to complete its octet.
44. Which element forms covalent bond?
Ans. The elements of Group-13 to Group-17 when allowed to react with each other, they form a chemical bond by
mutual sharing of their valence shell electrons. This type of bond is called a covalent bond.
45. What is a bond pair of electrons?
Ans. The pair of electrons which is involved in bonding is called bond pair electron.
46. What is a lone pair of electrons?
Ans. The electron pair which is present in the valence shell of an atom and not involved in bond formation is called
lone pair electron. Like one available on N of NH3.
47. What are donor atoms? Ans. The atom which donates the electron pair is called donor atom.
48. What are acceptor atoms? Ans. The atom which accepts the electron pair is called acceptor.
49. What is Lewis structure diagram?
Ans. The electronic configuration of the valence shells of atoms is shown in small 'dots' or 'crosses' around the
symbol of the element. Each dot or cross represents an electron. This is a standard method of Lewis to describe the
electronic configuration of valence shell of an atom. It is called Lewis Structure Diagram.
50. What is pure covalent bond?
by both the atoms equally. This type of bond is called a pure covalent bond. For example, bond formation in H 2 and
CI2.
51. What are polar compounds? Gives example.
Ans. If the covalent bond is formed between two different types of atoms (hetro-atoms) then the bond pair of
electrons will not be attracted equally by the bonded atoms. One of the atoms will attract the bond pair of electrons
more strongly than the other one. Example of polar covalent compounds are H2O and HCl.
52. What are nonpolar compounds? Give example. Ans. Same as 50.
53. Why do metals easily lose their electrons?
Ans. Being greater in size they have low ionization energies and form cations (M+) very easily.
54. What types of electron pairs make a molecule good donor
Ans. Lone pair of electrons makes the molecule a good donor.
55. What do you mean by delta sign and why does it develope?
Ans. The delta (δ) sign indicates partial positive or partial negative charge that is developed due to unequal sharing
of shared pair or bonded pair of electrons.
56. Why HCI has dipole-dipole force of attraction?
Ans. The HCl is a polar molecule, when partial positive and partial negative charges exist at different positions in a
molecule, the adjacent molecules will arrange themselves in such a way that negative end of that molecule comes
near to positive end of other molecule. It results in net forces of attraction between oppositely charged ends of two
adjacent molecules. These attractive forces are called dipole – dipole interactions as represented in HC1:
Hδ+−Clδ- …… Hδ+−Clδ- …… Hδ+−Clδ-
57. Why does ice float on water?
Ans. The density of ice at 0 °C (0.917 gcm-3) is less than that of liquid water at 0°C (1.00 gcm-3. In the liquid state
water molecules move randomly. However, when water freezes, the molecules arrange themselves in an ordered
form, that gives them open structure. This process expands the molecules, that results in ice being less dense as
compared to water.
58. Define hydrogen bonding.
Ans. Partially positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule attracts and forms a bond with the partially
negatively charged atom of the other molecule, the bonding is called hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding exist
between H2O molecules.
59. Define inter-molecular forces.
Ans. In addition to strong bonding forces, relatively weak forces also exist in between the molecules, which are
called intermolecular forces. Hδ+−Clδ- …… Hδ+−Clδ- …… Hδ+−Clδ-.
60. Why does dipole become in a molecule? Ans. Same as 51.
61. What is the effect of intermolecular forces on boiling point?
Ans. Hydrogen bonding affects the physical properties of the molecules. Due to this boiling points of the compounds
are affected greatly. For example, boiling point of water (100 °C) is higher than that of alcohol (78 °C) because of
more and stronger hydrogen bonding (intermolecular force) in water.
62. Why the boiling point of water is greater than alcohol? Ans. Same as 61.
63. What are van der Waals forces?
Ans. All intermolecular forces, which are collectively called van der Waals forces, are electrical in nature. They result
from the attractions of opposite charges which may be temporary or permanent.
64. What is the reason of shortage of electrons in BF3?
Ans. In the formation of BF3 (boron trifluoride) molecule, three valence electrons of boron atom (Z= 5) pair up with
three electrons, one from each three fluorine atoms. The boron atom even after this sharing of electrons (covalent
bond formation), remains short or deficit of two electrons in its outermost shell. Now if a molecule with a lone pair
approaches this molecule, it accepts lone pair from that donor and forms a coordinate covalent bond.
65. Explain the formation of coordinate covalent bond in BF3 and NH3.
Ans. In the formation of BF3 (boron trifluoride) molecule, three valence electrons of boron atom (Z= 5) pair up with
three electrons, one from each three fluorine atoms. The boron atom even after this sharing of electrons (covalent
bond formation), remains short or deficit of two electrons in its outermost shell. Now if a molecule with a lone pair
approaches this molecule, it accepts lone pair from that donor and forms a coordinate covalent bond. The lone pair
on nitrogen of ammonia molecule makes it a good donor molecule to form a coordinate covalent bond.
66. What is the relationship between electronegativity and polarity?
Ans. The ability of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called electronegativity. When two
bonding atoms having significant difference of electronegativity, the polarity is developed in such molecule.
67. Give the characteristic properties of ionic compounds.
Ans. i. Ionic compounds are crystalline solids. ii. have negligible electrical conductance in solid state but good
conductor of electricity in solution and molten state due to free ions. iii. They have high M.P of NaCl= 800 ⸰C and B.P
is 1413⸰C. iv. Dissolve easily in water.
68. What characteristic properties do the covalent compounds?
Ans. i. They have usually low melting points. ii. Nonpolar compounds are bad conductor of electricity while polar
compound are conductor of electricity when dissolve in polar solvents. iii. Do not dissolve in water but dissolve in
polar solvents. iv. Large molecules with three-dimensional covalent bonding have high melting and boiling point.
69. Write down two characteristics of covalent compound. Ans. Same as 68.
70. Write down three characteristics of metals.
Ans. i. They show metallic luster. ii. They are usually malleable and ductile. Malleability is the property by virtue of
which a metal can be rolled into sheets, while ductility is the property by virtue of which a metal can be drawn into
wires. iii. They have usually high melting and boiling points.
71. What is the difference between malleable and ductile?
Ans. Malleability is the property by virtue of which a metal can be rolled into sheets, while ductility is the property
by virtue of which a metal can be drawn into wires.
72. Write down two characteristics of non-polar Compounds.
Ans. i. Nonpolar covalent compounds usually do not dissolve in water. ii. Non-polar compounds do not conduct
electricity.
73. What is epoxy? Write its use.
Ans. Epoxy is polymer that is formed from two different chemicals. These are referred to as resin and the hardener.
Epoxy adhesives are called structural adhesives. These are high performance adhesives and are used in the
construction of aircraft, automobiles, bicycles, boats, golf clubs, where high strength bonds are required.
74. Write down two characteristics of coordinate covalent compounds.
Ans. They do not form ions in water. Due to their covalent nature, they form solutions in organic solvents and are
very less soluble in water. Usually they are rigid compounds with a dipole.
75. Define ionic and covalent compounds.
Ans. The type of chemical bond which is formed due to complete transfer of electron from one atom to another
atom, is called ionic bond While the type of bond, which is formed due to mutual sharing of electrons, is called a
covalent bond.
76. Write the names of two polar compounds and also write their formulas.
Ans. There are the following two polar compound water (H2O) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl).
77. Ionic compounds are solids. Justify?
Ans. Ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions, there exist strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between oppositely charged ions that is why they are solids. So, a great amount of energy is required to break these
forces.
78. Metals are good conductors of electricity. Why?
Ans. They are good conductors of heat and electricity in solid and liquid state due to mobile electrons.
79. Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution or molten form. Why?
Ans. They are good conductors in solution and in the molten form. It is due to presence of free ions in them.
80. Why coordinate covalent compounds are less soluble in water?
Ans. Due to their covalent nature they form solutions in organic solvents and are very less soluble in water.
CH#5: Physical States of Matter
Q#1 Write short answers of the following questions.
1. Why are the densities of gases lower than that of liquids
Ans. Gases have low density than liquids. It is due to light mass and more volume occupied by the gas molecules. Gas
density is expressed in grams per dm3. The density of gases increases by cooling because their volume decreases.
2. Define effusion. Give an example.
Ans. It is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser pressure. For example, when a tyre
gets punctured, air effuses out. Effusion depends upon molecular masses lighter gases effuse faster than heavier
gases.
3. Define pressure and write its unit.
Ans. Gas molecules are always in continuous state of motion. Hence, when molecules strike with the walls of the
container or any other surface, they exert pressure. Pressure (P) is defined as the force (F) exerted per unit surface
area (A). P = F/A, The SI unit of force is Newton and that of area is m2. Hence pressure has SI unit of Nm-2. It is also
called Pascal (Pa)
4. The density of gases is less than solids and liquids. Why?
Ans. Gases have low density than liquids and solids. It is due to light mass and more volume occupied by the gas
molecules. Gas density is expressed in grams per dm-3. Whereas, liquid and solid densities are expressed in grams
per cm3 i.e. liquids and solids are 1000 times denser than gases. The density of gases increases by cooling because
their volume decreases. For example, at normal atmospheric pressure, the density of oxygen gas is 1.4 g dm -3 at 20°C
and 1.5 gdm-3 at 0°C.
5. Why does diffusion takes place more rapidly in gases than liquids.
Ans. Gases can diffuse very rapidly than liquids because the intermolecular forces in gas molecules are very weak
and gas molecules have high kinetic energy while the liquids molecules have strong intermolecular forces and less
kinetic energy of molecules as compared to gas molecules.
6. Why gases can be compressed
Ans. Gases are highly compressible due to empty spaces between their molecules. When gases are compressed, the
molecules come closer to one another and occupy less volume as compared to the volume in uncompressed state.
7. Does the density of gases decrease as we cool down the gases?
Ans. No, the density of gases increases by cooling because their volume decreases. For example, at normal
atmospheric pressure, the density of oxygen gas is 1.4 gdm-3 at 20°C and 1.5 gdm-3 at 0°C.
8. The density of gases is represented in gdm-3 and that of liquids in gcm-3. Why?
Ans. Gas density is expressed in grams per dm3 Whereas, liquid and solid densities are expressed in grams per cm3
i.e. Gases occupy more volume than liquids and solids for the same number of molecules. liquids and solids are 1000
times denser than gases that is why density of gases is expressed in gdm-3.
9. What is the difference between diffusion and effusion?
Ans. Diffusion is defined as spontaneous mixing up of molecules by random motion and collisions to form a
homogeneous mixture. Lighter gases diffuse rapidly than heavier ones. For example: H2 diffuses four times faster
than O2 gas. While Effusion is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser pressure. For
example, when a tyre gets punctured, air effuses out. Effusion depends upon molecular masses, lighter gases effuse
faster than heavier gases.
10. Define standard atmospheric pressure. What are its units?
Ans. It is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the sea level. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a mercury
column of 760 mm height at sea level. It is sufficient pressure to support a column of mercury 760 mm in height at
sea level. 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr (I mm of Hg = one torr) = 101325 Nm -2 = 101325 Pa
11. Why diffusion increases as we increase temperature?
homogeneous mixture. As diffusion depends on collisions and random motion of gas molecules as we increase the
temperature of the gas the collision and random motion increases hence diffusion increases.
12. Convert 70 cmHg into atm.
Ans. As 1 atm= 760 mmHg and 1 cm=10mm. the conversion will takes place as follows. i. First convert 7o cmHg into
mmHg as follows. 70X10=700 mmHg ii. Now convert this value in atm as follows, 700/760= 0.921 atm
13. What is meant by mobility of gases?
Ans. Gas molecules are always in state of continuous motion. They can move from one place to another because gas
molecules possess very high kinetic energy. They move through empty spaces that are available for the molecules to
move freely. This characteristic is called Mobility.
14. What is compressibility?
Ans. Gases are highly compressible due to empty spaces between their molecules. When gases are compressed, the
molecules come closer to one another and occupy less volume as compared to the volume in uncompressed state.
This ability is called compressibility.
15. What is pressure? Also write its unit. Ans. Same as 3.
16. What is the diffusion? Explain with an example.
homogeneous mixture. Lighter gases diffuse rapidly than heavier ones. For example, H2 diffuses four times faster
than O2 gas.
17. Define standard atmospheric pressure. What are its unit. How it is converted to Pascal?
Ans. It is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the sea level. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a mercury
column of 760 mm height at sea level. It is sufficient pressure to support a column of mercury 760 mm in height at
sea level. 1 atm = 760 mm of Hg = 760 torr (I mm of Hg = one torr) = 101325 Nm -2 = 101325 Pa. To convert atm into
pascal we multiply value in atm with 101325 Pascals.
18. Write down the physical states of matter.
Ans. Matter exists in three physical states i.e. gas, liquid and solid. The simplest form of matter is the gaseous state.
Liquids are less common and most of the matter exists as solid.
19. Write two physical properties of liquids.
Ans. i. The liquid state has strong intermolecular forces hence it has definite volume but it does not have definite
shape, It attains the shape of the container in which it is kept. ii. Liquids evaporate and their vapours exert pressure.
20. Write two physical properties of solids.
Ans. i. The solid state has definite volume and shape hence They are rigid and denser than liquids and gases. ii. They
exist in amorphous or crystalline forms.
21. Write two physical properties of gases.
Ans. gaseous state does not have definite shape and volume. Therefore, gases occupy all the available space. Their
intermolecular forces are very weak. Pressure is a significant property of gases.
22. How does molecular mass of gases affect diffusion?
Ans. Rate of diffusion depends upon the molecular mass of the gases. Lighter gases diffuse rapidly than heavier
ones. For example, H2 diffuses four times faster than O2 gas.
23. What is barometer?
Ans. An instrument measuring atmoshperic pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining
altitude.
24. State Boyle's law. Write its mathematical equation.
Ans. According to this law, the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas decreases with the increase of pressure (P) and
vice versa. Mathematically, it can be written as: V∝ 1/P, V=K/P, PV=k
25.Write Boyle's law in mathematical form.
Ans. Mathematically Boyle’s law can be written as: V∝ 1/P, V=K/P, PV=k
26. Convert -30 °C into Kelvin scale.
Ans. To convert -30 into Kelvin scale we use the following formula. T(k)= (T) ⸰C + 273 , by putting the values we have
T(K)= -30+273, T(K)= 243K
27. What is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure?
Ans. Blood pressure is reported by two values, such as 120/80, which is a normal blood pressure. The first
measurement shows the maximum pressure when the heart is pumping. It is called systolic pressure. When the
heart is in resting position, pressure decreases and it is the second value called diastolic.
28. State Charles law.
Ans. French scientist J. Charles in 1787 presented his law that states "the volume of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature if the pressure is kept constant. Mathematically, it is represented as: V∝ T,
V=KT, V/T=K.
29. What is absolute zero? Write its value.
Ans. Absolute zero the temperature at which an ideal gas would have zero volume. Kelvin scale of temperature
starts from 0 K or 273.15 °C, which is given the name of absolute zero.
30. What is absolute temperature scale.
Ans. Lord Kelvin introduced absolute temperature scale or Kelvin scale. This scale of temperature starts from 0 K or
273.15 °C, which is given the name of absolute zero. It is the temperature at which an ideal gas would have zero
volume.
31. Convert 100°C into Kelvin scale.
Ans. To convert 100 ⸰C into Kelvin scale we use the following formula. T(k)= (T) ⸰C + 273, by putting the values we
have T(K)= 100+273, T(K)= 373K
32. Experimentally verify Boyle's law.
Ans. When the pressure of 2 atmosphere (atm) is applied, the volume of the gas reads as 1 dm3. When pressure is
increased equivalent to 4 atm, the volume of the gas reduces to 0.5 dm 3. Again when pressure is increased three
times i.e. 6 atm, the volume reduces to 0.33 dm3. Similarly, when pressure is increased up to 8 atm on the piston,
volume of the gas decreases to 0.25 dm3.
33. What is a pressure guage?
Ans. pressure gauge, instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid or gas) that is specified by the force
that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a unit area, such as pounds per square inch or newtons per square
centimeter.
34. What is hypertension?
Ans. Hypertension is because of high blood pressure due to tension and worries in daily life. The usual criterion for
hypertension is a blood pressure greater than 140/90. Hypertension raises the level of stress on the heart and on the
blood vessels. This stress increases the susceptibility of heart attacks and strokes.
35. Write down the formula to convert Kelvin temperature into Celsius scale.
Ans. The formula for converting Kelvin temperature into Celsius scale is as follows. (T) ⸰C = T(k) - 273
36. Experimentally verify Charles law.
Ans. Let us take a certain amount of gas enclosed in a cylinder having a movable piston. If the initial volume of the
gas V is 50 cm3 and initial temperature T is 25 °C, on heating the cylinder up to 100 °C, its new volume V is about 62.5
cm3.
37. How can we avoid cold in winter?
Ans: During winter season outside temperature is cold, according to the principle of heat flow, the heat out flow
from our body, to avoid the outflow of heat be use black and warm clothes and to maintain the body temperature
be use dry fruits, coffee, tea, meat etc.
38. What is manometer?
Ans. Manometer is an instrument to measure pressure in laboratory. it is made up of U-shaped glass tube filled with
fluid.
39. Differentiate between barometer and manometer.
Ans. Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure and manometer is used to measure pressure in the
laboratory. a barometer is a type of close-end manometer. However, barometers are more limited in design and
function than manometers.
40. What do you mean by evaporation how it is affected by surface area?
Ans. The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called evaporation. It is reverse to condensation in which
a gas changes into liquid. Surface area: Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Greater is surface area, greater is
evaporation and vice versa. For example, sometimes a saucer is used if tea is to be cooled quickly. This is because
evaporation from the larger surface area of saucer is more than that from the smaller surface area of a tea cup.
41. What is the relationship between evaporation and boiling point of a liquid?
Ans. As rate of evaporation increases that results in increase of vapour pressure until a stage reaches where the
vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. At this stage, the liquid starts boiling which is
called boiling point of liquid.
42. What is the difference between evaporation and condensation?
Ans.
Evaporation Condensation
i. The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called i. Condensation is a process in which a
evaporation. ii. It is an endothermic process (heat is absorbed). For gas changes into liquid state. ii. It is an
example: to convert one mole of liquid water into gas phase we exothermic process (heat is released).
require 40.7 kjmol-1 energy.
43. What is meant by evaporation? What is the effect of temperature on evaporation?
Ans. The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called evaporation. At high temperature, rate of
evaporation is high because at high temperature kinetic energy of the molecules increases so high that they
overcome the intermolecular forces and evaporate rapidly.
44. Evaporation causes cooling. Explain.
Ans. Evaporation is a cooling process. When the high kinetic energy molecules vapourize, the temperature of
remaining molecules falls down. To compensate this deficiency of energy, the molecules of liquid absorb energy
from the surroundings. As a result the temperature of surroundings decreases and we feel cooling. For example,
when we put a drop of alcohol on palm, the alcohol evaporates and we feel cooling effect.
45. What is vapour pressure?
Ans. The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid at equilibrium with the liquid at a particular temperature is
called vapour pressure of a liquid.
46. Define boiling point of liquids.
Ans. Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure or any external pressure.
47. What is meant by freezing point?
Ans. When liquids are cooled, the vapour pressure of liquid decreases and a stage reaches when vapour pressure of
a liquid state becomes equal to the vapour pressure of the solid state. At this temperature, liquid and solid coexist in
dynamic equilibrium and this is called the freezing point of a liquid.
48. On what factors, the vapour pressure of liquids depend?
Ans. The vapour pressure of liquids depend on the following factors. i. Nature of the liquid ii. Size of molecules iii.
Temperature
49. On what factors, the evaporation depends?
Ans. The evaporation depends on the following factors. i. Surface area ii. Temperature iii. Intermolecular forces
50. On what factors, the diffusion of liquids depends?
Ans. The diffusion of liquid depends upon the following factors. i. Intermolecular forces ii. Size of molecules iii.
Shapes of molecules iv. Temperature
51. Write down two characteristics of liquid state of matter. Ans. Same as 19.
52. How nature of liquid affects the vapour pressure?
Ans. Vapour pressure depends upon the nature of liquid. Polar liquids have low vapour pressure than non-polar
liquids at the same temperature. This is because of strong intermolecular forces between the polar molecules of
liquids. For example, water has less vapour pressure than that of alcohol at same temperature.
53. What is the effect of surface area on evaporation?
Ans. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Greater is surface area, greater is evaporation and vice versa. For
example, sometimes a saucer is used if tea is to be cooled quickly. This is because evaporation from the larger
surface area of saucer is more than that from the smaller surface area of a tea cup.
54. What is the effect of external pressure on boiling point?
Ans. Boiling point of a liquid is controlled by external pressure in such a way, that it can be increased by increasing
external pressure and vice versa. This principle is used in the working of 'Pressure Cooker’.
55. Rain drops fall down. Explain the reason.
Ans. when water molecules are evaporated from the surface of earth they rises in the sky in the form clouds when
these clouds get heavier enough not to bear their weight rain drops start falling down.
56. What is meant by dynamic equilibrium?
Ans. A stage when the rate of evaporation becomes equal to rate of condensation. At that stage the number of
molecules evaporating will be equal to the number of molecules coming back (condensing) to liquid. This state is
called dynamic equilibrium.
57. Kerosene oil floats over water while honey settles down in water. Give reason.
Ans. This is because of the principle of buoyancy - a less dense object will float on top of a denser fluid like kerosene
oil is less denser than water and it is also a nonpolar substance hence it floats on water. On the other hand, honey
settles down because it is denser than water.
58. What is the difference between evaporation and boiling point?
Ans. The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called evaporation. While boiling point is defined as the
temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure or any external
pressure.
59. Why liquids are mobile?
Ans. In the liquid state, molecules are in a continuous state of motion. They possess kinetic energy but all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy. Majority of the molecules have average kinetic energy and a few have
more than average kinetic energy. That is why liquids are mobile.
60. What is condensation?
Ans. The process of changing gaseous phase molecules into liquid state is called condensation. It is reverse of
evaporation. It is an exothermic process.
61. How temperature affects vapour pressure of the liquid?
Ans. At high temperature, vapour pressure is higher than at low temperature. At elevated temperature, the kinetic
energy of the molecules increases enough to enable them to vaporize and exert pressure.
62. How nature of the liquid affects vapour pressure of the liquid? Ans. Same as 52.
63. How external pressure affects boiling point of the liquid? Ans. Same as 54.
64. Write down two characteristics of solids. Ans. Same as 20.
65. What is meant by melting point?
Ans. The temperature at which the solid starts melting and coexists in dynamic equilibrium with liquid state is called
melting point.
66. What is meant by rigidity?
Ans. The particles of solids are not mobile. They have fixed positions. Therefore, solids are rigid in their structure.
This property is called rigidity.
67. Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solid.
Ans. Amorphous means shapeless. Solids in which the particles are not regularly arranged or their regular shapes are
destroyed, are called amorphous solids. They do not have sharp melting points. Plastic, rubber and even glass are
amorphous solids as they do not have any sharp melting points While Solids in which particles are arranged in a
definite three-dimensional pattern are called crystalline solids. They have definite surfaces or faces. Each face has
definite angle with the other. They have sharp melting points. Examples of crystalline solids are diamond, sodium
chloride, etc.
68. What are amorphous solids? 69. What are crystalline solids? both question answers are in 67.
70. Define the term allotropy with examples.
Ans. The existence of an element in more than one forms in same physical state is called allotropy. Example:
allotropes of oxygen are oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3).
71. What is meant by allotropy? Write the allotropes of oxygen Ans. Same as 70.
72. Write down two causes of allotropy.
Ans. Allotropy is due to: i. The existence of two or more kinds of molecules of an element each having different
number of atoms such as allotropes of oxygen are oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) ii. Different arrangement of two or
more atoms or molecules in a crystal of the element. Such as, sulphur shows allotropy due to different arrangement
of molecules (S8) in the crystals.
73. What is meant by transition temperature?
Ans. The temperature at which one allotrope changes into another is called transition temperature. For example,
transition temperature of sulphur is 96 °C. Below this temperature rhombic form is stable. If rhombic form is heated
above 96 °C, its molecules rearrange themselves to give monoclinic form.
74. Write the names of allotropes of phosphorus and Sulphur.
Ans. The allotropes of sulphur are S8 (Rhombic) and S8 (monoclinic) and allotropes of phosphorus are P4 (white) and (P4)n (red)
75. Write down the use of salt to preserve meat.
Ans. Salt kills and inhibits the growth of putrefying bacteria by drawing water out of the meat. Concentrations of salt
up to 20% are required to kill most species of unwanted bacteria. Once properly salted, the meat contains enough
salt to prevent the growth of many undesirable microbes.
76. Why white tin is available at room temperature?
Ans. The transition temperature of tin in 13.2 °C, below this temperature tin exist in Sn grey (cubic) form when
temperature of tin increases from 13.2 °C the Sn white (tetragonal) form will exist. Hence at room temperature (20 °C) tin
exist in Sn white (tetragonal) form.
77. Which form of sulphur does exist at room temperature?
Ans. At room temperature (20 °C) sulphur exist in S8 (Rhombic) form. Because transition temperature of sulpur is 96 °C.
78. Which is lighter one? Aluminium or gold?
Ans. Density of aluminium is 2.70 gcm-3 and that of gold is 19.3 gcm-3. That is why aluminium is lighter than gold.
79. Write down the molecular formula of a sulphur molecule. Ans. The molecular formula of sulphur is S8.
CH#6: Solutions
Q#2: Write short answers of the following questions.
1. What is the simplest method to find the difference between solution and pure compound?
Ans. The simplest way to distinguish between a solution and a pure liquid is evaporation. The liquid which
evaporates completely, leaving no residue, is a pure compound, while a liquid which leaves behind a residue on
evaporation is solution
2. Why solution is considered as mixture?
Ans. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The boundaries of the components can't be
distinguished i.e. a solution exist as one phase. For example, the air we breathe is a solution of several gases.
3. What is meant by solute? Give two examples.
Ans. The component of solution which is present in smaller quantity is called solute. A solute is dissolved in a solvent
to make a solution. For example, salt solution is made by dissolving salt in water. So in salt solution, salt is the solute
and water is solvent.
4. What is meant by solution? Give two examples.
distinguished i.e. a solution exist as one phase. For example, the air we breathe is a solution of several gases, brass is
a solid solution of Zn and Cu.
5. Differentiate between solution and aqueous solution.
distinguished i.e. a solution exist as one phase While The solution which is formed by dissolving a substance in water
is called an aqueous solution. For example, sugar in water and table salt in water
6. What is solvent? Explain with example.
Ans. The component of a solution which is present in larger quantity is called solvent. Solvent always dissolves
solutes. In a solution, if more than two substances are present, one substance acts as solvent and others behave as
solutes. For example, as referred above in soft drinks, water is solvent while other substances like sugar, salts and CO
are solutes.
7. What is the difference between solute and solvent? Ans. Same as 3 and 6.
8. What is the difference between dilute and concentrated solutions?
Ans. Dilute solutions are those which contain relatively small amount of dissolved solute in the solution. While
Concentrated solutions are those which contain relatively large amount of dissolved solute in the solution. For
example, brine is a concentrated solution of common salt in water
9. Define super saturated solution.
Ans. The solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is known as supersaturated solution.
Supersaturated solutions are not stable. Therefore, an easy way to get a supersaturated solution is to prepare a
saturated solution at high temperature. It is then cooled to a temperature where excess solute crystallizes out and
leaves behind a saturated solution
10. What are unsaturated solutions?
Ans. A solution which contains lesser amount of solute than that which is required to saturate it at a given
temperature, is called unsaturated solution. Such solutions have the capacity to dissolve more solute to become a
saturated solution.
11. What is meant by saturated solutions? Give example.
Ans. A solution containing maximum amount of solute at a given temperature is called saturated solution. On the
particle level, a saturated solution is the one, in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute.
12. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated solution?
particle level, a saturated solution is the one, in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute while
A solution which contains lesser amount of solute than that which is required to saturate it at a given temperature, is
called unsaturated solution.
13. How super saturated solution is prepared?
Ans. When saturated solutions are heated, they develop further capacity to dissolve more solute. Such solutions
contain greater amount of solute than is required to form a saturated solution and they become more concentrated.
The solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is known as supersaturated solution.
14. What is dynamic equilibrium?
Ans. The stage at which the rate of dissolution of salt and rate of crystallization of salt becomes equal but opposite in
direction is called state of dynamic equilibrium. In a saturated solution, undissolved solute is in equilibrium with
dissolved solute. At this stage, dynamic equilibrium is established. Although dissolution and crystallization continues
at a given temperature, but the net amount of dissolved solute remains constant.
15. How saturated solutions are diluted?
Ans. The saturated solutions are diluted by adding sufficient amount of solvent in the saturated solution. Upon
adding solvent in the saturated solution, the solution turns into unsaturated solution.
16. Differentiate between saturated and super saturated solutions.
particle level, a saturated solution is the one, in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute while
when saturated solutions are heated, they develop further capacity to dissolve more solute. Such solutions contain
greater amount of solute than is required to form a saturated solution and they become more concentrated. The
solution that is more concentrated than a saturated solution is known as supersaturated solution.
17. What is meant by dilution of solution?
Ans. Dilute molar solution is prepared from a concentrated solution of known molarity as explained below: Suppose
we want to prepare 100 cm of 0.01 M solution from given 0.1 M solution of potassium permanganate. First 0.1 M
solution is prepared by dissolving 15.8 g of potassium permanganate in 1 dm of solution. Then 0.01 M solution is
prepared by the dilution according to following calculations: M1V1=M2V2, M1=0.1M, V1=? V2=100cm3, M2=0.01M.
18. What are dilute solutions? Ans. see ans. in q8.
19. What are concentrated solutions? Ans. see ans. in q8.
20. What type of solution are fog and brass?
Ans. Fog is liquid in gas type solution. In which tiny water droplets are suspended in the air gases. while brass is the
solid in solid type solution. It is the solution of zinc and copper.
21. What type of solution are butter and smoke?
Ans. Butter is an example of liquid in solid type solution. The typical composition of butter is: 80-82% fat, 16-17.5%
water, 1.5% salt, and 1% milk solids (vitamins, minerals, and lactose).
22. What are alloy? Give examples.
Ans. A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance
to corrosion. For example: brass is the alloy of Zn and Cu.
23. Give two examples of gas in gas solution.
Ans. Air and cylinders for respiration is an example of gas in gas solutions. Air is the mixture of N2, O2, Argon, CO2 and
water vapours while the mixture of N2 and oxygen is used in respiration cylinders.
24. Write the solute and solvent in butter and air.
Ans. In butter water is solute and fats, vitamins salts, lactose are solvents. while in the air N2 is solvent and O2, CO2
water vapours and argon are solutes.
25. Write the solute and solvent in fog and opals.
Ans. Fog is the solution of suspended water vapours in the air so water vapours are solute and gases are solvent.
Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica its water content is usually between 6 and 10%. In this solution water is
solute and silica is solvent.
26. What do you mean by volume/volume %?
Ans. It is the volume in cm3 of a solute dissolved per 100 cm3 of the solution. For example, 30 percent alcohol
solution means 30 cm3 of alcohol dissolved in sufficient amount of water, so that the total volume of the solution
becomes 100 cm3.
27. What is meant by percentage mass/mass?
Ans. It is the number of grams of solute in 100 grams of solution. For example, 10% m/m sugar solution means that
10 g of sugar is dissolved in 90 g of water to make 100 g of solution. Calculation of this ratio is carried out by using
the following formula:
28. What is meant by percentage volume/mass?
Ans. It is the volume in cm3 of a solute dissolved in 100 g of the solution. For example, 10 % v/m alcohol solution in
water means 10 cm of alcohol is dissolved in (unknown) volume of water so that the total mass of the solution is 100
g.
29. What is meant by percentage mass/volume?
3
Ans It is the number of grams of solute dissolved in 100 cm (parts by volume) of the solution. For example, 10 %
m/v sugar solution contains 10 g of sugar in 100 cm3 of the solution. The exact volume of solvent is not mentioned or
it is not known.
30. Define molarity?
Ans. It is a concentration unit defined as number of moles of solute dissolved in one dm 3 of the solution. It is
represented by M.
31. Why is it necessary to find the formula of solute for the calculation of molarity of solution?
Ans. The formula for molarity is as follows. As formula indicates that molar mass of the solute
must be known for this reason, the formula of the compound should be known.
32. How one molar solution is prepared?
Ans. One Molar solution is prepared by dissolving 1 mole (molar mass) of the solute in sufficient amount of water to
make the total volume of the solution up to 1 dm3 in a measuring flask. For example, 1M solution of NaOH is
prepared by dissolving 40 g of 3 NaOH in sufficient water to make the total volume 1 dm3.
33. What is meant by concentration?
Ans. Concentration is the proportion of a solute in a solution. It is also a ratio of the amount of solute to the amount
of solution or ratio of amount of solute to the amount of the solvent.
34. What are percentage units?
Ans. There are the following units of percentage: i. Percentage - mass/mass (%m/m) ii. Percentage - mass/volume
(%m/v) iii. Percentage - volume/mass (%v/m) iv. Percentage - volume /volume (% v/v)
35. Write down the formula to find the percentage mass/volume.
Ans. Following is the formula for percentage mass/volume:
36. Prepare one molar solution of any solute in a solvent. Ans. Same as 32.
37. How does nature of attractive forces of solute-solute and solvent-solvent affect the solubility?
Ans. Solution formation depends upon the relative strength of attractive forces between solute-solute, solvent-
solvent and solute-solvent. Generally, solutes are solids. Ionic solids are arranged in such a regular pattern that the
inter-ionic forces are at a maximum. If the new forces between solute and solvent particles overcome the solute-
solute attractive forces, then solute dissolves and makes a solution. If forces between solute particles are strong
enough than solute-solvent forces, solute remains insoluble and solution is not formed.
38. How can you explain the solute-solvent interaction to prepare NaCl solution?
Ans. when NaCl is added in water it dissolves readily because the attractive interaction between the ions of NaCl and
polar molecules of water are strong enough to overcome the attractive forces between Na+ and Cl- ions in solid NaCl
crystal. In this process, the positive end of the water dipole is oriented towards the Cl- ions and the negative end of
water dipole is oriented towards the Na+ ions. These ion-dipole attractions between Na+ ions and water molecules,
Cl- ions and water molecules are so strong that they pull these ions from their positions in the crystal and thus NaCl
dissolves.
39. Justify with an example that solubility of a salt increase with the increase in temperature.
Ans. When salts like KNO3, NaNO3 and KCl are added in water, the test tube becomes cold. It means during
dissolution of these salts heat is absorbed. Such dissolving process is called 'endothermic’.
Solubility usually increases with the increase in temperature for such solutes. It means that heat is required to break
the attractive forces between the ions of solute. This requirement is fulfilled by the surrounding molecules.
40. What is meant by solubility?
Ans. Solubility is defined as the number of grams of the solute dissolved in 100 g of a solvent to prepare a saturated
solution at a particular temperature. The concentration of a saturated solution is referred to as solubility of the
solute in a given solvent.
41. What is meant by "Like dissolve Like?
Ans. i. The ionic and polar substances are soluble in polar solvents. Ionic solids and polar covalent compounds are
soluble in water e.g: KCl, Na2CO3, CuSO4, sugar, and alcohol are all soluble in water. ii. Non-polar substances are not
soluble in polar solvents. such as ether, benzene, and petrol are insoluble in water. iii. Nonpolar covalent substances
are soluble in non-polar solvents (mostly organic solvents). Grease, paints, naphthalene are soluble in ether or
carbon tetrachloride etc.
42. Which solution is more concentrated one mole or three moles?
Ans. Three moles solution is more concentrated than 1 mole as it contains more number of moles in the solution.
43. Write the names of two substances which do not dissolve in water.
Ans. Non-polar covalent compounds are not soluble in water such as ether, benzene, and petrol are insoluble in
water.
44. What is endothermic process?
Ans. When salts like KNO3, NaNO3 and KCl are added in water, the test tube becomes cold. It means during
dissolution of these salts heat is absorbed. Such dissolving process is called 'endothermic’.
45. What is exothermic process?
Ans. When salts like Li2SO4 and Ce2(SO4)3 are dissolved in water the test tube becomes warm. i.e. heat is released
during this dissolution. Such a process is called exothermic process.
46. When is Li2SO4 dissolved in water why does the test tube get warm? Ans. Same as 45.
47. Why benzene does not dissolve in water?
Ans. Principle of solubility is ‘like dissolve like’. Since water is polar compound and benzene is non-polar compound
that is why benzene does not dissolve in water.
48. Write the names of two non-polar solvents.
Ans. There are the following two non-polar compounds benzene and phenol.
49. When KNO3 is dissolved in water then why test tube becomes cold?
Ans. When salt like KNO3 is added in water, the test tube becomes cold. It means during dissolution of this salt heat
is absorbed. Such dissolving process is called 'endothermic.
50. What do you mean, like dissolves line? Explain with examples Ans. Same as 41.
51.Write down the factors which affect solubility.
Ans. Following are the factors which affect the solubility of solutes: 1. The general principle of solubility is, like
dissolves like 2. Solute-solvent interaction. 3. Temperature.
52. What is the reason for the difference between solutions, colloids and suspensions?
Ans. The main reason in difference between solutions, colloid and suspension is of size of particles. The particles in
solution have size of 10-8 cm, in colloid it is 10-6-10-7 cm and in suspension it is 10-5 cm
53. Which of the following will scatter light and why? Sugar solution, soap solutions and milk of magnesia.
Ans. The sugar solution particles will not scatter light. Soap solution is colloid so it will scatter light and show tyndall
effect. Light is blocked by milk of magnesia because it is a suspension having large size particles.
54. What is mean by colloid? Give example.
Ans. These are solutions in which the solute particles are larger than those present in the true solutions but not large
enough to be seen by naked eye. The particles in such system dissolve and do not settle down for a long time. But
particles of colloids are big enough to scatter the beam of light. It is called Tyndall effect. Examples are starch,
albumin, soap solutions, blood, milk, ink, jelly and toothpaste, etc.
55. What is meant by suspension? Give example.
Ans. Suspensions are a heterogeneous mixture of undissolved particles in a given medium. Particles are big enough
to be seen with naked eyes. Examples are chalk in water (milky suspension), paints and milk of magnesia (suspension
of magnesium oxide in water).
56. What is tyndall effect? On what factors it depends?
Ans. The particles of colloids are big enough to scatter the beam of light. It is called Tyndall effect. We can see the
path of scattered light beam inside the colloidal solution. Tyndall effect is the main characteristic which distinguishes
colloids from solutions.
57. What is the difference between solution and colloid?
Ans. Solutions: are the homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components. Each component is mixed in
such a way that their individual identity is not visible. The simplest example is that of a drop of ink mixed in water.
This is an example of true solution. Colloids: These are solutions in which the solute particles are larger than those
present in the true solutions but not large enough to be seen by naked eye. The particles in such system dissolve and
do not settle down for a long time. But particles of colloids are big enough to scatter the beam of light. It is called
Tyndall effect.
58. Write the difference between suspension and colloid.
Ans. Suspensions are a heterogeneous mixture of undissolved particles in a given medium. Particles are big enough
to be seen with naked eyes. Examples are chalk in water (milky suspension), paints and milk of magnesia (suspension
of magnesium oxide in water). Colloids: These are solutions in which the solute particles are larger than those
present in the true solutions but not large enough to be seen by naked eye. The particles in such system dissolve and
do not settle down for a long time. But particles of colloids are big enough to scatter the beam of light. It is called
Tyndall effect.
59. Write down two characteristics of colloids.
Ans. There are the following two characteristics of colloids. i. Their particles are large e.g, 10 -6-10-7, hence colloids
show tyndall effect. ii. Particles of colloid can pass through filter paper.
60. Why the suspension does not form a homogenous mixture.
Ans. Suspensions are a heterogeneous mixture of undissolved particles in a given medium their particles are large
and they settle down that is why suspension does not form homogenous mixture.
61. How will you test whether given solution is colloidal solution or not?
Ans. To test whether a given solution is colloid or not we pass the bean of light through the solution if it shows
scattering of light (Tyndall effect) then it is colloidal solution otherwise it is not colloidal solution.
62. Why do we stir paints thoroughly before using?
Ans. We stir paints thoroughly before use because paints are suspensions their particles settle down on standing, by
stirring we homogenize the suspension so that it shows uniform properties.
63. Why suspensions and solutions cannot show Tyndall effect, while colloids do?
Ans. The size of particles in solution is 10-8 cm which is very small to scatter the beam of light and the particles in
suspensions are as large as 10-5 cm. so suspension blocks the light that is why solution and suspension does not show
tyndall effect while colloids do because their particle size is 10-6-10-7cm and scatter beam of light.
64. Compare the size of particles: in solution, colloid and Suspension.
Ans. The size of particles in solution is 10-8 cm, size of particles in suspension is 10-5cm and size of particles in colloids
is 10-6-10-7cm.
CH#7: Electrochemistry
02 Write short answers of the following questions.
1.Define reduction in terms of loss or gain of oxygen or hydrogen. Give an example.
Ans. Reduction is defined as addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen during a chemical reaction. Example of
oxidation reduction in terms of oxygen is as follows. The oxidation reduction in terms of
hydrogen is as followed.
2. What is the difference between valency and oxidation state?
Ans.
Valency Oxidation state
i. It the combining capacity of element with other i. It is the apparent charge on the element in a
elements it depends upon the number of valence compound. ii. While assigning oxidation numbers the
electron. ii. It is written as the sign followed by the sign precedes the number. It is written as +2.
number i.e. 2+.
3. What is electrochemistry?
Ans. Electrochemistry is the branch of Chemistry that deals with the relationship between electricity and chemical
reactions. It involves oxidation and reduction reactions, which are also known as redox reactions.
4.What is redox reaction?
Ans. Such a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction processes are involved is called oxidation- reduction
reaction or redox reaction.
5. Which force helps to perform non-spontaneous reactions?
Ans. Electricity is used to drive non-spontaneous reactions. Non-spontaneous reactions are those which take place in
the presence of an external agent. These reactions take place in galvanic or electrolytic cells.
6. Write down the difference between spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions.
Ans.
Spontaneous Non-spontaneous
i. Spontaneous reactions are those which take place on i. Non-Spontaneous reactions are those which take
their own without any external agent. ii. These place in the presence of an external agent. These
reactions take place in galvanic cell. reactions take place in electrolytic cells.
7. Define oxidation and reduction.
Ans. Oxidation is defined as addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen during a chemical reaction. Reduction is
defined as addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen during a chemical reaction. Both of these processes take place
simultaneously in a reaction, we can say where there is oxidation there is reduction.
8. Define reduction according to electron.
Ans. The gain of electron by an atom or ion during a chemical reaction is called reduction. The example of reduction
is as follows. 1. 2H+ + 2e- → H2 2. Cl2 + 2e- → Cl-
9. Define oxidation in terms of electrons. Give an example.
Ans. Oxidation is loss of electron by an atom or ion. The example of oxidation is as follows. 1. Zn → Zn+2 + 2e-
2. Fe+2 → Fe+3 + 1e-
10. Define spontaneous reaction. Give example. Ans. see ans. 6.
11. Define non-spontaneous reaction. Give example. Ans. See ans. 06.
12. The oxidation number of sulphur is variable in H2S, SO2, and H2SO4. Find the oxidation number of sulphur in
each compound.
Ans. Note: as we know the oxidation number of H and O in all compounds is +1 and -2 respectively. (1) H2S: So let us
calculate oxidation number of S in H2S As follows: first of all let oxidation number of S= X, Equation: oxidation no. of
H + Oxidation no. of S=0, by putting values we have, 2(+1) + X=0, X=-2 Oxidation number in H2S is -2.
(2) SO2: Equation: oxidation no. of S + oxidation no. of O= 0, Let oxidation number of of S is X, by putting the values,
X +2(-2)=0, X=4 so oxidation no. of S in SO2 is +4. (3) H2SO4: Equation: oxidation no. of H + oxidation no. of S +
Oxidation no. of O=0, let the Oxidation no. of S=X, by putting the values. 2(+1) + X + 4(-2) =0, X= +6 so oxidation no.
of S in H2SO4 is +6.
13 Write down two rules of assigning oxidation number.
Ans. i. The oxidation number of all elements in the free state is zero. ii. The oxidation number of an ion consisting of
a single element is the same as the charge on the ion.
14. Find the oxidation number of sulphur in Na2SO4.
Ans. To find the oxidation no. of S let it be X. Equation: Oxidation no. of Na + Oxidation no. of S + Oxidation no. of O=
0, by putting the values = 2(+1) + X+4(-2), X= +6
15. Find the oxidation number of manganese in KMnO4.
Ans. Let the oxidation no. of Mn=X, Equation: oxidation no. of K + oxidation no. of Mn +Oxidation no. of oxygen=0,
By putting the values, +1 + X + 4(-2)=0, X=+7
16. Find the oxidation number of sulphur in H2SO4.
Ans. H2SO4: Equation: oxidation no. of H + oxidation no. of S + Oxidation no. of O=0, let the Oxidation no. of S=X, by
putting the values. 2(+1) + X + 4(-2) =0, X= +6 so oxidation no. of S in H2SO4 is +6.
17. Find the oxidation number of sulphur in calcium sulphate CaSO4.
Ans. Let the oxidation no. of sulphur =X, Equation: oxidation no. of Ca + oxidation no. of S + Oxidation no. of O = 0,
by putting the values, (+2) + X + 4(-2)=0, X=+6
18. Find the oxidation number of Nitrogen in HNO2 and AgNO3.
Ans. Let the oxidation no. of N=X. Equation: Oxidation no. of H+ Oxidation no. of N+ Oxidation no. of O=0, by putting
the values, +1+X+2(-2)=0, X=3
19. Find the oxidation number of nitrogen in HNO, when the oxidation numbers of H=+1 and O=-2.
Ans. Let the oxidation no. of N=X, Equation: Oxidation no. of H+ Oxidation no. of N+ Oxidation no. of O=0, By putting
the values
20. Differentiate between oxidizing and reducing agents.
Ans. An oxidizing agent is the specie that oxidize a substance by taking electrons from it. The substance (atom or ion)
which is reduced itself by gaining electrons is also called oxidizing agent. Non-metals are oxidizing agents because
they accept electrons being more electronegative elements While Reducing agent is the specie that reduces a
substance by donating electron to it. The substance (atom or ion) which is oxidized by losing electrons is also called
reducing agent. Almost all metals are good reducing agents
21. Why metals are called reducing agent?
Ans. Reducing agent is the specie that reduces a substance by donating electron to it. The substance (atom or ion)
which is oxidized by losing electrons is also called reducing agent. All metals are good reducing agents because they
lose electron easily.
22. Why non-metals act as good oxidizing agents?
Ans. The substance (atom or ion) which is reduced itself by gaining electrons is also called oxidizing agent. Non-
metals are oxidizing agents because they accept electrons being more electronegative elements.
23. How can you prove with an example that conversion of anion to an atom is an oxidation process?
Ans. When an atom gains an electron it attains negative charge (anion) such a specie can be converted into atom by
losing an electron by it this process is called oxidation Example: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
24. Explain the oxidation reduction reaction during the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen.
Ans. The oxidation state of H and oxidation state of oxygen in elemental form is zero when they combine to form
water the oxidation state of hydrogen changes from 0 to +1 and oxidation state of oxygen changes to -2 as follows.
25. What solution is used as an electrolyte in Nelson's cell?

Ans. The concentrated solution of NaCl is used in the Nelson’s cell which is called brine.
26. Why does the anode carry negative charge in galvanic cell but positive charge in electrolytic cell? Justify with
Comments.
Ans. In the galvanic cell the electrons will move in to the anode since electrons carry negative charge that is why
anode in the galvanic cell carry negative charge.
27. Where do the electrons flow from Zn electrode in Daniel's cell?
Ans. The electrons will move from Zn electrode to Cu electrode through external circuit via wire in the Daniel’s cell.
28. What happens at the cathode in a galvanic cell?
Ans. The reduction takes place at cathode in the galvanic cell. For example, in Daniel cell (Galvanic cell) cathode, Cu 2+
ions from electrolytic solution accept electrons from cathode and deposit on cathode.
29. Name the by-products produced in Nelson's cell?
Ans. The by products that are produced in Nelson’s cell are H2 which is produced at cathode and Cl2 which is
produced at anode.
30. What is the shape of cathode in Nelson cell?
Ans. The cathode of Nelson’s cell consists of a U-shaped perforated iron cathode. This iron cathode is internally lined
with asbestos diaphragm. Electrolyte brine is present inside the iron cathode.
31. How many types of electrochemical cells are?
Ans. There are two types of electrochemical cells i. Electrolytic cell ii. Galvanic cell
32. What are strong electrolytes? Give examples.
Ans. The electrolytes which ionize almost completely in their aqueous solutions and produce more ions, are called
strong electrolytes. Example of strong electrolytes are aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaOH and H2SO4 , etc.
33. What are weak electrolytes? Give examples.
Ans. The electrolytes which ionize to a small extent when dissolved in water and could not produce more ions are
called weak electrolytes. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and Ca(OH)2 when dissolved in water, ionize to a small extent and
are good examples of weak electrolytes.
34. What are non-electrolytes?
Ans. The substances, which do not ionize in their aqueous solutions and do not allow the current to pass through
their solutions, are called non-electrolytes. For example, sugar solution and benzene are non-electrolytes.
35. Why sodium chloride is a good conductor?
Ans. Sodium chloride is strong electrolyte when dissolved in water it dissociates into ions and hence conduct
electricity.
36. What is anode? What is the difference between anode and cathode?
Ans.
Anode Cathode
Anode is such type of electrode in electrochemical cell Cathode is such electrode in the electrolytic cell upon
upon which oxidation takes place. It is positively which reduction takes place, it is negatively charged in
charged in electrolytic cell and negatively charged in electrolytic cell and positively charged in galvanic cell.
the galvanic cell.
37. What is galvanic cell? Give example.
Ans. The electrochemical cell in which a spontaneous chemical reaction takes place and generates electric current is
called galvanic or voltaic cell. Example of this type of cell is a Daniel cell.
38. On how many electrodes galvanic cell consists of?
Ans. Galvanic cell consist of two electrodes. i. Cathode ii. Anode
39. What is salt bridge? What is its basic role?
Ans. Salt bridge is a U-shaped glass tube. It consists of saturated solution of strong electrolyte supported in a jelly
type material. The ends of the U tube are sealed with a porous material like glass wool. The function of the salt
bridge is to keep the solutions of two half cells neutral by providing a pathway for migration of ions.
40. What is electrolytic cell?
Ans. The type of electrochemical cell in which a non-spontaneous chemical reaction takes place when electric
current is passed through the solution, is called an electrolytic cell.
41. What type of chemical reaction does occur at the anode of electrolytic cell?
Ans. The Oxidation takes place at anode of electrolytic cell. The anions move towards the anode and lose their
electrons.
42. Where is oxygen produced during the electrolysis of water?
Ans. During the electrolysis of water oxygen is produced at anode. As follow:
43. Write down two differences in characteristics of electrolytic cell and galvanic cell.
Ans.
Electrolytic Cell Galvanic Cell
i. It consists of one complete cell connected to a i. It consists of two half-cell connected by salt bridge. ii.
battery. ii. Cathode has negative charge and anode Cathode has positive charge and anode has negative
has positive charge. charge.
44. Write down two examples of electrolytic cells.
Ans. Examples of electrolytic cells are Downs cell and Nelson's cell.
45. Write two characteristics of galvanic cells.
Ans. It has the following two characteristics. i. It consists of two half-cell connected by salt bridge. ii. Cathode has
positive charge and anode has negative charge.
46. Differentiate between strong and weak electrolytes,
Ans.
Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes
The electrolytes which ionize almost completely in The electrolytes which ionize to a small extent when
their aqueous solutions and produce more ions, are dissolved in water and could not produce more ions are
called strong electrolytes. Example of strong called weak electrolytes. Acetic acid (CH3COOH) and
electrolytes are aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaOH and Ca(OH)2 when dissolved in water, ionize to a small
H2SO4, etc. extent and are good examples of weak electrolytes.
47. What is an electrochemical cell? Give an example.
Ans. Electrochemical cell is a system in which two electrodes are dipped in the solution of an electrolyte which are
connected to the battery. Electrochemical cell is an energy storage device in which either a chemical reaction takes
place by using electric current (electrolysis) or chemical reaction produces electric current (electric conductance).
Electrochemical cells are of two types. i. Electrolytic cells ii. Galvanic cells
48. Write the types of electrochemical cell.
Ans. Electrochemical cells are of two types. i. Electrolytic cells: in which electrical energy is converted into chemical
energy ii. Galvanic cells: in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.
49. Define electrolysis.
Ans. It is defined as the chemical decomposition of a compound into its components by passing current through the
solution of the compound or in the molten state of the compound.
50. Write down the construction of electrolytic cell.
Ans. An electrolytic cell consists of a solution of an electrolyte, two electrodes (anode and cathode) that are dipped
in the electrolytic solution and connected to the battery. The electrode connected to positive terminal is called
anode and electrode connected to the negative terminal is called cathode.
51. How is electroplating on steel carried out.
Ans. Tin is electroplated on steel by placing the steel into a container containing a solution of tin salt. The steel is
connected to an electrical circuit, acting as cathode. While the other electrode made of tin metal acts as anode.
When an electrical current passes through the circuit, tin metal ions present in the solution deposit on steel.
52. Where sodium metal is collected in Down's cell?
Ans. Na+ are reduced at cathode and molten Na metal floats on the denser molten salt mixture from where it is
collected in a side tube.
53. What is meant by metallic coating? In which industry it is Used?
Ans. Corrosion resistant metals like Zn, Sn and Cr are coated on the surface of iron to protect it from corrosion. This
process of coating corrosion resistant metal on the other metal is called metallic coating. It is the most widely
applied technique in the food industry where food is 'tin-packed'. The containers of iron are coated with tin to give it
a longer life
54. Describe shortly the procedure of tin coating.
Ans. It involves the dipping of the clean sheet of iron in a bath of molten tin and then passing it through hot rollers.
Such sheets are used in the beverage and food cans. The tin protects the iron only as long as its protective layer
remains intact.
55. What is alloy?
Ans. Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of one metal with one or more other metals or non-metals. The best example
of alloying is the 'stainless steel', which is a good combination of iron, chromium and nickel.
56. How sodium metal is obtained from fused NaCI? where do they deposit?
Ans. The fused NaCl produces Na+ and Cl- ions, which migrate to their respective electrodes on the passage of
electric current. The electrodes are separated by steel gauze to prevent the contact between the products. The CI -
ions are oxidized to give CI2 gas at the anode. It is collected over the anode within an inverted cone-shaped
structure. While Na+ are reduced at cathode and molten Na metal floats on the denser molten salt mixture from
where it is collected in a side tube.
57. Write the redox reaction taking place during the electroplating of chromium?
Ans. Electrolyte produces the following ions: Reactions at the electrodes are as
follows:
58. In electroplating of silver from where do ions Come and where do they deposit.
Ans. In the electroplating of silver anode is made up of pure silver strip dipped in AgNO3 solution and cathode is
made of object to be electroplated. When current is passed the Ag strip dissolve and Ag + ions migrate towards
cathode and by accepting electron they deposit on cathode. The chemical reaction can be represented as:
59. What is the nature of electrode used in electroplating of chromium?

Ans. The anode is made up of antimonial led and cathode is made of objected to be electroplated like steel.
60. Why is oxygen necessary for rusting?
Ans. Oxygen oxidizes the iron and react with H+ ions and convert it into water. as follows:
The Fe formed spreads throughout the surrounding water and react with O2 to form the salt Fe2O3.nH2O which is
called rust. Hence water and oxygen are the necessary conditions for the rusting to take place.
61. Why is galvanizing carried out?
Ans. The process of coating a thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanizing. Advantage of galvanizing is that zinc
protects the iron against corrosion even after the coating surface is broken.
62. What is meant by galvanizing or zinc coating? How zinc coating is performed? What is its advantage?
Ans. The process of coating a thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanizing. This process is carried out by dipping a
clean iron sheet in a zinc chloride bath and then heating it. After this iron sheet is removed, rolled into molten zinc
metal bath and finally air-cooled. Advantage of galvanizing is that zinc protects the iron against corrosion even after
the coating surface is broken.
63. Write down the physical methods of metallic coating.
Ans. a. Zinc coating or Galvanizing: The process of coating a thin layer of zinc on iron is called galvanizing. b. Tin
Coating: The process of coating thin layer of tin on iron sheet is called tin coating.
64. When iron gets corrode then what reaction takes place at anodic region?
Ans. Stains and dents on the surface of the iron provide the sites for this process to occur. This region is called
anodic region and following oxidation reaction takes place here:
65. What is the difference between corrosion and rusting?
Ans.
Corrosion Rusting
Corrosion is slow and continuous eating away of a Corrosion is a general term but corrosion of iron is
metal by the surrounding medium. It is a redox called rusting. The important condition for rusting is
chemical reaction that takes place by the action of air moist air (air having water vapours in it). There will be
and moisture with the metals. The most common no rusting in water vapours free of air or air free of
example of corrosion is rusting of iron. water.
66. Whit is the role of oxygen in the rusting of iron? Ans. Same as 60.
67. What is meant by electroplating?
Ans. Electroplating is depositing of one metal over the other by means of electrolysis. This process is used to protect
metals against corrosion and to improve their appearance.
68. What is meant by tin electroplating? Describe its procedure
Ans. Tin is usually electroplated on steel by placing the steel into a container containing a solution of tin salt. The
steel is connected to an electrical circuit, acting as cathode. While the other electrode made of tin metal acts as
anode. When an electrical current passes through the circuit, tin metal ions present in the solution deposit on steel.
69. How zinc electroplating is carried out?
Ans. The target metal is cleaned in alkaline detergent solutions and it is treated with acid, in order to remove any
rust or surface scales. Then, the zinc is deposited on the metal by immersing it in a chemical bath containing
electrolyte zinc sulphate. A current is applied, which results in depositing of zinc on the target metal i.e. cathode.
70. Write down down methods of prevention from corrosion.
Ans. There are the following method to prevent corrosion. i. Removal of stains ii. Paints and greasing iii. Alloying iv.
Metallic coating (physical method and electrolytic method).
71. Why aluminium does not get corrode?
Ans. Aluminium form a protective covering of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). A very hard material aluminium oxide
protects the aluminium from corrosion.
72. What is the difference between steel and stain less steel?
Ans.
Steel Stainless steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon containing less than 2% Stainless steel which is a good combination
carbon and 1% manganese and small amounts of silicon, of iron, chromium and nickel. It is resistant
phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen.it is not resistant to corrosion. to corrosion.
73. Why is an iron grill painted frequently?
Ans. Painting of the surface can prevent the rusting of iron. With development of technologies, modern paints
contain a combination of chemicals called stabilizers that provide protection against the corrosion in addition to
prevention against the weathering and other atmospheric effects.
74. Why is steel plated with nickel before the electroplating of chromium.
Ans. Nickel plating provides a unique combination of corrosion and wear resistance. It can add brightness, lustre and
appeal. It also provides excellent adhesion properties for subsequent coating layers, which is why nickel is often used
as an 'undercoat' for other coatings, such as chromium.
75. In electroplating of chromium, which salt is use as an electrolyte?
Ans. In the electroplating of chromium Cr2(SO4)3 is used as an electrolyte.
76. What is meant by corrosion? Ans. Same as 65.
77. What is meant by rusting? Ans. Same as 65.
78. How alloying a metal prevents from corrosion?
Ans. Alloying of iron with other metals has proved to be very successful technique against rusting. The best example
of alloying is the 'stainless steel', which is a good combination of iron, chromium and nickel.
CH#8: Chemical Reactivity
2. Write short answers of the following questions.
1.Why reactivity of metals increases down the group?
Ans. The reactivity of metals depends upon ionization energy and size of atom. As we move down the groups metals
have low ionization energy and large size they lose electrons easily such elements which loses electrons easily are
more reactive hence reactivity of metal increases down the group.
2. State the physical properties of metals.
Ans. i. Almost all metals are solids (except mercury) ii. They have high melting and boiling points, (except alkali
metals) iii. They possess metallic luster and can be polished. iv. They are malleable (can be hammered into sheets),
ductile (can be drawn into wires) and give off a tone when hit. v. They are good conductor of heat and electricity. vi.
They have high densities. vii. They are hard (except sodium and potassium).
3. Why does nitrogen form compounds with alkaline earth metals directly?
Ans. Nitrogen is electronegative element and alkaline earth metals are electropositive elements and form positive
ions by losing electrons. that is why nitrogen form stable nitrides when heated with alkaline earth metals.
4. Why the second ionization energy of magnesium is higher than first one?
Ans. The second ionization energy of magnesium is very high. It becomes very difficult to remove second electron
from the Mg+ ion as nuclear charge attracts the remaining electrons strongly. As a result of this attraction, size of the
ion decreases.
5. How oxygen reacts with group 2A metals?
Ans. The alkaline earth metals are less reactive than alkali metals their oxides are formed on heating as follows,
Reaction: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
6. What is relationship between electro-positivity and ionization energy?
Ans. As the ionization energy decreases for the elements their electropositive character increases The elements
having low ionization energy are more electropositive. For example: metals have low ionization energy and hence
are more electropositive while non-metals have high ionization energy and low electropositive character.
7. Why electro-positivity decreases from left to right in a period?
Ans. As we move along the period in periodic table the size of atom decreases and nuclear charge increase due to
which ionization energy for the removal of electron increases hence elements show decrease in electropositive
character.
8. How electro-positivity depends upon size and nuclear charge.
Ans. Electro-positivity decrease as the size of atom decreases and nuclear charge increase because it becomes
difficult to remove the valence electrons and formation of cation is difficult.
9. Why ionization energies of alkaline earth metals are higher than alkali metals?
Ans. The ionization energy depends on the size of atom and nuclear charge. As the alkaline earth metals have more
nuclear charge and less atomic size it would be difficult to remove electron from alkaline earth metals then alkali
metals. Hence, ionization energy of alkaline earth metals are higher than alkali metals.
10. Why are silver and gold least reactive?
Ans. Gold and silver are relatively inactive metals because they do not lose electrons easily. This behaviour is very
prominent that is the reason gold and silver are used for making jewellery.
11. Can pure gold be used for making ornaments? If not why?
Ans. 24 carat gold is pure gold. 24 carat gold is not used for making the jewellery or ornaments this is because pure
gold is very soft and can’t be used for making jewellery.
12. Why is copper used for making electrical wires?
Ans. Copper is used for making electrical wires because it is highly ductile, can be converted into long wires and good
conductor of electricity.
13. What is the trend of variation in densities of alkali metals?
Ans. The densities of alkali metals increase down the group because mass of metals increases and volume decreases
so the density increases.
14. Which metal is used for metal work?
Ans. Copper is excellent material to use in sheets. It is ductile able to handle lots of heat and malleable. We can use
copper in welding, grounding, strips and electrical components.
15.Why is magnesium harder than sodium?
Ans. Magnesium metal is stronger than sodium because metallic bonding in magnesium is stronger, magnesium has
small atomic size and more nuclear charge and has two electrons in its valence shell all these characteristics makes
the magnesium stronger than sodium.
16. Why is calcium more electro-positive than magnesium?
Ans. Electro-positive character increases down the group as calcium lies below the Mg in the periodic table so it has
more tendency to lose electrons because it has big size and less nuclear charge.
17. Why is ionization energy of Na less than Mg?
Ans. Mg has more nuclear charge and less atomic size than Na. so it is difficult to remove electrons from magnesium
than sodium. That is why magnesium has more ionization energy.
18. Why is the ionization energy of Na more than K?
Ans. Ionization energy depend upon size of atom and nuclear charge of atom. As K has more atomic size and less
nuclear charge than sodium so Ionization energy of sodium is more than Potassium.
19. Define metals and give two examples.
Ans. Metals are the elements (except hydrogen) which are electropositive and form cations by losing electrons.
Metals can be categorized. a. Very reactive: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium. b. Moderately
reactive: zinc, iron, tin and lead. c. Least reactive or noble: copper, mercury, silver and gold.
20. Write two chemical characteristics of metals.
Ans. There are following two characteristics of metals, i. They easily lose electrons and form positive ions. ii. They
readily react with oxygen to form basic oxides.
21. What is meant by malleabilty?
Ans. Malleability is the property by virtue of which metals can be hammered into sheets.
22. Write down two uses of silver.
Ans. i. Alloys of silver with copper are widely used in making coins, silver-ware and ornaments. ii. Compounds of
silver are widely used in photographic films and dental preparations.
23. Write down two Uses of calcium.
Ans. i. It is used to remove Sulphur from petroleum products. ii. It is used as reducing agent to produce Cr, U and Zr.
24. Define electro positivity and give example.
Ans. Electro positivity can be defined as the tendency of atom to loss electrons to gain positive charge is called
electro positivity. All metals are electro positive in nature for example: Na → Na+ + 1e-
25. Write physical properties of gold.
And. Gold is a yellow soft metal. It is most malleable and ductile of all the metals. One gram of gold can be drawn
into a wire of one and a half kilometer long.
26. Write down uses of gold.
Ans. Because of its inertness in atmosphere, it is an ornamental metal as well as used in making coins. Gold is too
soft to be used as such. It is always alloyed with copper, silver or some other metal.
27. How is the purity of gold identified?
Ans. Purity of gold is shown by carats that indicates the number of parts by weight of gold that is present in 24 parts
of alloy. 24 carat gold is pure. 22 carats gold means that 22 parts pure gold is alloyed with 2 parts of either silver or
copper for making ornaments and jewelry.
28. Why gold is used to make jewelry?
Ans. Gold is very nonreactive or inert metal. It is not affected by atmosphere. It is not even affected by any single
mineral acid or base. These properties make the gold most suitable metal for making jewellery and ornaments.
29. Why sodium is more reactive than magnesium?
Ans. Sodium has one electron in its valence shell and Na loses its one electron readily and attain +1 charge while
magnesium has two electrons in its valence shell and it has more nuclear charge than sodium that is why sodium is
more reactive than magnesium.
30. Why platinum is used in motor vehicles as catalyst? What is the advantage of its use?
Ans. An alloy of platinum, palladium and rhodium is used as catalyst in automobiles as catalytic converter. It
converts most of the toxic gases (CO, NO2) being emitted by vehicles into less harmful carbon dioxide, nitrogen and
water vapour.
31. Write down the names of least reactive or noble metals.
Ans. There are the following metals that are least reactive, Least reactive or noble : copper, mercury, silver and gold.
32. Define electro positivity. And give an example. Ans. Same as 24.
33. Write down two chemical properties of alkaline earth metals.
Ans. i. They are fairly reactive and occur in combined form. ii. They are less reactive towards oxygen and their
oxides are formed on heating. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
34. Write down the uses of sodium metal.
Ans. i. Sodium-potassium alloy is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors. ii. It is used to produce yellow light in sodium
vapour lamps. iii. It is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals like Ti.
35. Write down the uses of magnesium.
Ans. i. Magnesium is used in flash light bulbs and in fireworks. ii. It is used in the manufacture of light alloys. iii.
Magnesium ribbon is used in Thermite process to ignite aluminium powder. iv. Magnesium is used as anode for
prevention of corrosion.
36. Write three physical proper ties of silver.
Ans. i. Silver is white lustrous metal. ii. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. iii. It is also highly ductile
and malleable metal. iv. Its polished surfaces are good reflectors of light.
37. Write the reaction of sodium and magnesium with oxygen.
Ans. Sodium immediately reacts with oxygen and form Na2O as follows, 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O. magnesium reacts with
oxygen on heating as follows, 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
38.Write the names of four most reactive metals.
Ans. Very reactive metals are as follows: potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium.
39. Define electro positive character. Ans. Same as 24.
40. Why silver is never used in its pure form?
Ans. Being very soft metal, it is rarely used as such. It is always alloyed with some other metals like copper.
41. Write down two uses of platinum.
Ans. i. Platinum is used to make jewelry items because of its unique characteristics like colour, beauty, strength,
flexibility and resistance to tarnish. ii. An alloy of platinum, palladium and rhodium is used as catalyst in automobiles
as catalytic converter.
42. Why platinum is used to make jewellery?
Ans. Platinum is used to make jewelry items because of its unique characteristics like colour, beauty, strength,
flexibility and resistance to tarnish. It provides a secure setting for diamonds and other gemstones, enhancing their
brilliance.
43. Write down the names of two most ductile and malleable metals.
Ans. The most ductile and malleable metals are gold and silver.
44. What color of flame do sodium and magnesium produce when they burn in air?
Ans. Sodium when burn in air produces golden yellow flame while magnesium on burning in air produces brilliant
white flame.
45. Why does electro-positivity increase in a group from top to bottom?
Ans. Electro positivity is the tendency of an atom to lose electron and attain + charge. it increases in the group due
to size of atoms increases and nuclear charge decrease so it becomes easy to remove electron and attain positive
charge.
46. What is the trend of electro positivity in a period?
Ans. Electro positivity decreases in the period because the nuclear charge increases and size of atom decreases.
47. Why metallic character increases in a group? And why it decreases in a period?
Ans. the tendency of atom to lose electron and form positive ion is called the metallic character. It increases in group
due to increase in size of atom and decrease in nuclear charge. While metallic character decrease in the period due
to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in the size of atom.
48. How will you compare the electro positivity of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals?
Ans. The size of alkali metals is large as compared to alkaline earth metals. Large atomic size and less nuclear
charge increase the electropositive character of alkali metals while atomic size of alkaline earth metals is small as
compared to alkali metals and have more nuclear charge hence less electropositive character.
For example: Sodium Atom 3s1 electron configuration having atomic size 186 pm, and ionization energy 496 kjmol-1.
Magnesium Atom 3s1 electron configuration having atomic size 160pm, and ionization energy 738 kJmol-1.
49. Write down the occurrence of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
Ans. Alkali metals are very reactive and occur in combined form with other elements While alkaline earth metals are
fairly reactive but also occur in combined form in the form of salts of alkaline earth metals in earth crust.
50. Write the names of noble metal.
Ans. Least reactive or noble metals are copper, mercury, silver and gold.
51. Give the name of that metal which is the least conductor of heat?
Ans. The least conductor of heat is lead. It is because lead react with atmospheric oxygen and form lead oxide and
free electrons are not available to conduct electricity hence it is least conductor of electricity.
52. Write he chemical reaction of water and bromine.
Ans. Bromine only react with water under special conditions. The reaction of water and bromine is as follows,
53. Write down two physical properties of platinum metal.

Ans. i. It has unique characteristics like colour, beauty, strength, flexibility and resistance to tarnish. ii. It provides a
secure setting for diamonds and other gemstones, enhancing their brilliance.
54. Write down the names of two moderate metals. Ans. Moderately reactive metals include zinc, iron, tin and
lead.
55. Write down the classification of metals. Ans. Metals can be categorized. a. Very reactive: potassium, sodium,
calcium, magnesium and aluminium. b. Moderately reactive: zinc, iron, tin and lead. c. Least reactive or noble:
copper, mercury, silver and gold.
56. Write down the chemical properties of metals.
Ans. Important chemical properties of metals are: i. They easily lose electrons and form positive ions. ii. They readily
react with oxygen to form basic oxides. iii. They usually form ionic compounds with non-metals. iv. They have
metallic bonding.
57. Write down the reaction of alkali metals with water. Ans. Alkali metals react with water vigorously at room
temperature to form strong alkali and evolve hydrogen gas as follows,
58. Why fluorine is more non-metallic than chlorine?
Ans. Non metallic character is the ability of an atom to gain electron. As the size of atom decrease and nuclear
charge increase the ability of an atom to gain electron increases. As fluorine is located on top of the group 17 it is
more non metallic as it has small size than chlorine.
59. What is meant by halogens? Write their names.
Ans. The elements of group 17 are called halogens. They are given the name of halogens because they have when
they combine with metals they form salts (Greek: hal= salt, gen= to produce). Their names are as follows, Fluorine
chlorin, bromine, iodine and astatine.
60. Write down two physical properties of non-metals. Ans. i. Solids non-metals are brittle (break easily). ii. Non-
metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite).
61. Which products does chlorine produce when it reacts with methane in dim sunlight?
Ans. In presence of diffused sunlight the reaction of chlorine with methane is slow and gives series of compounds i.e
CH3Cl, CH2CI2, CHCI3 and CCI4.
62. On what factors the non-metallic character of non-metals depends?
Ans. The non-metallic character depends upon the electron affinity and electronegativity of the atom. Small sized
elements having high nuclear charge are electronegative in nature. They have high electron affinity. Therefore, they
possess nonmetallic character.
63. Write down two chemical properties of non-metals.
Ans. i. Their valence shells are deficient of electrons, therefore, they readily accept electrons to complete their
valence shells and become stable. ii. They form ionic compounds with metals and covalent compounds by reacting
with other non-metals e.g. CO2, NO2, etc.
64. Write down two uses of non-metals.
Ans. i. Oxygen is used for breathing and chlorine is used for water purification ii. phosphorus is used in crackers. iii.
Graphite is used as good conductor of electricity.
65. How chlorine reacts chemically with dilute NaOH?
Ans. Chlorine reacts with cold dilute NaOH to give sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride as follows,
66. What are non-metals?

Ans. Non-metals form negative ions (anions) by gaining electrons. In this way, non-metals are electronegative in
nature and form acidic oxides.
67. Write down the importance of non-metals.
Ans. i. Major components of earth's crust, oceans and atmosphere are non-metals: oxygen has the highest
percentage in earth's crust (47%) and oceans (86%) and it is second (21%) to nitrogen in atmosphere. It indicates the
importance of oxygen in nature. To maintain the balance for the amount of nonmetals in nature, different cycles like
water cycle, nitrogen cycle, etc have been established naturally. ii. Non-metals are essential part of the body
structure of all living things. Human body is made up of about 28 elements. But about 96% of the mass of the human
body is made up of just 4 elements i.e. oxygen 65%, carbon 18%, hydrogen 10% and nitrogen 3%. Similarly, plant
bodies are made up of cellulose, which is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
68. Why nitrogen is necessary for the safety of life on Earth?
Ans. Important non-metal is nitrogen, which is 78% in atmosphere, is necessary for the safety of life on earth. It
controls the fire and combustion processes, otherwise all the things around us could burn with a single flame
69. Write down the trend of non-metallic character in groups and periods in periodic table.
Ans. The non-metallic character depends upon the electron affinity and electronegativity of the atom. Small sized
elements having high nuclear charge are electronegative in nature. They have high electron affinity. Therefore, they
possess nonmetallic character. Hence, non-metallic character decreases in a group downward and increases in a
period from left to right up to halogens. Fluorine is the most non-metallic element.
70. How Cl2, and CH4 react in dark sunlight?
Ans. Chlorination of methane is free radical substitution reaction chlorine is not able to convert into free radicals in
the dark hence reaction does not occur, presence of sunlight is must for the reaction to take place.
71. How nitrogen plays essential role for the existence of life? Ans. Same as 68.
72. What is the importance of water for the existence of life?
Ans. The essential compound for the survival of life of both animals and plants is water, which is made up of non-
metals. Water is not only the major part by mass of animals and plants bodies, but it is also essential to maintain the
life. We can survive without water for days but not for a long period; its shortage may cause death.
73. Write the chemical reaction of H2 with Cl2 and I2.
Ans. Chlorine reacts with hydrogen only in the presence of sunlight. Iodine react with hydrogen only on heating.
Their reactions are as follows: ,
74. What is the importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide for animals and plants?
Ans. Life owes to non-metals as without O2 and CO2 (essential gases for respiration of animals and plants,
respectively), life would not have been possible. In fact, these gases are essential for the existence of life.
75. Write down the uses of non-metals in industry.
Ans. The use of non-metals in industry is as follows, Items used in daily life such as wooden or plastic furniture,
plastic sheets and bags, plastic pipes and utensils are made of nonmetallic elements. Even all the pesticides,
insecticides, fungicides and germicides consist of non-metals as major constituents.
76. Why valency of chlorine is 1?
Ans. The electronic configuration of chlorine is as follows 1s2, 2s2,2p6,3s2,2p5 as there are 7 electrons in the valence
shell of chlorine it requires one electron to complete its valence shell.
77. Write down two chemical properties of halogens.
Ans. i. All halogens are oxidizing agents. Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing element while iodine is the least i.e is mild
oxidizing agent. ii. All halogens (X) combine with hydrogen to give hydrogen halides (HX).

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HADI MEMORIAL GROUP OF SCHOOLS®

(AFTAB GROUP OF ACADEMIES®)

25. What solution is used as an electrolyte in Nelson's cell?

59. What is the nature of electrode used in electroplating of chromium?

53. Write down two physical properties of platinum metal.

66. What are non-metals?

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