Introduction to the Nervous System

İstanbul
Medipol Dr. Neslihan Yüzbaşıoglu, Associate Professor of Anatomy
University
 Dr. Neslihan YÜZBAŞIOĞLU,
Assoc. Prof. of Anatomy

Dr. Bahar TEKİN KAYA Res. Assist. Gamze ANSEN

Functions controlled by the nervous system

Functions Activity Target

Striated muscle Contraction of skeletal muscles Muscles of segmental origine

Muscles of pharyngeal arch
Visceral Contraction of smooth Muscles in blood vessels, internal
muscles organs, hair follicles, glands of skin,
Secretion of glands duct and other epithelial cells
Heart
Effects on the sinoatrial node

Neuroendocrine Direct effects on peripheral tissues Effects on smooth muscles such

Endocrine activity regulation as kidneys
Effects on the adenohypophsis
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Stimulus: stimulating factor

Impulse: electrical tension-impulse force in nerve or muscle fiber that is activated as a result of
stimulation, stimulation factor

Receptor: Receptors can be found on body surface, muscles, joints, tendons and internal organs.
They are end organs that can be stimulated by appropriate stimulation factor and they produce
electrical signals when stimulated

Afferent: Fibers which start from the periphery and end in the central nervous system

Efferent: The part that transmits the commands starting from the central nervous system to the
appropriate efferent organs to the periphery)

Sense: The event of perceiving the impulse resulting from the stimulation of the receptor in the
cerebral cortex
The center perceives the sense. Decides what it is and creates
the required response

Information ascends within the spinal cord

The receptor on the

fingertips gets any
sensation, carried by the
corresponding nerve
The center makes the decision to move

The order descends within the spinal cord

The efferent neurons

carrying the command,
move through the
relevant nerve and reach
to the target organ
Functional classification neurons

General somatic afferent (GSA)

Sensations arising from skin receptors for touch, pain, temperature
Sensations arising from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors
General visceral afferent (GVA)
Sensations arising from organs
General somatic efferent (GSE)
To skeletal muscles
General visceral efferent (GVE)
To organs

Special somatic afferent (SSA)

Vision, audition, equilibrium
Special visceral afferent (SVA)
Smell and taste
Special visceral efferent (SVE)
To muscles having the developmental origin from 3rd and 4th branchiomeric arch
e.g. muscles of pharynx and larynx, muscles of facial expression, muscles of mastication, muscles in the middle
ear
 mesencephalon

pons

medulla oblongata
(bulbus)
Meninges of
Central Nervous System

• Dura mater
SUBDURAL SPACE

• Arachnoidea mater
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
Cerebrospinal fluid is found here

• Pia mater

*Continuous beyond the spinal cord

• Dura mater spinalis
• Arachnoidea mater spinalis
• Pia mater spinalis