9/12/2011

Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems
Electrical Systems
Plumbing Systems
Fire-fighting Systems
Vertical Transportation Systems

RINO D.A. FERNANDEZ

UST FACULTY

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

1. Review on How the Systems Works

2. Provide the Systems Architectural Space
Requirements

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems Air-conditioning Systems (Types):

Electrical Systems
Plumbing Systems Duct-free Type (Package Type)
Fire-fighting Systems
Vertical Transportation Systems Ducted Type (Centralized Type)
Garbage Disposal Systems

Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Air-conditioning Systems (Types): Air-conditioning Systems (Types):

Duct-free Type (Package Type) Ducted Type (Centralized Type)

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Heat in buildings comes principally from four

Air-conditioning sources: electrical energy, the sun, outdoor air
temperatures and the building’s occupants
A mechanical
installation system - Every kilowatt of electrical energy in use produces
providing warmed, 3413 Btu/h
cooled, clean and
- At noon, a surface directly facing the sun may
otherwise treated air
receive 300 Btu/h, on a clear day
into the habitable
spaces of a building - An individual will give off about 400 Btu/h in a 23.3°C
room

Building Services Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Types of Air-conditioning Systems:

Duct-free Type Ducted Type Duct-free Type:

Window Room Air

Conditioners (WRAC)

Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Hi-wall
Duct-free Type: Slimpacs

Package
Terminal Air Underceiling Cassette
Conditioners
(PTAC)

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Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Aircon Type hp Applicable Area Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area

Wall Mounted 1.00 20 Ceiling Mounted 3.00 45

1.50 24 4.00 50

2.00 32 6.00 80

2.50 38 Ceiling Cassete

4.00 50

Floor Mounted

Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area Aircon Type Hp Applicable Area

Ceiling Cassette 3.00 45 Floor Mounted 3.00 45

5.00 85 5.00 80

Air-conditioning Systems: Air-conditioning Systems:

Condensing Unit (ACCU)

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Air-conditioning Systems:

Ducted Type:

Chiller Chiller

Air-Handling Unit Cooling Tower

(AHU)

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ACU Chiller Considerations: ACU Chiller

- The chillers give off heat, noise, and vibration, and Considerations:
should not be located near spaces they will
adversely affect.
Ceiling height:
- They may be placed anywhere in the building from
basement to roof, but they are heavy and require a minimum of
deeper-than-normal structural members for 3.66 m (bldg
support. of moderate
size)

a maximum of
4.88 m (very
large bldg)

Rule-of-Thumb for ACU Chiller Space Rqmts: Rule-of-Thumb for ACU Chiller Space Rqmts:

Building Types TFA (m²) Chiller Area Building Types TFA (m²) Chiller Area
1,000 15 1,000 15
Apartments, 3,000 30 Offices, Schools, 3,000 30
Hotels, Dormitories, Commercial Bldgs
Hospital Patient 5,000 50 5,000 80
Rooms 10,000 70 10,000 150
20,000 180 20,000 300
30,000 300 30,000 450
40,000 400 40,000 600
50,000 500 50,000 900

Rule-of-Thumb for ACU Chiller Space Rqmts: Air-Handling Unit

(AHU)
Building Types TFA (m²) Chiller Area
1,000 20
Auditoriums, 3,000 60
Theatres,
Restaurants, 5,000 100
Industrial Bldgs 10,000 250
20,000 500
30,000 700
40,000 900
50,000 1100

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Air-Handling Unit Rule-of-Thumb for AHU Space Rqmts:

(AHU)
Building Types TFA (m²) AHU Area
1,000 50
It can be
advantageous to Apartments, 3,000 70
have a separate fan Hotels, Dormitories,
Hospital Patient 5,000 100
room for each floor of
a building, because Rooms 10,000 200
this saves floor
20,000 400
space by eliminating
most or all of the 30,000 600
vertical runs of
ductwork 40,000 800
50,000 1000

Rule-of-Thumb for AHU Space Rqmts: Rule-of-Thumb for AHU Space Rqmts:

Building Types TFA (m²) AHU Area Building Types TFA (m²) AHU Area
1,000 55 1,000 60
Offices, Schools, 3,000 90 Auditoriums, 3,000 150
Commercial Bldgs Theatres,
5,000 180 Restaurants, 5,000 250
10,000 300 Industrial Bldgs 10,000 500
20,000 600 20,000 900
30,000 900 30,000 1200
40,000 1200 40,000 1500
50,000 1500 50,000 1800

Cooling Tower Cooling Tower

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Cooling Tower Cooling Tower

Common location is the roof of the building
The towers should be isolated acoustically from the
frame of the building due to the noise & vibration it
accumulates
Cooling towers range between 4.00m and 12.00 m
in height
The height for a given building can be estimated by
interpolating between these two extremes.

Noise-sensitive areas should not be located directly The towers usually have a 1.20m crawlspace
below them. beneath.

Rule-of-Thumb for Cooling Tower Space Rqmts: Rule-of-Thumb for Cooling Tower Space Rqmts:

Building Types TFA (m²) CT Area Building Types TFA (m²) CT Area
1,000 6 1,000 6
Apartments, 3,000 10 Offices, Schools, 3,000 12
Hotels, Dormitories, Commercial Bldgs
Hospital Patient 5,000 15 5,000 20
Rooms 10,000 25 10,000 40
20,000 50 20,000 80
30,000 70 30,000 120
40,000 90 40,000 160
50,000 120 50,000 200

Rule-of-Thumb for Cooling Tower Space Rqmts: Building Services Systems:

Building Types TFA (m²) CT Area
1,000 8 Air-conditioning Systems
Auditoriums, 3,000 15 Electrical Systems
Theatres,
Restaurants, 5,000 25 Plumbing Systems
Industrial Bldgs 10,000 60 Fire-fighting Systems

20,000 100 Vertical Transportation Systems

30,000 160 Garbage Disposal Systems

40,000 200
50,000 300

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Building Services Systems: Building Services Systems:

Electrical Systems Electrical Systems

SOURCES OF ENERGY SOURCES OF ENERGY:

OFF-SITE ON-SITE
Power Plant - photovoltaic
- geothermal - wind turbine
- hydropower - geothermal
- nuclear, etc - stream hydro electric

Building Services Systems: Rule-of-Thumb for Transformer Room Space Rqmts:

Building Types TFA (m²) Size of TR

Electrical Systems (Components): 20,000 6.0x6.0x3.50
Service Entrance Equipment Residential 30,000 6.0x9.0x3.50
Buildings
- Transformer Space/Room 60,000 6.0x12.0x3.50
- Main Electrical Room 200,000 6.0x24.0x3.50
- Back-up Power System (Genset)
Indoor Distribution Equipment
- Electrical Room
Loads

Rule-of-Thumb for Transformer Room Space Rqmts: Rule-of-Thumb for Main Electrical Room Rqmts:

Building Types TFA (m²) Size of TR Building Types TFA (m²) Size of TR
10,000 6.0x6.0x3.50 20,000 9.0x6.0x3.50
Commercial 15,000 6.0x9.0x3.50 Residential 30,000 9.0x8.0x3.50
Buildings Buildings
30,000 6.0x12.0x3.50 60,000 9.0x12.0x3.50
100,000 6.0x24.0x3.50 200,000 9.0x24.0x3.50

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Rule-of-Thumb for Main Electrical Room Rqmts: Secondary Electrical Room Rqmts (every floor):

Building Types TFA (m²) Size of TR

10,000 9.0x6.0x3.50
Provide at least
Commercial 15,000 9.0x8.0x3.50 12.00m² for Electrical
Buildings
30,000 9.0x12.0x3.50 Room at every floor

100,000 9.0x24.0x3.50

Building Services Systems:

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN
PLUMBING SYSTEM:

Air-conditioning Systems
WATER SUPPLY & STORAGE SYSTEM
Electrical Systems
Plumbing Systems FIXTURES

Fire-fighting Systems SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Vertical Transportation Systems
Garbage Disposal Systems

WATER SUPPLY & STORAGE: WATER SUPPLY & STORAGE:

Service Entry Service Entry

Reservoir/Cistern Reservoir/Cistern

Pumps Pumps

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WATER SUPPLY & STORAGE: Building Services Systems:

Plumbing Systems (Pump Rooms)

Area Water Pump Fire Pump

Service Entry Served Room Room

Reservoir/Cistern Up to 18,500 m² 3.00x4.00 6.00x4.00

18,500 - 93,000 5.00x4.00 9.00x8.00
Pumps

Plumbing System:

The essential component is the FIXTURES: Required Plumbing Fixtures:

without them there is no need for the others.

The chief criteria for designing a plumbing

system are its number of fixtures, number of
fixture units, supply main flow rate, and water
pressure at the highest fixture.

Plumbing System: SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:

Required Plumbing Fixtures:
the screening, sedimentation, filtration etc.
of waste water and solids from a sewer, and
the disposal of settled sludge in digestion
tanks or on drying beds

On-site System:
- Septic Tank (Anaerobic Treatment)
- Aerobic Treatment Unit
- Sewage Treatment Plant

Off-site System
- Sewer System

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SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM: SEWAGE DISPOSAL

SYSTEM:

Septic System
Septic System

Anaerobic bacteria
dissolve the solids

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL

SYSTEM: SYSTEM:

Aerobic Treatment Unit Aerobic Treatment Unit

Alternative for septic Depend upon air bubbled

Tank through the sewage to
achieve aerobic digestion,
which is faster than
anaerobic digestion;
hence, they can be smaller
than septic
tanks

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:

SYSTEM:

Sewer System
Sewage Treatment Plant
A system which conveys waste
the apparatus, vessels liquids and solids in
and pumps, filters, suspension away
pipework etc. for treating from a building’s
raw sewage soil and foul water
drainage systems to
a treatment plant;

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Building Services Systems:

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM:

Sewer System Air-conditioning Systems

Electrical Systems
A sewage ejector pump must be
used in case the sewer line is Plumbing Systems
much higher than the building
Vertical Transportation Systems
sewer outlet/drain

Elevator System: Elevator System:

Determining Number of Elevators

Machine Room-less (MRL) (according to the number of floors):

Good - 1 per 3 floors

Fair - 1 per 4 floors
Poor - 1 per 5 floors
or more

(according to number of occupants):

1 per 300 – 350 persons

Elevator System: Elevator System:

Basic Arrangements:

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Elevator System: Building Services Systems:

Building Services Systems:

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