Northern Technical University

Engineering Technical College/ Mosul

Building and Construction Technology Engineering Dept.

Student name: ‫محمد عبدهللا مصطفى‬

Date: 28/12/2022

Report No. : 1
Report Subject: Vectors

Group NO. : G4

Class: 1st Year (B)

Group names :‫مصطفى امجد محمود‬

‫حسام اياد فاضل‬

‫جابر لطيف حسن‬

‫سامر محمد فوزي‬

‫محمد عبدهللا مصطفى‬

Vectors:
What are Scalars and Vectors ?
• Scalars are quantities that are fully described by a magnitude (or
numerical value) alone.

Vectors are quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude

and a direction

Physical quantities: Vector & Scalar quantities.

1 - Scalar Quantities: The physical quantities which are specified with the
magnitude or size alone are scalar quantities. For example, length,
speed, work, mass, density, etc.

2 - Vector Quantities: Vector quantities refer to the physical quantities

characterized by the presence of both magnitude as well as direction.
For,example, displacement, force, torque, momentum, acceleration, v
elocity, etc
Properties of Vector (Addition/Subtraction/ Multiplication,
Commutative &Associative laws, etc.).
What Are the Components of a Vector?

1 - The components of a vector gives a split of the vector.

2 - The vector is split with reference to each of the axes, and we can compute the
components of a vector.
3 - The individual components of a vector can be later combined to get the entire
vector representation.
4 - Vectors are general represented in a two-dimensional coordinate plane, with an
x-axis, y-axis, or three-dimensional space, containing the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis
respectively.
5 - Vectors are general mathematical representations with direction and
magnitude.

In a two-dimensional coordinate system, the direction of the vector is the angle

made by the vector with the positive x-axis. Let V be the vector and θ is the angle
made by the vector with the positive x-axis. Further, we have the components of
this vector along the x and y axis as VxVx, and VyVy respectively.
These components can be computed using the following expressions.
VxVx = V.Cosθ, and VyVy = V.Sinθ
|V| = √V2x+V2yVx2+Vy2

Further, the vectors are also represented as →A=a^i+b^j+c^kA→=ai^+bj^+ck^ in

the three-dimensional space. Here ^ii^, ^jj^, ^kk^, are the unit vectors along the
x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis respectively. These unit vectors help in identifying the
components of the vectors with reference to each of the axes. The components of
vector A with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis, are a, b, c respectively.

What is Unit Vector?

1 - A unit vector is a vector that has the magnitude equal to 1.

2 - The unit vectors are denoted by the "cap" symbol ^.
3 - The length of unit vectors is 1.
4 - Unit vectors are generally used to denote the direction of a vector.
5 - A unit vector has the same direction as the given vector but has a magnitude of
one unit;
For a vector A; a unit vector is; ^AA^ and ^A=(1/|A|)^A

i, j, and k are the unit vectors in the directions of the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis
respectively in a 3-dimensional plane. i.e.,
1 - |i| = 1
2 - |j| = 1
3 - |k| = 1