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PERIODIC TABLE
1. Representative elements :- ns1–2 np0–5 13. EN/IP EA
2. Np – Neptunium F F

>

<
3. Cl Cl
O2– – 1s2 2s2 2p6

>

>
Br Br
Penultimate Ultimate

>

>
shell shell I I
4. 3 period :- Na – Ar
rd 14. (1) IP2
11 18 3s 3p4
2
3s2 3p5
Total elements = 8 For IP2 3s2 3p3 3s2 3p4
5. [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 – Hg (Non typical transition (More stable conf.)

element) IP2 S > Cl

6. UUT – 113 (2) IP3 Mg P
Group - 13 3s2 3s2 3p3
p-Block For IP3 2p6 3s2
(More stable conf.)
Zeff IP3 Mg > P
Na ¾® x
7. Zeff (3) I.P.
constant K ¾® x Ca ¾® x + 0.65 Al
Transition contraction
<

Zeff increases by 0.65 Ga

in a normal period.
(4) B C
8. (1) Zr » Hf ® Lanthanide contraction 2s2 2p1 2s2 2p2
(2) Y < La ® No Lanthanide contraction For IP2 2s2 2s2 2p1
(3) Mo » W ® Lanthanide contraction (More stable conf.)

(4) Tc » Re ® Lanthanide contraction IP2 B > C

9. At rad. 15. Si P S Cl
(1) O2– < N3– 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3s 3p5
2 2 2 3 2 4 2

(2) Na > Mg Si < S < P < Cl

16. Be B
(3) Al > Be
2s 2
2s 2 2p 1
(4) Li+ > Be2+
For IP 2 ® 2s 1 2s 2
10. Largest Mg > Al
Mg Al
>

>

Mg2+ > Al+3

3s 2 3s 2 3p 1
Smallest For IP 2 ® 3s 1 3s 2
11. (1) N > F
Be < B Max. IP2
(2) Cl– > Cl
2s1 2s2
(3) O < S Order for IP 2
<

<

(4) Fe2+ > Fe+3 Mg < Al

1
12. Electron gain enthalpy 3s 3s2
F < Cl > Br > I

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17. (1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
20. IIIB IVB VB
For IP 2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 4
th
21 22 23
Max. stable 5 th A

elec. conf. 6
th
B
7
th C
Max. IP2
(3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 (4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
21 18 22 18 23 18
1s2 2s2 2p 5 1s2 2s2 2p4 39 40 41
57 18 72 32 73 32
18. IP1 II III IV
105 32
940 2080 3090 4140
A = 40, B = 57, C = 105
V VI VII VIII
21. Na Na Na Na
7030 7870 1600 19500 3s1 3s2 3s2 3p1 3p2

Max. energy diff. I.E. order :-

Na Al Mg Si
No. of valance e– & = no. of loer values of IP 495 737 786
before the first highest jump of IP. IE of Al :-
No. of valance e– & = 6 Na < Al < Mg
496 < < 737
Group no. = 16
Al – 757
19. (1) Ca Ga
22. 1
4s 2 4s 2 3d 10 4p 1 I.E. µ
no. of shell(n)
For IP 1 Ca > Ga 23. I.P. I II III IV V
(2) K Cu 7.1 14.3 35.5 46.8 162.2

3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 4s 1 3d 10 Max. difference in IP
For IP 2 3s 3p 2 6
3d 10 No. of valence e– s = H
Element = Si
More stable
24. +ve charge­ zeff­ I.E.­
More IP value 25. Inert gases have no or zero electron affinity.
For IP2 K > Cu 26. Inert gases have high I.E. due max. zeff in a period
and zero electron affinity due to most stable inert
(3) Mg Al gas conf. (Complete octet)
2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 4p 1 27. Hint :- Relation between IE and EA.
28. First E.A. of neutral atom is exothermic always
For IP 3 2p 5 3s 1
except stable configuration like (s2, p3, p6)
IP 3 Mg > Al 29. EA
(4) Mg +
Na + (1) C < O
(2) S < O
2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 2s 2 2p 6
(3) I < Br
For IP 1 Mg+ < Na + (4) Br < Cl
30. Hint EN µ Zeff
IP µ Zeff
EA µ Zeff
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32. (i) Group number of noble gas = zero group 45. Atomic number of inert gas = Z
Second highest IE in a period = halogens (Z–1)
(ii) ns ( n - 2 ) f ( n - 1 ) d np
46. (i) IE I éMg > Al ù penetration power
n = 6 6s 4f 5d 6p ë 3s2 3s2 3p1 û

(iii) 2nd T.s. = Y–Cd (ii) IE I éëNa < Mg ù Zeff

3s û
1
3s 2

1s 2 2s2 2p6 (iii) IE2 éMg + < Na6 + ù

(iv) O–2 = ê ú
2e - 8e - 3s1 2p
¯
ê
ë ( inert gas
configuration ) úû
33. Lanthanum belongs to d block
34. 6th period all elements contain 4d electrons (iv) IE 3 é Mg
2+
< Na2+ ù
ê+ ú
1
2 3s
because in 6d electron filled in 5d subshell. ê ¯æinert ö ú
ê çç gas r ÷÷ ú
4s 3d 4P ë è conf ø û
35. IV period :

no. of orbital = 9
(one orbital occupy 3electron)
then no. of elements = 9 × 3 = 27
44. B < 2C 2 < 2N 3 > O
2s2 2p1 2s 2p 2 4
2s 2p 2s 2p

Sequential order ® B < C < O < N

8.3 11.3 13.6 14.5

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CHEMICAL BONDING

1. (1) Be2 Total e– = 8

O
Bond order = zero
S O Si O
(2) He2 Total e– = 4 Bond order = zero 5. O=C=O
O O O
He +
2
Total e = 3
–
Bond order ¹ zero
2 2 4
(3) N2 Total e– = 14 Bond order ¹ zero
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
(4) Order of energies s 2 pz < p 2 px = p 2 py atom atom atom
6. Hint :- Bond angle a % s-character.
2. sp2 – Hybridisation
7. BCl3 = AlCl3 = GaCl3 (Bond angle)
Bonnd angle –120°
All having same hybridisation (sp2)
2 and no. lone pair and all side atoms are same so
% p-character Þ ´ 100
3 all 3 molecules are having regular geometry.
= 66.67% 8. (1) NO2+ > NO2 > NO2–
sp sp2 sp2
3. X 2s + 12.p
y y sp2 Hybridisation æ One e - ö æ 2 e - or 1 LP ö
ç on nitrogen ÷ ç on nitrogen ÷
Geometry – Trigonal planar è ø è ø
4. (1) NºC–CºN (2) BeCl2 > BF3 > CF4
C2N2 s = 3 sp sp2 sp3
p=4 (3) NH4+ > NH3 > NH2– (All sp3)
L.P.­ B. Angle¯
L.P. = 2
(4) Of2 < OCl2 < OBr2 (All sp3)
(2) C6H6 Hs = 12
Size of side atom­ Bond angle­
C LP = 0
9. (1) BH4– & AlH4– (Both sp3)
H–C C–H p = 3
Shape – Both Tetrahedral
H–C C–H
C (2) NH4+ & PH4+ (Both sp3)

H Shape – Both tetrahedral

(3) PCl6– & Sif62– (Both sp3d2)
(3) C(CN)4 N s=8 Shape – Both square Bipyramidal
C p=8 (4) BCl4– & ICl4–
C LP = 4 sp3 sp3d2
C C Shape Tetrahedral Square Planar
N C N 10. (1) PF4– & BrF3 Both sp3d
N
(2) ICl2+ & SF4
(4) C3O2 sp3 sp3d
O=C=C=C=O (3) XeF2 & I3–
s=4 sp3 sp3d
p=4 s : p : LP (4) AsF4– & SCl4
LP = 4 1:1:1 sp3d sp3d

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11. (1) XeO2F2 SiF4
sp3d sp3 15. S – 3s2 3p 4 3d
(4s + 1 LP) Tetrahedral GS
See-saw shape
3s 3p 3d
Shape
ESI
(2) XeO2F2 IO2F–2
sp3d sp3d F F F F
(4s + 1 LP) (4s + 1 LP) 4 Vacant Orbitals
Both have See-saw
Shape 17. Cavalency Cavalency Cavalency Cavalency
in G.S. in E.S.I. in ESII in ES III
(3) TeCl4 ICl4–
PCl5 3 5
sp3d sp3
(form in ESI)
(4s + 1 LP) (4s + 2 LP)
SH6 2 Not possible
(See-saw) (Sqare Planar) (Not possible)
(4) BrO3F XeOF2 SO3 2 4 6
sp3 sp3d (form in ESII)
(4s) (3s + 2 LP) IF7 1 3 5 7
Tetrahedral T-shape (form in ESIII)
Shape -
I
12. (1) AB2L2 sp 3
µ¹O 18. (1) K + M I 3- 3
Ionic Bond
Covalent & Co-ordinate(dative)
(2s + 2LP) Bent shape Bond
(2) AB2L3 sp d 3
µ=O (2) K + M NO2- NO2–
(2s + 3LP) Linear shape Ionic Bond Covalent Bond only
(3) AB4L2 sp d 3 2
µ=O (3) K + M HF2- F- LH - F
(4s + 2LP) Square planar Ionic Bond H-Bond Covalent Bond
(4) AB4 sp 3
µ=O 20. (1) ClO4 & ClO2 ¬¾ Both sp3
– –

4s Tetrahedral (2) SF4 & CCl4

13. (1) PCl3 3s + 1LP Þ sp3 Pyramidal shape sp3d sp3
Non planar, Polar (3) BF3 NF3
(2) SF4 (4s + 1LP) Þ sp3d Þ See-saw sp 3
sp3
Non-planar, polar (4) CO2 & SO2
sp sp2
(3) CLF3 (3s + 2LP) Þ sp3d Þ T-shape
21. PCl5 ® sp3d
Planar, polar
Orbitals involved in sp3d Hybridisation
14. (1) CO2 Polar Bond, Non-polar, Ns L.P. on
s, px, py, pz, dz2
Central atom.
22. Hybrid Orbitals = 4 B.P + 1LP = 5
(2) SF4 Polar Bond, Polar, L.P. on Central atom.
Hybridisation ® sp3d
(3) XeF4 Polar Bond, Non-polar, L.P. on Central Shape ® Trigonal Bipyramidal
atom. 26. VWF µ Molecular mass
(4) CF 4 Polar Bond, Non-polar, No L.P. on +2 –2 +2 –1 +1 –1
27.
Central atom. CaO > MgBr 2 > CsI
2×2 2×1 1×1

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31. (1) BeO > MgO > CaO (Lattice energy)
H3PO4 H2SO4 HNO3
Size of cation­ L.E.¯ T.S.¯
(2) NH3 < H2O < HF O O

DEN­ T.S.­ 45. HO P OH HO S OH HO N O HCl

(3) HF > HCl > HBr > HI OH O O

DEN¯ T.S.¯ 3 OH 2 OH OH No OH

(4) Li2SO4 < Na2SO4 < K2SO4 < Pb2SO4 < Cs2SO4
Polytomic anions ® down the group T.S.­ 46. SF4 ®see saw shape

D
CCl4 tetrahedral; no lp at CA & all terminal
36. Ca(OH)2 ¾¾ ® CaO + H2O atom are same, so all bond angle are same
D CHCl3, hyb. sp3 but all terminal atom are not same
Ba(OH)2 ¾¾ ® BaO + H2O
XeF6 hyb sp3d3 (all bond angles are not same)
D
K2CO3 ¾¾
® do not decompose
O
D
MgCO3 ¾¾
® MgO + CO2 47. BO 3 –3
® B O

Basic Acidic O

oxide oxide No resonance (all single bond)

D
40. (1) MgCO3 ¾¾ ® MgO + CO2 50. All bond length in sp3d hybridisation are not
same.
D
(2) Mg(NO3)2 ¾¾ ® MgO + NO2 + O2

D
(2) Mg(OH)2 ¾¾ ® MgO + H2O
42. Solubility of ionic compound depends upon
L.E. or hydration energy and not explain by
polarisation.

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p-BLOCK

24. Only Kr and Xe only two element of inert gas

3. (1) Si O > C–O (bond length)
back bonding form compound but mainly Xe form
compound.

.. 35. AgF - soluble in water

..
O
.. O
> .. AgCl - white ppt, AgBr : light yellow ppt
(2) H3 C CH3 H3 Si SiH3
AgI : dark yellow ppt
Back bonding is Back Bonding
not possible due to possible. 38. SF 6 cannot be hydrolysed due to steric
absence of (electron density
vacant orbital
hindrence of fluoride.
dispersed)

(Lonepair donation 39. order of bond energy - Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
possible easily)

So work as more
Lewis base

(Lewis base strength)

H3C H3C
(3) ..
H3C C O
.. H < H3C Si O H (acidic
nature)
H3C H3C
(Back bonding (Back bonding possible)
not possible)

So conjugated is more
stable thus more
acidic in nature

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